Appendices

A — Table Showing Values Assigned to the Letters of the Old Persian Alphabet

B.—TABLE SHOWING THE TRUE VALUES OF OLD PERSIAN LETTERS, AND THE AUTHOR AND DATE OF THEIR DECIPHERMENT.

C.—TABLE SHOWING THE VALUES GIVEN TO EACH SIGN OF THE SUSIAN (MEDIAN) SYLLABARY.

Appendix A — Table Showing Values Assigned to the Letters of the Old Persian Alphabet

Niebuhr Alphabet		Tychsen, 1798	Münter, 1800	Grotefend, 1803-1815	St. Martin, 1823-1832	Rask, 1826	Burnouf, 1836	Lassen, 1836	Grotefend, 1837	Beer, 1838	Jacquet, 1838	Lassen, 1844	Hincks, June 1846	Rawlinson, before August 1846	Rawlinson, after August 1846	Hincks, Dec. 1846
1				Defective													1
2	𐏐		Sign of Separation	Sign of Separation													2
3		ě	r	e	e												3
4	𐎣	l, ě	p	e	e		k	k	e			k	k	k	k before a & i	k	4
5	𐎿	ê, t, n		s	s‛		ç	ç	ç			ç	s	s	s before a, i, u?	s	5
6	𐎿			Defective													6
7	𐎲	l, s	b	v	r		b	b	b			b	b	b	b before a, i, u	b	7
8	𐎼			r													8
9	𐎼	l, ê		r	r		r	r	r			r	r	r	r before a & i	r	9
10	𐎺	ê i(u)		e	i		i	w	i		v	w	w	w	v before a & u	w?	10
11	𐎭		kh	d	d		d	d	d			d	d	d	d before a	d	11
12	𐎡	m, ǎ, ä	o (vocal)	o	y		ô	y, medial	ô			i	i	i		i	12
13		m		n	n			t	th			thr	tr	tř	tř	thr	13
14	𐎱	a, ǒ		p or b	p		p	p	p			p	p	p	p before a, i, u	p	14
15	𐎻	ä		g	v		g	v, initial	g			v	w before i	v	v before i	w(i)	15
16	𐎨	ǎ, ä, r	r (fort)	o	e		v	î y,	è(n) medial		ch or c	k’	ch	ch	ch before a &	ch	16
17		ä		uncertain					w								17
18	𐏀	ǎ		gh	e		z	z	gh			z	zh	z	z before a, u?	zh	18
19	𐎮	l		uncertain			l?	kʹ	w			k’h	d (before i)	t with i	d before i	d(i)	19
20		a		Defective													20
21	𐎠	a	e or a	e or a	a		â	â	â			â	a	a	a	a	21
22	𐎬	a		th			dh	t‘	m			d’h	t before u	t’h	t before u	t(u)	22
23	𐎶		a	o	â	m	m	m	ǒ			ʹm	m	m	m before a	m	23
24	𐎫	i(u)		t	t		t	t	t			t	t	t	t before a & i	t	24
25	𐎤	d		z, changed to k, 1815	h	q	q	with u 36 equal ô	k		th	q	k before u	kh	k before u	k(u)	25
26	𐎰	n, s		i	h		y	z	i			θ	z	th	th before a, i, u	th	26
27	𐎹	b, k, r		h	e		h	h with 12 equal ê	h	y	y	j for y	y	y	y before a, i, u	y	27
28	𐎩	r		ng			h?	ñ	ng		z	z’	j	jh	j before a	j	28
29	𐎷	b, r		h	e		î	‘m?	hh			‘m	m before i	m (with i)	m before i	m(i)	29
30		k		Defective													30
31	𐎴	b, x, y		tsch	b, changed to m after 1826	n	n	n	s			n	n	n	n before a & i	n	31
32	𐎪	x		dj			gh? uncertain	gʹ	dsh			g’	zh before i	j	j before i	j(i)	32
33	𐎸	x		k			gh? uncertain	g‛	s s			ψ	kh before u	m (with u)	m before u	m(u)	33
34	𐎯	d, y		z			gh	d‛	z?			dh	d before u	dh	d before u	d(u)	34
35	𐎥	u⁽ᵘ⁾		u			û	g	y			g	g	g	g before a	g	35
36	𐎢	u, uᵘ		u	ou		u	u with 10 equal q	u			u	u	u	u	u	36
37				Defective													37
38	𐏁	s	ou, w, ii, y	sch, sh	ch		ch	s‛	sh			s	sh	sh	sh before a, i, u	sh	38
39	𐎳	ǒ		f			f	f	f			f	p before r	f	f before a?	ph(r)	39
40	𐎽	s		sch, changed to sr, 1815	ch		l	s‛	rk (h?)		r before u	‘r	r before u	r (with u)	r before u	r(u)	40
41	𐏃	j, y		a	ou		a	a, initial n̆g, medial	ǎ	h	h	h	h	h	h before a, i, u	h	41
42	𐎧	ô		kh	kh		kh	k‛	kh			kh	kh	kʹh	kh before a & u	kh	42
	Later Additions
43	𐎵													n (with u)	n before u	n(u)	43
44	𐎦						gh? uncertain	g‛	gʹ			gh	g before u	gh	g before u	g(u)	44
45												rp	rp	q?	doubtful final		45
46	𐎾													ñ	ñ	ñ	46
47	𐏋			King													47
48	𐏍								v			dᵃh		dah?			48
49	𐏏											bumi		bumʹi			49
	Defective Signs
		x	i
		n		v
		n
		t	kh
		sʹ
			s
			o
				r
				m
					h
								t
								v, û, medial

Appendix B — Table Showing the True Values of Old Persian Letters; and the Author and Date of Their Decipherment

Persian Cuneiform Signs		Correct Values Spiegel, 1881	Name of Decipherer and Date
1		Defective
2	𐏐	Sign of Separation	Münter, 1800
3		Defective
4	𐎣	k before a	Burnouf and Lassen independently, 1836, k
5	𐎿	s before a, i, u	Grotefend, 1802, s
6	𐎿	Defective
7	𐎲	b before a, i, u	Münter, 1800, b
8	𐎾	Defective
9	𐎼	r before a & i	Grotefend, 1802, r
10	𐎺	v before a & u	Lassen, 1836, w? Jacquet, 1838, v
11	𐎭	d before a	Grotefend, 1802, d
12	𐎡	i	St. Martin, 1823, y. Lassen, 1836, i
13		tř	Lassen, 1836, t? Grotefend, 1837, thr? th Rawlinson, 1836, tř
14	𐎱	p before a, i, u	Grotefend, 1802, p
15	𐎻	v before i	St. Martin, 1823, v
16	𐎨	c before a	Jacquet, 1838, ch or c
17		Defective
18	𐏀	z before a, i, u	Burnouf and Lassen independently, 1836, z
19	𐎮	d before i	Holtzmann, 1846, d before i
20		Defective
21	𐎠	a	Tychsen, 1798, a. Münter, 1800, e or a
22	𐎬	t before u	Lassen, 1836
23	𐎶	m before a	Rask, 1826, m
24	𐎫	t before a & i	Grotefend, 1802, t
25	𐎤	k before u	Grotefend, 1815, k
26	𐎰	th before a, i, u	Jacquet, 1838, th
27	𐎹	y before a, i, u	Beer and Jacquet independently, 1838, y
28	𐎩	j before a	Hincks and Rawlinson independently, 1846, j before a
29	𐎷	m before i	Lassen, 1836, m before i
30		Defective
31	𐎴	n before a & i	Rask, 1826, n
32	𐎪	j before i	Rawlinson, 1838, j
33	𐎸	m before u	Rawlinson, 1838, m before u
34	𐎯	d before u	Tychsen, 1798, d. Lassen, 1836, d
35	𐎥	g before a	Lassen, 1836, g
36	𐎢	u	Tychsen, 1798. Grotefend, 1802, u
37		Defective
38	𐏁	s (sh) before a, i, u	Tychsen, 1798, s. Grotefend, 1802, sch, sh
39	𐎳	f before a	Grotefend, 1803, f
40	𐎽	r before u	Grotefend, 1815, sr
41	𐏃	h before a, i, u	Grotefend, 1803, a
42	𐎧	kh before u	Grotefend, 1802, kh
43	𐎵	n before u	Rawlinson, 1846, n before u
44	𐎦	g before u	Lassen, 1836, g
		Part of a contraction
	𐎾	l?	Oppert, 1847, l?
	𐏋	k h s	Grotefend, 1802, king
	𐏏	bumi	Lassen, 1844, bumi
	𐏍	dah	Lassen, 1844, dah
		nâma (name)	} Oppert, 1874. Weissbach considers these signs of doubtful authority (‘Altpers. Keil.,’ p. 1).
		putřa (son)
		Pârsa (Persia)
		Auramazda
		Franâ?

Appendix C — Table Showing the Values Given to Each Sign of the Susian (Median) Syllabary

Vowels and consonants are indicated by capital letters.

Westergaard and Hincks	Norris	Oppert	Weisbach	Cuneiform Signs899	Correct Values900	Westergaard,901 1844-53	Hincks, 1846-7902	De Saulcy, 1849-50903	Norris, 1852-55904	Oppert, 1859905	Oppert, 1879906
The number given to each sign by				Cuneiform Signs899	Correct Values900	Westergaard,901 1844-53	Hincks, 1846-7902	De Saulcy, 1849-50903	Norris, 1852-55904	Oppert, 1859905	Oppert, 1879906
1		111	1		Determin.	Aussonderungs Zeichen	Det.	Ha	Det.	Det.	Det.	1
2	14	68	2		al; city	?		He, E?	af	up	hal; city	2
3	65	42	3		an; det.	A	an; det.	A	an; det.	an; God		3
a	35	89	4		tak				tak	tak	tak, dak	a
4	61	38	7		na	na, N	na	n (a)	na	na		4
a	60	ideog.	6		month				month	month		a
5	85	56	8		še	sa	si	s (a)	si	s‛i (ḥi?)	šē, sē	5
6	9	28	9		pu	?			pu	bu	pu, bu	6
7		86	10		muš	?				mus, vus	mis, vis	7
8	88	104	11		šir, zir	as, ars	ersa	ç (a)	sar	ṣir	sar	8
9					Defective	?						9
a	81	51	13		la		rus		lu	la	lu	a
10					Defective	ar, A	ar	Ar				10
a	47	61	12		su				thu	ṣu	çu	a
11	26	16	15		ak	k	K	K	ak	ak		11
a	59	7	16		H				ven	A‛, aḥ	Ah, Ih	a
b	18	14	17		gau; sea				gau	kam, kav	ko, go; sea	b
12	34	23	18		tu	thu	tu	t, (o, ou)	u	u	to, do	12
a	77	67	19		ar; window				ar	ḥar	har, ar; arch, window	a
13	71	45	20		ra	R	ra	rr (a)	ra	ra		13
14	10	78	22		par	pha	per	p (a)	par	bar	par, bar	14
15	33	21	23		ti	ti	ti	t (e, i)	ti	ti	ti, di	15
a	57	84	24		maz				vach	maś, vaś	maç, vaç, mać, vać	a
16	63	40	59		ne	?	ser	N	nǐ	ni	nē	16
a	15	60	26		si				pe		çi	a
17	19	15	27		gi	?	su, sa	Aï	ga	gi		17
18					Defective	?						18
19	27	17	28		ik, K	KH	K	KH	ik	k		19
20	31	105	29		kup?	?			kwe		?	20
21		rejects	25		ziš?	?				kam, kav	Omits	21
22	99	10	30		hu	ju [yu*]	yu, u	Hou	yu	ḥu	hu	22
23	78	48	61		ir, R	ra	ER	r or l (a)	R	ir	ir, ar, ur	23
a	22	70	68		kan				kan	kan	kan, gan	a
b	50	ideog.	31		Ship				he	nun	Ship	b
24	72	46	32		ri	ri	ri	r or l (e, i)	ri	ri		24
25	6	76, 29	21		pe, pat	tu	tu	dè	pa	bi, bat	pē, bē, pat, bat	25
26	54	80, 81	35		man	ve, we	wi		van	man, van		26
a	25	75	36		kaš				kas	kas	kas, gas	a
27	13	31	37		ap	P	ap, pu	GH	ap	ap		27
a	64	97	38		nap				nabu	nap		a
28	28	18, 69	39		uk	Q	wa, K		uk	uk		28
29		65	40		az	pu	va			asʹ	aç, az	29
a	29	ideog.	41		Horse, Donkey				ke	Horse	Horse	a
30	43	24	42		at	T	ta, T	TH	T	at		30
31	17	11	34		ka	ka, kha	ku	G (hard) k (a)	ka	ḳa	ka, ga	31
32	38	25	50		ut, T	T	ta, T	t (a)	T	ut		32
33	8	72	51		pi	pi	pi, pu	b or p (e, i)	pi	pi	pi, bi	33
34	39	20	53		te	phi	pu, pi	f or ph (e, i)	ṭa	ta	tē, dē	34
a	24	71	54		kar				gar	ḳar, gar		a
35	45	72	52		am?	?			tye, am?		git	35
36	55	82	56		mar; road	pe	ner, pi	b or p (e, i)	var	mar, var; road	mar, var; head (compound ideog.)	36
37	58	36	57		um, M	M	M	M or W	M	im	im, M	37
a	44	106	58		sak				te		sak (ideog.)	a
38	49	2	60		U	jo [yo*]	yu, U	M or W, Oû	hu	U	U, yu	38
39	73	47	65		ru	ru	ru		ru	ru		39
a	79	90	67		tik				ro	sik	tik, dik	a
b	40	92	66		tup				ṭi	lu, tip	tip, dip	b
c	69	85	46		muk				no		mak, vak	c
d	12	79	47		pan				pat	pat	pan, ban	d
e	102	102	48		zik				passan?	sik	sik, zik	e
f	70	87	49		tum				nos		mun	f
40	11	77	55		pir	PH	P	F or PH, f or ph (a)	far	pir	pir, bir (par, bar)	40
41	4	4	62		E			n (o, ou)	E	I	Ē	41
42	67	44	68		un	?	na, N	Ô	un	un		42
a	103	88	64		tan				tin	tan	tan, dan, tin	a
43	23	73	43		kur; mountain	khu	ker		kar	kur	kar, gar; mountain	43
44	41	22	44		tú	?			tu	du	tu, du	44
45	90	58	45		iš, S	S	S	CH	S	is	is, us, S	45
46	2	1	69		I		I	I	I	I		46
47	98	6	70		ya	ja, J [y, ya*]	ya	Ya	ya	ya	Ya	47
48	66	43	71		in, N	I	N	Y	in	in		48
49	5	26	72		pá	pa	pa	b or p (a)	ba	ba	pa, ba	49
50	96	63	73		zi	?	ta?	kch (e, i)	chi	ṣi	ći, ǵi, źi, zi	50
51	32	19	74		ta	ta	ta	d or t (a)	ta	da	ta, da	51
52	86	55	76		šu	su	su	s (o, ou)	su	su	šu, su	52
a	74	99	77		rap				rab	rab	rap	a
53	36	95	78		tur	T.H.	ter	th (a)	tar	tur	tur, dur	53
54	93	64	79		zu	?	si	DT	su	sʹu	ću, ǵu, źu, zu	54
55	101	108	75		Man	wo		m, w (o, ou)	yo	Man		55
56		110	89		Det.	Aussonderungs Zeichen	Det.		Det.	Det.		56
57	56	83	90, 91		me, maš	Z	sh, wash	Z	vas	mas, vas		57
58	46	59	98		sa	?			tha	sʹa	ça	58
59	42	93	92		tar	?			tar	tar	tar, dar	59
60	16	30	93		pa	phu, pu [po*]	pu	q (e, i)	po	pa	po, bo	60
a	68	98	94		tin				ne		tin, din	a
61	75	100	95		rak	?			rak	rak		61
62	80	37	96		ur?	?			re	ur	um, perhaps ur	62
63	7	32	97		ip, P	T’H	ut, tu	MW, Ou	fa	ip	ip, P	63
64	89	57	99		aš	S	as	S	as	as	as	64
65					Defective	?						65
66	94	112	100		Det.	thi		th (e, i)	Ṣ	Det.		66
67	51	33	101		ma	wa, W	wa	m, w (a)	va	ma, va		67
68	76	101, 91	102		tuk, raš	ro, r‛u	rus	Ç	ras	tuk, ras	ras	68
69	21	13	104		ku	qu	ku	q (o, ou)	ku	ku	ku, gu	69
70	37	96	103		taš	? [qa*]	tas	Q	tas	das	tas, das	70
71	30	ideog.	107		King907	ku	ku	k (e, i)	ko	ga	King	71
a	97	41	108		?				cho	um?	nu	a
b	95	74	109		en				sen	ṭu	kin, gin	b
72	48	5	106		yi; water	H	I	A, Ha	hi	A; water	Yi; water	72
73	84	53	105		sǎ	s‛a	sa	ch (a)	sa	ša	ša, sa	73
74	91	62	110		za	za	sha	z (a)	ṣa	ṣa	ća, ǵa, źa, za	74
75	1	8	111		A	O	A	A	A	ḥa	ha, a	75
76	3	3	80		U	U	O, U	Ou (short)	U	U‛	O	76
77	62	39	81		ni	ni	ni	n (e, i)	ni	nu	ni	77
78	82	52	83		ul, L; house	?	ER	dh (e, i)	al	ul	al, il, ul, L; house	78
a	83	50	84		li?	?			el	li		a
79	52	34	85		mi	vi (wi)	wi	m, w (e, i), oui	vi	mi, vi		79
80	92	54	87		ši	s‛i	si	ch (e, i)	ṣi	si	ši, s	80
81	20	12	88		ki	kha (ka) [kho*]	ku	kh (o, ou)	ki	k		81
82	87	103	86		šin	as‛ ars‛	ersa	Sign for plural	san	sin	san	82

The preceding are the 110 signs given by Menant. The five other signs are

Norris	Oppert	Weisbach	Correct Values, Weisbach	Oppert
53	35	5	mu	mu, vu
	66	33	iz, Z; det.	ić, iz, iç
	107	82	race	race
	49			la (found once only)
	109			Ideog. for animal

Footnotes

1 Later Assyrian includes 570 different signs, but only 300 are in common use (British Museum Guide, edited by E. A. W. Budge, 1900, p. 41).

2 The British Museum Guide goes so far as to mention B.C. 8000 as a probable date (p. 3).

3 On this subject see Sir Henry Howorth, English Historical Review, April 1898; Weissbach (F. H.), Zur Lösung der Sumerischen Frage, 1897; and especially Mr. Pinches’ ‘Sumerian or Cryptography,’ J. R. A. S. 1900.

4 Die Achämenideninschriften Zweiter Art., by F. H. Weisbach, 1890, p. 77. Inscription H.

5 A much defaced inscription at the corner is conjectured from the position of the name Xerxes to have been set up by his son Artaxerxes Longimanus: only the Semitic portion is partly legible, and it is the only trace of that king at Persepolis. Carl Bezold: Die Achämenideninschriften, 1882, pp. 47.

6 Viagi fatti da Vinetia alla Tana (Vinegia, 1545), p. 46.
Camara is no doubt the same place as the Comerum of Friar Odoricus, 1825 A.D. Cf. Curzon (Hon. G. N.), Persia, 1892, ii. 130. It must have been about ten miles from Persepolis, which Barbaro seems to regard as about a day’s journey.

7 ‘Dio Padre in uno tondo,’ p. 46.

8 De le Antiquità, Venetia, 1540. Cf. the edition in the British Museum, Il Terzo Libro di Sebastiano Serlio, Venetia, 1534, p. 100.

9 See Menant, Les Achéménides (Paris 1872), p. 33, where, however, the reader will find a copy of Serlio’s drawing.

10 Don Garcia: L’Ambassade (Paris, 1667), p. 163.

11 Relation des Grandes Guerres, par le P. Fr. Anthoine de Gouvea (Rouen, 1646), p. 78. The original was written at Goa, in 1609, and published at Lisbon, 1611: Relaçam em que se trata das Guerras, etc. (Lisboa).

12 So spelt in the Portuguese edition, p. 30; ‘Bandimico’ in the French edition, p. 79.

13 Gouvea, Relation des Grandes Guerres, p. 107.

14 Op. cit. pp. 134, 174.

15 Ambassade de Don Garcia de Silva Figueroa en Perse, traduit par de Wicqfort (Paris, 1667), p. 5. The Spanish original does not appear in the Catalogue of the British Museum, where, however, may be found the tract De Rebus Persarum, Antwerp, 1620.

16 See the letter of Don Garcia in Purchas, His Pilgrimes, ii. 1534.

17 ‘The Preacher’s Travels, penned by J. C., sometime student in Magdalen Colledge in Oxford,’ London, 1611, p. 84.

18 He only mentions one (p. 146). He does not seem to have noticed any difference in the animals in the farther Portico.

19 ‘Brute et grossière estampe’: Ambassade, p. 163. We have already said that this statement is incorrect. Supra, p. 11.

20 Viaggi di Pietro della Valle (Brighton, 1843), i. 382.

21 Viaggi, ii. 231.

22 Viaggi, vol. ii. For his account of Persepolis see Lettera xv. pp. 228-68.

23 They are given on p. 253.

24 Herbert (Sir Thomas), Travels, 1665, pp. 111-17.

25 Some Yeares Travels, by Sir Thomas Herbert, Bart. See the various editions published in 1634, 1638, 1665 and 1677. The first edition, A Relation of some Years Travaille, begunne anno 1626, by T. H. Esquier, London, 1634, has recently been practically withdrawn from the Museum Library in order to enjoy the honour of appearing within a glass case.

26 Ed. 1634, p. 56.

27 Cf. ed. 1634, p. 59.

28 Ed. 1638, p. 145.

29 It will be recollected that Della Valle’s letters were not published till 1658.

30 Vermehrte neue Beschreibung der Muscowitischen und Persischen Reyse (Schleszwig, 1656).

31 Estat de la Perse en 1660, par le Père Raphaël (Du Mans, Paris, 1890), p. xliii.

32 Morgenländische Reyse-Beschreibung des Hochedel gebornen J. A. Mandelslo (Schleszwig, 1658), pp. 10-17.

33 The Voyage and Travels of J. Albert de Mandelslo, rendered into English by John Davies of Kidwalley, London, 1662.

34 It will be remarked that Olearus does not mention Della Valle, whose book was not then published.

35 Some Years Travels, by Sir Tho. Herbert, Bart. (1665), pp. 145-59.

36 Herbert (1665), p. 153. For a photograph of the north door see Curzon, Persia, ii. 176.

37 Joret (J. B.), Tavernier (1886), p. 180.

38 Estat de la Perse, p. lxxviii.

39 Thévenot (Jean de), Voyages, 5 vols. (Amst. 1727), iv. 491.

40 Les Beautés de la Perse, par le sieur A.D.D.V. (Paris, 1673), pp. 55-66.

41 Voyage de M. de Thévenot, Bk. III. chap. vii. pp. 501 ff.

42 Thévenot (Amsterdam, ed. 1727), vol. iii; see preface and pp. 1-2. Estat de la Perse, pp. lxxv-lxxviii.

43 Thévenot, iii. 262.

44 Thévenot, iv. 486.

45 Joret, p. 203.

46 Estat de la Perse, p. lxxvi.

47 Thévenot, iv. 510.

48 Thévenot, iv. 520.

49 For Tavernier see Les Six Voyages (Utrecht, 1712, 3 vols.), i. 728; and the excellent Memoir of him by M. Joret, 1886.

50 Les Voyages de J. Struys (Amsterdam, 1681). Ouseley (Sir W.), Travels, ii. 232.

51 Struys, pp. 316-317.

52 Cf. Philosophical Transactions Abridged, iii. 543, where reference is made to Phil. Trans. June 1693; xvii. 776. Hyde (Dr. Thomas), Veterum Persarum... Historia, 1760, pp. 548, 557, Pl. 14. Cf. Evetts (Basil T. A.), New Light on the Bible (1892), p. 74. Menant, Les Langues perdues (Paris, 1885), p. 62.

53 Daulier, Les Beautés, p. 55.

54 This view may have been suggested by Chardin, who was known to Hyde. (Hyde, p. 548, note.)

55 Hyde, Vet. Pers. Hist. p. 557. Cf. Menant, p. 65.

56 See Voyages de Monsieur le Chevalier Chardin (Amsterdam, 1711), iii. 98 ff, Plates 52-74; but four of these are devoted to copies of the inscriptions (Pl. 69-73).

57 Voyages du Chevalier Chardin (ed. Langlès, Paris, 1811), viii. 242-318.

58 Chardin, Voyages, viii. 401.

59 A New Account, by J. Fryer (London, 1698), p. 251.

60 Chardin, viii, 321-3.

61 Now known as Inscription L. Not to be confounded with the L of Niebuhr.

62 Ib. pp. 343, 347-51.

63 Ib. p. 385.

64 Amoenitates Exoticae, by Engelbert Kaempfer (1712), 297-353.

65 P. 332. The four inscriptions in Niebuhr are lettered H, I, K, and L. H and I are Persian; K is Susian; and L Babylonian. L is the H of Bezold, p. 39; Menant, p. 78. I is unilingual.

66 P. 346. Chardin, Pl. 69, p. 320.

67 Pp. 338, 339. A inscription.

68 P. 348. C inscription.

69 B inscription.

70 P. 350. G inscription.

71 P. 334.

72 P. 349.

73 Voyages de Corneille Le Bruyn (Paris, 1725), iv. 301-408.

74 A inscription, Table 126 (Le Bruyn).

75 Cᵃ inscription, Table 131 (Le Bruyn).

76 B inscription, Table 132 (Le Bruyn).

77 G inscription, Table 133 (Le Bruyn).

78 L inscription, Table 134 (Le Bruyn).

79 Ib. pp. 317, 351. Buckingham also fancied he beheld a female in the Palace of Xerxes.

80 Ib. pp. 353-4.

81 Voyage en Arabie, par C. Niebuhr (Amsterdam, 1783), vol. ii. pp. 98-133.

82 Vol. ii. p. 122.

83 Morier observes: ‘On comparing Le Bruyn’s, Chardin’s and Niebuhr’s drawings with the sculptures, I found them in general correct in outline, but imperfect in the details of dress, arms, &c.... They have not been done justice to in the works of those travellers.’—Second Journey through Persia (London, 1818), p. 76.

84 Morier says Le Bruyn has exaggerated the mutilation. A Journey through Persia, by James Morier (London, 1812; referred to as First Journey), p. 134. Elsewhere he says the faces of all the figures to the right are mutilated; Second Journey, p. 76.

85 In Porter’s drawing this personage appears at the other end of the row. Cf. Plates, Niebuhr, ii. 120, and Porter, Travels in Georgia, i. 670.

86 Niebuhr, ii. 117.

87 Niebuhr, ib. p. 111.

88 P. 125.

89 Supra, pp. 71, 73.

90 Niebuhr, ib. p. 112.

91 Ib. p. 113.

92 This, as we have noticed, had been already done by Flower.

93 P. 117. Professor Sayce makes the obvious remark that another easy way of settling this point is the consideration ‘that the ends of all the lines were exactly underneath each other on the left side, whereas they terminated irregularly on the right.’ Fresh Lights from the Monuments, by A. H. Sayce (1890), p. 10.

94 ‘Quelques voyageurs en ont tiré la conséquence que les anciens Perses ayent écrit de haut en bas, commes les Chinois. Mais si l’on examine de plus près les inscriptions, comme quelques uns les ont copiées icy, et qu’on les compare avec mes copies, on trouvera que les lignes qui sont droites sont toutes couchées de côté, ce qui fait que le nombre des lettres n’est à beaucoup près pas si grand que peut-être on a pu le penser d’après les copies de mes prédécesseurs.’ Niebuhr, ib. p. 113.

95 P. 126. Morier saw only one column. First Journey, p. 141.

96 Heeren, Historical Researches (Eng. ed. 1846), vol. ii. Appendix VI.

97 Morier, Second Journey, p. 264.

98 For his fate see Flandin, Voyage en Perse, i. 113.

99 Second Journey, p. 68.

100 First Journey, p. 128. On Persepolis and Murgab see chaps. vii. and viii.

101 Ouseley (Sir W.), Travels in various Countries (3 vols. 1821), vol. ii. note p. 439.

102 Inscription M.

103 Second Journey, p. 117.

104 Second Journey, p. 75; Ouseley, ii. 255. They were afterwards given to the British Museum, and for a long time were the only materials for the study of Persian art. The practice of taking away specimens seems to have been continued by later travellers, and, as Porter says, much of value was ‘doomed to the predatory mallet’ (p. 632). When Rich visited the ruins in 1821, he observed that ‘many parts had been defaced by the passion for preserving curiosities. This rage has induced some even to chip off bits of inscriptions. One has endeavoured to chisel off a very fine head, which was well preserved, and, not succeeding, he has apparently in wrath thrown his mallet against the head and smashed it.’ (Koordistan, ii. 222.) Rich found the inscription on the robe of the king in the Palace of Xerxes had suffered from these proceedings. ‘They have been variously defaced by people chipping off pieces (mostly very recently) for curiosities. I have copied what remains of three of them’ (Babylon and Persepolis, Pl. 19). A disease visited the people of the country shortly after, and those of them who had assisted in these acts of Vandalism thought themselves justly punished. Flandin, ii. 113, 127.

105 Ouseley (Sir W.), Travels, vol. ii. For Persepolis and Murgab see chaps. xi. and xii.

106 Ouseley, ii. 91.

107 Plates 41 and 47, pp. 256-7.

108 Ouseley, p. 286.

109 Ib. pp. 265-7.

110 Pp. 426-9.

111 Plate 49: 1. Morier, from a pillar of the palace. 2. Gordon (and Morier), from over the winged figure. 3. Ouseley, from the solitary monolith.

112 Mohl, Rapports annuels faits à la Société Asiatique, 1840-45: 1843, p. 13.

113 Porter (Sir Robert Ker), Travels in Georgia, &c. (London, 1821), i. 679.

114 Plates 17 and 18, pp. 516, 518. See the curious engraving of a Royal tomb at Persepolis in Hyde, p. 307, where he says the soul or Icuncula is about to ascend to heaven.

115 Porter, p. 524.

116 Ib. p. 587. D’Hancarville had, however, already suggested that they were ‘partly bulls.’ See the various opinions on this question stated by Ouseley, ii. 247, note.

117 Porter, p. 634.

118 Porter, p. 502.

119 Ib. pp. 622-3.

120 Ib. p. 488-9, Plate 13.

121 Pl. 44, p. 616. He omits the first four lines.

122 Pl. 55 and 56, p. 681. Cf. Niebuhr, Pl. 31. Porter left out lines 18 and 19 of Inscription H. Westergaard, Ueber die Keilinschriften (Bonn, 1845), p. 2.

123 Porter’s Travels were published in 1821, the same year as Ouseley’s, and three years after Morier’s Second Journey, 1818. Loftus complains of the ‘exceedingly rough and incorrect sketch’ made by Porter of a bas-relief at Susa: Chaldæa and Susiana, p. 415. Yet Flandin admits Porter’s talent in drawing. The plates of all his predecessors were, he says, superseded. He became the ‘oracle of the archæologists,’ especially in architecture and sculpture (Flandin, i. 9). The most important contribution since made in English is the chapter on the subject in Lord Curzon’s Persia, Vol. II. chap. xxi.

124 Texier (Ch. F. M.), Description de l’Arménie (1842-52), i. xv.

125 Kinneir (J. Macdonald), Geographical Memoir (1813), p. 126. Flandin estimates the distance at eight kilomètres. See Menant, Les Achéménides, p. 129. Murray says vaguely, ‘near’ Hamadan (Handbook, Asia Minor, p. 328). Curzon uses the same expression (i. 566).

126 Morier, Second Journey, p. 267.

127 Porter, ii. 120.

128 Rich (C. J.), Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan, ii. 126.

129 Vaux (W. S. W.), Nineveh and Persepolis (London, 1851), p. 441, note A. J. R. A. S. (1882), vol. xiv., article on Van by Professor Sayce.

130 Elvend, O and F; Van, K.

131 Rich, Koordistan, i. xvi, xviii.

132 Rich, Koordistan, ii. 186.

133 Ib. p. 215.

134 Rich, ib. pp. 216-18.

135 Babylon and Persepolis, by C. J. Rich (1839), p. 240.

136 Rich, Koordistan, ii, 217-19.

137 Niebuhr had found only 2½ feet of the stairs visible (Voyage, ii. 111).

138 Koordistan, ii. 223.

139 Babylon and Persepolis, Pl. 13, 14, and 15; Inscr. Cᵃ.

140 Ib. Pl. 16, 17, 18; Inscr. E.

141 Rich, ib. Pl. 18; Inscr. G.

142 Pl. 19 (a, b, c, d).

143 Pl. 20, 21, 22; Cᵇ.

144 Pl. 23; P.

[145] Pl. 24, 25, 26; D. See Weissbach und Bang, Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften (1893), pp. 5-10.

146 Rich, Babylon and Persepolis, pp. 250, 252.

147 Ib. p. 256.

148 Ib. pp. 247-55. Cf. Koordistan, ii, 222.

149 Diod. Sic. ii. 13.

150 Rawlinson (George), Herodotus edited by (1862), ii. 490; The Five Great Monarchies (1879: referred to as History), iii. 416. Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Persia (Eng. ed., 1892), p. 393, but cf. p. 38.

151 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (referred to as J. R. A. S.) x. 193.

152 This was suggested by Dr. Hincks in the Dublin University Magazine, Jan. 1847, p. 15.

153 J. R. A. S. x. 187, 192.

154 Rawlinson, in Records of the Past, O.S. i. 128. Oppert, ib. ix. 68. Cf. the later attempts of Spiegel, Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften (1881), p. 41, and Weissbach, op. cit. p. 29.

155 Perrot, p. 33, translator’s note.

156 Evetts (Basil), New Lights on the Bible, p. 42.

157 Kinneir, Geographical Memoir, p. 181. Ib. ‘Asia Minor’ (1818), p. 462.

158 Porter, Travels, ii, 154-8.

159 Memoirs of Sir Henry Rawlinson, Bart., G.C.B., by George Rawlinson (Longmans, 1898). In the title-page he is described as K.C.B. According to Dod the higher rank was conferred in 1889: K.C.B. in 1856.

160 J. R. A. S. x. 15. Layard, however, says he sometimes at least availed himself of a powerful telescope. Nineveh and Babylon (1882), p. xliii.

161 Memoir, p. 63.

162 J. R. A. S. x. 7, note.

163 Athenæum, Nov. 8, 1884.

164 Memoir, p. 144.

165 Memoir, p. 156, note.

166 Rawlinson, in J. R. A. S. xii. 408.

167 Fergusson (James), The Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis, p. vii.

168 Texier, ii. 151.

169 Fergusson, p. 160, note.

170 Flandin (Eugène), Voyage en Perse (2 vols., 1851), i. 5. Cf. p. 497.

171 Flandin, Voyage, i. 451.

172 I. 423, 443, 448.

173 I. 450-1.

174 II. 79, 362.

175 II. 83-4. Cf. Pl. 194-203.

176 II. 125.

177 Fergusson, p. 107, note; p. 165, note; p. 176; Flandin counted only three windows on the north side of the Hall of the Hundred Columns. Their number is not yet ascertained. See Curzon, ii. 177. This is a point, says Fergusson, ‘which nothing but the most inexcusable carelessness could have left at all doubtful.’

178 Cf. the account already given of the principal palace at Murgab (Flandin, 8vo, ii. 83) with the Pl. 197. See also the account of the Palace of Darius, p. 176, and the Palace of Ochus, p. 184, and compare with the plates. Of the Palace of Darius he says: ‘C’est à peine si l’on en retrouve assez de traces pour reconnaître la distribution intérieure de l’édifice,’ p. 176.

179 II. 125.

180 Flandin, ii. 98, 106-10.

181 Ib. i. 493.

182 II. 186.

183 Ib. p. 160.

184 Ib. p. 177; Fergusson, p. 117.

185 Flandin, ii. 179.

186 Ib. p. 187; Fergusson, p. 132.

187 Flandin, p. 196; Fergusson, p. 176; Ouseley, ii. 239; Niebuhr, ii. 121.

188 Notwithstanding an escort of irregular horse, Baron de Bode, however, narrowly escaped receiving a volley into his party from the Bakhtiyari, whose impetuosity was only restrained by Mr. Layard, who happened to be among them at the time. Layard, Early Adventures (1894), p. 210.

189 Flandin, ii, 380-81.

190 Ib. p. 433.

191 Flandin, ii. 481.

192 Ib. i. 489, note.

193 Some of the plates seem to have appeared in 1848 (J. R. A. S. 1848, ix. 393, note), but the earliest received in the British Museum was in August 1850; others not till September 1851. The plan of the S.E. edifice and the general plan of the ruins were not available for Fergusson up to December 1850. See Fergusson, p. 96, note; p. 132, note.

194 Flandin, i. 492.

195 Ib. i. 10.

196 For a few of these scenes see ii. 28, 93, 103, 174, 397. He cared little whether the punishment fell on the right man. After one of these encounters he writes: ‘Au bout d’une heure le Ket-Khodâh arriva avec quelques hommes qui en conduisaient un autre les mains liées, qu’ils me présentèrent comme celui qui avait été instigateur des offenses dont je me plaignais. Je ne le reconnaissais pas; mais peu importait. Ce que je voulais, ce que je devais à mon habit de frengui, c’était de ne pas laisser impunie une aggression comme celle dont j’avais eu à souffrir... je me contentai donc du prétendu coupable qui m’était amené: le Ket-Khodâh le fit coucher sur le dos; on lui attacha le bas des jambes à un bâton dont les extrémités étaient tenues en l’air par deux hommes qui lui administrèrent des coups de verges sur la plante des pieds. Lorsque je crus avoir assez fait pour l’exemple j’arrêtai les coups’ (ii. 398).

197 Noeldeke (Theod.), Persepolis: Die Achaemenidischen Denkmäler, Berlin, 1882, 2 vols. fol.

198 Noeldeke, ib. ‘Vorwort,’ vol. i.; Pl. 148-50.

199 Note to No. 46. Cf. No. 76.

200 Note to No. 95.

201 The following may be referred to as complete failures: Plates 9, 10, 14, 33, 35, 36, 37 and 58.

202 La Perse, par Mme Jane Dieulafoy, Paris, 1887.

203 Fergusson, Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis, p. 162.

204 Kinneir, Geographical Memoir, p. 100; Porter, ii. 411; Curzon, ii. 309.

205 Kinneir, p. 92.

206 Ib. p. 100.

207 W. K. Loftus, Chaldæa and Susiana (1857), pp. 417-19. A sketch of the stone may be seen in Walpole’s Travels in Turkey, ii. 426, and is reproduced in Loftus, p. 419.

208 Ouseley, i. 420.

209 Rawlinson, Memoir, p. 63; Bonomi, Nineveh and its Palaces (1889), p. 479; Loftus, p. 344; J. R. A. S. xii. 482. This inscription was long known as the Susra Inscription, from the name of the king as deciphered by Rawlinson.

210 Layard, Early Adventures, pp. 352-6.

211 Layard, ib. p. 167. For drawings see Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Persia, p. 378.

212 Loftus (W. Kennett), Chaldæa and Susiana (1857), p. 343.

213 Ib. p. 352.

214 Loftus, pp. 366-7.

215 Ib. pp. 368, 375.

216 ‘A Suse: Journal des Fouilles, par Madame Jane Dieulafoy, Officier de la Légion d’Honneur’ (Paris, 1888), p. 115.

217 Ib. p. 132.

218 Ib. p. 158.

219 Ib. p. 160.

220 Ib. p. 167; for illustration see L’Acropole de Suse, par Marcel Dieulafoy (Paris, 1893), p. 298.

221 A Suse, pp. 194-5.

222 A Suse, pp. 196-8.

223 Ib. p. 263.

224 De Morgan, Recherches Archéologiques, p. 69, note 5.

225 A Suse, p. 309.

226 Ib. p. 319.

227 ‘Nous avons acquis, au prix d’un travail opiniâtre et d’efforts dont nul ne soupçonnera jamais l’âpreté, des richesses archéologiques inestimables. Les reliques des Palais achéménides ne furent pas arrachées à un monument superbe, mais ressuscitées des entrailles avares de la terre et conquises au péril de notre vie. En ma qualité d’historiographe des fouilles, il m’appartient de parler hautement et sans fausse modestie. La mission de Susiane a livré une bataille désespérée et la Providence aidant, elle revient victorieuse.’ A Suse, p. 353.

228 Recherches Archéologiques, par J. de Morgan, G. Jéquier et G. Lampre (Paris, 1900), vol. i. p. ix.

229 Recherches, p. 79; Loftus, Chaldæa, p. 367.

230 Recherches, p. 72.

231 Tranchée 12.

232 See Chronological Tablet in Radau, Early Babylonian History, p. 30.

233 Recherches, pp. 145 and 165.

234 Ib. p. 183. Gallery B.

235 Recherches, pp. 187-8.

236 Galleries C and D.

237 Menant, Les Achéménides, p. 146.

238 Oppert, Records, O.S. ix. p. 81.

239 Spiegel, Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften, p. 53.

240 Oppert, Le Peuple des Mèdes, p. 215. Quoted by Spiegel, p. 117.

241 Menant, Les Achéménides, p. 143.

242 Benfey, Die Persischen Keilinschriften (1847), p. 68; Spiegel, p. 129; Records, O.S. ix. 87.

243 Niebuhr (C.), Voyage en Arabie, ii. 106.

244 See Appendix A. The defective letters are Nos. 1, 3, 6, 8, 17, 20, 30, 37 and the diagonal No. 2.

245 Cf. the alphabets. Spiegel, Altpersischen Keilinschriften (Leipzig, 1881), pp. 142, 144, 159.

246 Tychsen (O. G.), (Rostock, 1798, 4to) p. 5.

247 Tychsen, pp. 22-6.

248 See Appendix A, which shows the letters of the cuneiform alphabet arranged according to Niebuhr’s list, and the values Tychsen has assigned to each. The numbers preceding the letters in the text refer to the numbers of the letters in Niebuhr’s alphabet.

249 Tychsen, p. 27.

250 He made this discovery afterwards, either independently or else he accepted it from Münter. See Heeren, Historical Researches (Eng. ed. 1846), ii. 329.

251 Tychsen, pp. 29-30.

252 Ib. pp. 17, 22.

253 Münter (F. C.), Versuch über die keilförmigen Inschriften (Kopenhagen, 1802, 8vo), p. 8.

254 Magasin Encyclopédique, rédigé par A. L. Millin, Year IX, vol. iii.

255 Münter, p. 25.

256 Heeren (A. H. L.), Historische Werke: ‘Ideen über die Politik’ (1824), xi. 407.

257 Münter, pp. 85, 106, 123.

258 P. 123; but cf. p. 87, where he pronounces more definitely for different languages.

259 Recueil d’Antiquités, vol. v. Pl. 30; for the Babylonian bricks, Millin, iii. 20.

260 Münter, p. 78.

261 Ib. p. 113.

262 Ib. p. 105.

263 Ib. p. 106, note.

264 Münter, pp. 105, 109.

265 Ib. p. 114.

266 Ib. p. 117.

267 Münter’s consonants are:

	P	4	𐎣	wrong
	Kh	11	𐎭	wrong
	Kh			defective
	R	3		defective
Strong	R	16	𐎨	wrong
	S			defective
	B		𐎲	right

his vowels:

E or A	21	𐎠	right A
A	23	𐎶	wrong
I			defective
Ou &c.	38	𐏁	wrong
O vocal	12	𐎡	wrong
O			defective

268 Münter, p. 125.

269 ‘Aber selbst die Flectionen, die mir überall im Wege standen, mussten mich in meiner Erwartung, hier nomina propria anzutreffen, immer ungewisser machen, und dadurch musste ich auch immer mehr davon abgeschreckt werden in dem Wort mit den 7 Buchstaben einen Königstitel zu suchen.’ p. 127.

270 Ib. p. 126.

271 Münter, p. 118.

272 Münter, p. 128.

273 Ib. p. 140.

274 Ib. p. 120.

275 Ib. p. 90.

276 See above, p. 24.

277 Vol. xxviii. Hager’s Dissertation, p. xv., note.

278 Journal des Savants, 1790.

279 Vol. v. Pl. 30. See J. R. A. S. xi. 389.

280 Münter, Pl. 2, figs. 1 and 2.

281 Hager (Joseph), Dissertation on the Newly-Discovered Babylonian Inscriptions (London, 1801), p. xvi.

282 See Millin Magasin Encyclopédique (Year IX), ii. 36.

283 Hager, p. xviii.

284 Ib. pp. xix. 40-41.

285 Ib. pp. 20, 37, 40, 48.

286 Hager, p. 50.

287 Millin, loc. cit. p. 46.

288 Dorow, Die Assyrische Keilinschriften erläutert (Wiesbaden, 1820), p. 25.

289 Hager, pp. 60-1.

290 Ib. pp. 53, 56.

291 Hager, pp. 52, 62.

292 See Millin (Year VIII), v. 441. It was reprinted at Helmstadt, 1803, 1 vol. 4to.

293 De Sacy, in Millin, ib. p. 450.

294 Ib. p. 453.

295 Ib. p. 443.

296 Millin, pp. 445-7. The Michaux Stone, as is now well known, is a Kudurru, or landmark, of which class it is still the oldest specimen. It dates from B.C. 1120, and being chiefly an inventory of effects and measurements, the difficulties of its translation have been only recently overcome. See Maspero (G.), Dawn of Civilisation (Eng. ed. 1894), p. 762.

297 Letter to Dorow, Die Assyrische Keilinschriften (1820), pp. 28, 59.

298 Grotefend (G. F.), Neue Beiträge, Hanover, 1847, 4to.

299 Heeren, Werke, xi. 344.

300 Ib. pp. 345, 352.

301 Year VIII (1803), v. 438. De Sacy’s essay is accompanied by a plate giving the text, transliteration and translation of the B and G inscriptions of Niebuhr.

302 Vols. iv. and v.

303 Historische Werke, xi. 325. We have used the edition of 1824 as the more accessible. On comparing it with the earlier edition of 1815, we have not found any difference of importance. Both editions contain the same two plates. No. 1 is taken from De Sacy, as above, and edited by Tychsen. It gives Grotefend’s alphabet exactly as it subsequently appeared, but without the later emendations of the sr and k, together with the long list of defective signs. At the bottom is a transliteration of the Xerxes inscription (G). No. 2 is by Grotefend. It gives the cuneiform text in the three species of writing of the inscriptions of Xerxes and Cyrus, and that on the Caylus Vase, with the translation. The three columns are divided so as to show the words of each species that correspond to one another. Kaulen says Grotefend’s essay appeared in the second edition of 1805 (Assyrien und Babylonien, 1899, p. 126). Weisbach says its first appearance was in 1815 (Achämenideninschriften Zweiter Art, 1890, p. 3). We have not found the second edition in the British Museum.

304 De Sacy, Mémoires sur diverses Antiquités, Paris, 1793. It is given by Heeren (Eng. ed.), vol. ii. App. 2, p. 332.

305 𐎲 was assumed to be the same as the 𐎼 r in ‘Darius.’

306 The true Zend spelling is ‘khchayo’; the ‘h’ before ‘y’ expressed in cuneiform is understood in Zend. Burnouf (Eugène), Mémoire sur deux Inscriptions (1836), p. 76.

307 Millin, Year VIII, v. 461.

308 Ib. p. 462.

309 Cf. Grotefend’s own account of how he heard of bun. Heeren (Eng. ed.), ii. 337.

310 It seems to have been completed by the time he wrote the tract on the Zend alphabet, which is reviewed in Millin, Year VIII, vi. 96 (1803).

311 Heeren (Eng. ed.), ii. 329.

312 Millin (1803), v. 458.

313 See Heeren (ed. 1815), vol. i. part 2, p. 704.

314 Heeren (1824), xi. 372. See Eng. ed. ii. 350.

315 Ib. p. 351.

316 Heeren (Eng. ed.), 126; Millin (1803), v. 438, Plate.

[317] See supra, p. 73.

318 Heeren, ib. p. 126. Millin, ii. 370, iii. 211.

319 Heeren (ed. 1815), pp. 592, 595. Cf. Eng. ed. ii. 339.

320 Ib. (1824), xi. 353, Cf. Eng. ed. ii. 337.

321 Millin, iii. 212 (1803).

322 The two words are as follows:

correct

𐏃

𐎧

𐎠

𐎶

𐎴

𐎡

𐏁

𐎡

𐎹

Grotefend

tsch

sch

correct

𐎠

𐎢

𐎼

𐎶

𐏀

𐎭

𐎠

Grotefend

A or E

a or e

323 Menant, Les Langues perdues, p. 111.

324 Millin, xi. 99 (1803).

325 Millin, vi. 96.

326 Heeren (Eng. ed.), ii. 330.

327 The Caillou Michaux. De Sacy also held that this inscription was different from the third Persepolitan, and that the Babylonian bricks and cylinders offered another variety (Millin, 1803, v. 440). De Sacy reported that the inscriptions on the bricks at Paris differed entirely from the inscriptions published by Hager (Hager, p. 58, note.)

328 Heeren (Eng. ed.), ii. 324-5; Millin, ii. 372; cf. Werke, xi. 334, 339, 355. Heeren also thought the first species was the oldest.

329 Heeren, Werke, xi. 342.

330 Grotefend’s views on this point were explained in the Fundgruben des Orients, vol. v. pt. 3. See Grotefend, Neue Beiträge (1840), p. 7.

331 Dorow, op. cit. p. 26. Cf. Grotefend, Neue Beiträge (1840), p. 23.

332 Dorow, pp. 32, 38, 41. He recurs to this subject in Neue Beiträge (1840), pp. 6 and 7, and refers for his original treatment of it to Fundgruben des Orients, vol. iv. pt. 4, and vol. vi. pt. 2.

333 Dorow, p. 42.

334 Erläuterung über einige Babylonische Cylinder (1820), by Grotefend; and Nachträgliche Bemerkungen which follow it.

335 Cf. J. R. A. S. 1848 (Annual Report, 1846) p. vii. Holtzmann, Beiträge zur Erklärung der Persischen Keilinschriften (Carlsruhe, 1845), p. 13.

336 Neue Beiträge (1837), p. 17.

337 Ib. p. 25.

338 Ib. p. 35.

339 Ib. p. 28.

340 Ib. p. 39.

341 Holtzmann, Beiträge, p. 16.

342 In the same year Burnouf suggested ‘this is,’ or ‘I am’ (Mémoire sur deux Inscriptions, p. 170).

343 Holtzmann, Beiträge, p. 24.

344 Smith’s Biblical Dictionary, art. ‘Nineveh,’ p. 560.

345 J. R. A. S. (1861), xviii. 77.

346 Mohl (Jules), Vingt-sept ans d’Histoire des Etudes Orientales, i. 546; Report, June 1854.

347 See Grotefend’s Alphabet, App. A. Cf. Burnouf, Mémoire, Pl. 1. See his correct values, App. B.

348 Dorow, p. 28.

349 Millin, v. 451, 465.

350 Dorow, p. 58.

351 ‘Journey to Babylon in 1811,’ by J. C. Rich, p. 6; published in Babylon and Persepolis, 1839.

352 Vaux, Nineveh and Persepolis (1851), p. 187.

353 It was translated into French by M. Raymond, the Consul at Bussora, 1818. Journal Asiatique, i. 58.

354 Rich, p. 185.

355 Ib. p. 188.

356 Rich, p. 186, note. This statement is, however, too sweeping, for Grotefend always clearly distinguished two distinct kinds of Babylonian, corresponding to the cursive and the hieratic. Rich’s first and third are examples respectively of these two styles. The former, or cursive, occurs in lapidary inscriptions such as Rich has described; the second, or hieratic, on bricks and cylinders, and in the long inscription of Sir Harford Jones (the India House Inscription). Rich’s second species is not a distinct variety. Its peculiarity consists only in the ‘distortion of oblique elongation,’ due perhaps to the eccentricity of the engraver. (See Rawlinson in J. R. A. S. x. 24.)

357 Rich, p. 99.

358 Ib. p. 190.

359 Rich, p. 183.

360 Dorow, p. 26.

361 Ib. p. 26. Neue Beiträge (1840), p. 16.

362 Neue Beiträge (1837), p. 6, Plate 1.

363 Ib. (1840), p. 23.

364 Klaproth (H. J.), Aperçu de l’Origine des diverses Ecritures (Paris, 1832), p. 63.

365 Ib. p. 63. Cf. Journal Asiatique (1823), p. 69.

366 Journal Asiatique (1823), pp. 68-70.

367 Ib. p. 85, note.

368 Journal Asiatique (1823), p. 82.

369 St. Martin agreed with Grotefend in the signs for s, r, d, b or p, a, t, kh, and sch (𐏁) which, in accordance with French orthography, he read ch. He rejected k, f, sr, a (No. 41), all of which are correct.

370 The following is the list of incorrect values assigned by Grotefend, showing the changes made by St. Martin:

Grotefend	St. Martin	Correct
v	r	b
e	i	v(a)
o	e	ch
gh	e	z(u)
o	a	m
i	h	th
h	e	y
h	e	m
tsch	b and m	n

371 ‘Lob verdient, dass er sich bescheidet, einige Zeichen als unentziffert hinzustellen.’ Lassen, Altpersische Keilinschriften (Bonn, 1836), p. 18.

372 Klaproth, Aperçu, p. 63.

373 The b (𐎴) is given in the Journal Asiatique.

374 See Heeren, Werke, xi. 363; Journal Asiatique (1823), p. 83.

375 Klaproth gives St. Martin’s Darius Inscription.

376 Rask (E.), Ueber das Alter der Zend-Sprache (Berlin, 1826), p. 28; Klaproth, p. 67.

377 See above, p. 179.

378 For St. Martin’s alphabet see Journal Asiatique (1823), p. 67, Plate; Burnouf, Mémoire, Pl. 1; and Klaproth, Aperçu, p. 63. St. Martin was engaged upon the second and third columns at the time of his death. His Memoir remained incomplete, and, so far as we know, it has never been published in a separate form. Journal Asiatique (3ᵉ série), v. 359.

379 Translated from the Danish by Hagen, Berlin, 1826.

380 In 1832 Schlegel asserted that the Zend and the Zend-Avesta were forgeries by the Guebres (or Parsees) of Guzerat (Heeren, Eng. ed., ii. 341). Rawlinson, in 1847, was still of opinion that Zend dates after Alexander, possibly some centuries (J. R. A. S. x. 50). He was also convinced of the late origin of the Zend-Avesta.

381 Rask, p. 28.

382 Rask, p. 80. St. Martin had already intimated a doubt as to their absolute identity (Journal Asiatique, 1823, p. 77).

383 Published in Journal Asiatique, 1826.

384 Menant (I.), Les Langues perdues, Perse, p. 21.

385 Zoroasters lebendiges Wort, S. F. Kleuker, Riga, 1777.

386 Tychsen, De Religionum Zoroastricarum apud veteres gentes Vestigiis. See Heeren, i. 237.

387 Rask, op. cit. 1826.

388 Mémoire, p. 8.

389 See above, p. 96.

390 Ouseley (Sir W.), vol. ii. Pl. 46; Burnouf, Mémoire, pp. 9, 17.

391 Niebuhr, vol. ii. Pl. 31, p. 123.

392 See above, p. 187.

393 Burnouf, Mémoire, p. 29.

394 Ib. p. 25.

395

	𐎺	·	𐏀	·	𐎼	·	𐎣
Grotefend	e		gh		r		e
St. Martin	i		e		r		e
Burnouf	i		z		r		k
Correct	r(a)		z		r(a)		k(a)

396 See above, p. 182.

397 Mémoire, p. 38.

398 The true transliteration is ‘vazraka,’ and its meaning ‘great.’ See Spiegel, p. 46.

399

	𐎠	·	𐎼	·	𐎷	·	𐎡	·	𐎴
Burnouf	a		r		i		o		n
Correct	a		r		m		i		n(a)

400 Mémoire, p. 149.

401 Ib. p. 138:

	𐎠	·	𐎰	·	𐎢	·	𐎼	·	𐎠
Burnouf	a		y		u		r		a
Correct	a		th		u		r		â

402 Mémoire, p. 151.

403 Mémoire, p. 148.

404 Ib. p. 158.

405 Mémoire, p. 157.

406 Ib. p. 154.

407 Ib. p. 133.

408 Mémoire, p. 159.

409 Correct values from Grotefend, acknowledged by Burnouf, are:

r, d, a (Münter), f, kh, p, s or ç, ch					8	in all
Incorrect values from Grotefend,	o,	u,	g,	h	4	in all
	12	35	15	27
Correct values from Grotefend, not acknowledged by Burnouf,		t,	u,	a	3	in all
		24	36	41
					15	in all

He credits St. Martin with t, because he agreed with him that the central wedge should be drawn slightly lower than the other two (p. 137). He credits the u to St. Martin and the a to himself, because he says both are short, whereas Grotefend made them long (p. 142-3). But these reasons are clearly insufficient to deprive Grotefend of the merit of having suggested to Burnouf the values of the three letters.

410 The twelve correct values claimed to have been discovered by Burnouf are:

		Grotefend	Burnouf
4	𐎣	e	k	Correct
7	𐎲	v	b	Correct (from Münter)
16	𐎡	o	v	Wrong (from Münter), ch
18	𐏀	gh	z	Correct
19	𐎮	uncertain	l?	d(i)	}	Correct values
25	𐎤	k	q	k(a)	}
22	𐎬	th	dh	t(u)	}
26	𐎰	i	y	th	}
29	𐎷	h	î	m(i)	}
34	𐎯	z	gh	d(u)	}
40	𐎽	sr	l	r(u)	}
41	𐏃	a	a	h(a),	Correct (from Grotefend)

411 I.e. fifteen from Grotefend, one, i, from St. Martin, two from Rask, and eleven of his own: that is, deducting the a of Grotefend already included. As we have seen, he credited himself with the b of Münter, which Grotefend did not accept—twenty-nine in all.

412 Rawlinson; z(j)i, Oppert.

413 Burnouf, Mémoire, p. 110.

414 Ib. pp. 113, 115.

415 I.e.
2 from Münter, a, b
10 from Grotefend, r, d, f, kh, p, s or ç, ch, t, u, a (41)
2 from Rask, n, m
2 from himself, k, z
16

416 Burnouf, Mémoire, p. 166.

417 Ib. p. 58.

418 Ib. p. 82. Cf. Spiegel, p. 47.

419 Mémoire, pp. 59-60, 89, 95, 100. In Grotefend these are represented by ‘coelestem,’ ‘defunctum,’ ‘amplificet,’ ‘populorum.’

420 Heeren (ed. 1815), vol. i. p. 601.

421 Mémoire, Pl. 2 and 3.

422 Elsewhere ‘fortis.’

423 Mémoire, p. 119. Burnouf suspected, as we have said, that the word he transliterated ‘buiom’ and translated ‘excellent’ should be ‘bumom’ and mean ‘earth’: ‘He has given this earth’ (p. 149). The change of the i into m turned out afterwards to be correct, and the word ‘bum’im’ does signify ‘earth,’ the passage being ‘who created this earth.’

424 See Spiegel, p. 47.

425 Göttingen Anzeigen (1832), p. 122. Holtzman (A.), Beiträge, p. 16.

426 Mémoire, pp. 133, 138, 146, 154, 155. Grotefend had already detected Persia.

427 Ib. p. 148. He considers Ionia the probable reading, but he cannot yet admit it decisively. Some writers add Aria to Burnouf’s correct discoveries (J. R. A. S. x. 12, note, Rawlinson), but the word he translates ‘Arion’ and identifies with Arran, between the Caspian and Black Seas, occurs in line 12 and signifies Armenia. The word for Aria is in the sixteenth line, and he identifies it with Haroyu of the Parsees, the Indian Sarayu (p. 155).

428 Mémoire, pp. 40, 61, 65-6.

429 Ib. pp. 41-2, 55.

430 Mémoire, pp. 87, 161.

431 Ib. p. 163.

432 Ib. pp. 57, 108, 163, 165.

433 Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften (Bonn, 1836), preface, p. iv.

434 Holtzmann, Beiträge, p. 9.

435 Journal Asiatique (3ᵉ série), v. 372.

436 Lassen, p. 15.

437 Burnouf, Mémoire, p. 2.

438 Ib. p. 128.

439 Rawlinson generously credits him with twelve (J. R. A. S. x. 4).

440 See Grotefend’s alphabet in Burnouf, Pl. 1.

441 He states that by š he means to indicate the same sound as Grotefend by sch (Altpers. Keil. p. 24).

442 𐎹, h (really y); 𐎡, i = ê.

443 𐎤 (no independent value given, but in composition of the diphthong he treats it as a: it is really k); 𐎢u = ô.

444 𐎢, u; 𐎺, w (really v) = q.

445 Lassen, p. 6.

446 I inscription, line 12. Lassen, pp. 89, 152. Rawlinson’s Herod. iv. 186.

447 See above, p. 219.

448 Lassen, p. 48.

449 ‘Ich glaube nämlich erwiesen zu haben, dass der Vocal “a” nur initial, in der Mitte nur vor “h” und vor andern Vocalen ausdrücklich durch ein Schriftzeichen geschrieben, allen Consonanten dagegen inhärirt, wenn er nicht durch ein anderes Vocalzeichen ausgeschlossen wird.’—Lassen, p. 16.

450 Ib. p. 53.

451 See above, p. 224.

452 Lassen, p. 42.

453 Lassen, p. 88.

454 Ib. pp. 84, 108.

455 Ib. p. 113.

456 Lassen, p. 117.

457 Jacquet considered this correction one of the most ingenious Lassen made (Journal Asiatique, 3ᵉ Série, vol. v. p. 562).

458 Lassen, p. 38.

459 Ib. p. 39.

460 Lassen, pp. 41, 119-20.

461 See above, p. 226.

462 Lassen, p. 46.

463 pp. 29, 54.

464 Lassen, pp. 38, 107.

465 Ib. p. 128.

466 Ib. pp. 107, 112. Cf. Spiegel, p. 50.

467 Spiegel is taken as representing the correct version. Cf. Spiegel, p. 64 (Inscr. Cᵃ); Burnouf, Plate III.; Lassen, p. 174; Menant, Les Achéménides, p. 53, Inscr. C.

468 Lassen, pp. 94-100.

469 Lassen’s transliteration of the provinces is as follows:
Pârᵃça, p. 155; Mâd, p. 63; Bâbis’us‘, p. 67; Ârᵃbâh, p. 69; Âzurâ, p. 79; G’udrâhâ, p. 84; Ârᵃmin, p. 85; Kᵃtpᵃt’uk, p. 88; Çᵃpᵃrd, p. 89; Hunâ, p. 89; Açᵃgᵃrt, p. 101; Pᵃrzᵃwᵃ, p. 102; Zᵃrᵃk, p. 103; Aryᵃwᵃ, p. 105; Bâk’tris‘, p. 106; Çug’d, p. 106; Qârᵃzmiᵃh, p. 107; Zᵃtᵃgᵃdus, p. 108; Arᵃqᵃtis, p. 112; Aidus, p. 113; Gadâr, p. 114; Çᵃka, p. 114; Mᵃk, p. 114; Qwan, p. 115.
The correct transliteration is:
Pârsa, Mâda, Bâbir’u, Arabâya, Athurâ, M’udrây, Arm’ina, Katapat’uka, Sparda, Yaunâ, Asagarta, Parthava, Zarâñka, Haraiva, Bakhtrish, Sug’da, Uvârazami’ya, Thatag’ush, Harauvatish, Hiñd’ush, Gañdâra, Sakâ, Maka, Uvaja.
Of these Lassen identified twenty correctly:
Persia, Media, Babylon, Assyria, Armenia, Cappadocia, Çapardia (Sparda), Acagartia, Parthae, Zarangae, Areiae (Aria), Bactria, Çugdia, Chorazmia, Sattagadus, Arachosia, India, Gadar (Gandara), Çacae, Maci.
He was wrong in Chaona, Arbela, Gudraha and Hunae (Lassen, passim; Spiegel, p. 50; Menant, p. 80). When Jacquet wrote, in 1838, he understood that Lassen had already given up the Huns. Journal Asiatique (Oct. 1838), vi. 403.

470 Beiträge (Hanover, 1837), p. 17.

471 Grotefend, Beiträge (1837), pp. 34, 45. See Plate IV. where a misprint makes it look like rk.

472 Ib. p. 17. See alphabet in Plate IV.

473 Spiegel, p. 140.

474 Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, ii. 172 for i and u; p. 174 for all three. Holtzmann, Beiträge, p. 15.

475 As regards the y, Lassen always substitutes the palatal j for the half-vowel, and Holtzmann follows him; but this was, no doubt, due to the practical exclusion of y from the German alphabet. Lassen says that Beer and Jacquet both corrected the sign to j, though we know that Jacquet always wrote y; and Rawlinson acknowledges that he received the y from Lassen. From the time of Benfey (1847) the y is finally adopted in German transliterations.

476 Mémoire de E. Jacquet, par Félix Nève (Bruxelles, 1855), p. 10.

477 Mémoire, par Nève, p. 74.

478 Rawlinson, J. R. A. S. x. 41, note.

479 Mémoire, par Nève, p. 101.

480 April, May, June, and October, 1838, Journal Asiatique, 3ᵉ série, vols. v. and vi.

481 Mémoire, p. 77. See Journal Asiatique, v. 561, 566, vi. 404, 424, note, and passim.

482 Journal Asiatique, v. 591, vi. 403.

483 Journal Asiatique, v. 571 (cf. 562), vi. 414, 421.

484 Ib. v. 562, note.

485 Ib. v. 592, vi. 419. Zeitschrift für die Kunde &c. ii. 171.

486 Spiegel, p. 140. See Zeitschrift, ii. 165.

487 Spiegel, p. 140.

488 See his contributions in vols. i. ii. and iii. Urkunden in Babylonischer Keilschrift.

489 Zeitschrift, ii, 165.

490 Zeitschrift, ii, 169.

491 Ib. p. 172.

492 Ib. p. 173.

493 Mémoire, par Nève, p. 81.

494 J. R. A. S. x. 5.

495 Canon Rawlinson explains the process thus: ‘Applying to the letters of these names the phonetic values previously obtained from the trio Hystaspes, Darius, Xerxes, twenty-one out of the twenty-eight letters were found exactly to suit their place. The remainder were new forms and furnished the alphabet with four new letters, m, n, h, and ch.’ (Memoir of Sir Henry Rawlinson, p. 320.) Rawlinson himself, however, confessed in 1846: ‘I am neither able, nor is it of any consequence after the lapse of so many years, to describe the means by which I ascertained the power of each particular letter, or to discriminate the respective dates of the discoveries.’ (J. R. A. S. x. 6, note.)

496 J. R. A. S. x. 7.

497 See above, pp. 179, 201.

498 Memoir by Canon Rawlinson, pp. 311-17.

499 Babylon and Persepolis, preface, p. vii. Cf. Vaux, Nineveh and Persepolis, p. 426.

500 J. R. A. S. x. 8-10.

501 Ib. x. 10.

502 J. R. A. S. x. 8, note. Cf. Behistun, Col. I. line 28.

503 Lassen, Ueber die Keilinschriften, 1845 (henceforth referred to as ‘Second Memoir’), p. 49. Rawlinson in J. R. A. S. x. 8, 17, 130.

504 J. R. A. S. x. 8, 17. See above, p. 238.

505 Spiegel, p. 152.

506 The German periodicals of 1839 recognised Rawlinson as discoverer of the tr. Dublin University Magazine (1847), p. 21.

507 J. R. A. S. x. 9, 12-13.

508 His paper is noticed in the Athenæum, Jan. 1840. J. R. A. S. vol. viii. Report, 1845: Athenæum, Nov. 8, 1884.

509 J. R. A. S. x. 18.

510 Beiträge, p. 16.

511 Rich, Babylon and Persepolis, 1839. See above, p. 99.

512 These inscriptions were reviewed by Lassen in the Zeitschrift (1840, iii, 442) when he attempted the translation of the Artaxerxes Inscription.

513 See above, p. 226.

514 So late as 1839, he could not bring himself to give up ‘Ochus’ in the Murgab inscription, although he felt greatly shaken by the arguments of Jacquet in support of ‘Kurus.’ He ended by leaving 25 𐎤 unaltered, but changed 40 (𐎽) from s into gh (Zeitschrift, ii. 169-71). His acceptance of the correct value, r, appears in 1844: and the approximate value of q for 25 (𐎤) k, making ‘Qurus’ for ‘Kurus.’

515 Beiträge zur Erklärung &c. (Karlsruhe, 1845), ap. Spiegel, p. 142.

516 Zeitschrift für die Kunde &c. ii. 172.

517 Journal Asiatique, vi. 416.

518 Lassen, Second Memoir, p. 5.

519 See Alphabet in Burnouf.

520 Second Memoir, p. 76.

521 Ib. p. 166. This was not discovered when Lassen wrote in 1839. He then thought the new letter had the value of x (Zeitschrift, ii. 175).

522 Lassen, First Memoir, p. 14. In 1852 we are told that English scholars were still disposed to distrust ‘the authenticity of the Zendavesta as translated by Anquetil,’ and it is curious to learn that the Achaemenian inscriptions were appealed to, to prove ‘that there was in use in Persia in the time of Darius a language very much the same as Zend.’ J. R. A. S. xiii. (1852) 200.

523 Lassen, First Memoir, p. 3.

524 Ib. p. 11. Cf. Beiträge (1837), p. 24.

525 Lassen, Second Memoir, p. 253. Burnouf seemed to think that the Old Persian descended directly from the Zend. Jacquet, Journal Asiatique, v. 371.

526 Lassen, Second Memoir, p. 6.

527 Dublin University Magazine, Jan. 1847, p. 21.

528 Rawlinson in J. R. A. S. x. 313.

529 Second Memoir, pp. 80, 145.

530 See above, p. 7.

531 Holtzmann, Beiträge zur Erklärung, Carlsruhe, 1845.

532 I Inscription, line 19 (Second Memoir, p. 176); Eᵇ Inscription, line 24 (ib. p. 173).

533 Second Memoir, pp. 65, 68; Holtzmann, p. 62.

534 Holtzmann, p. 78.

535 By Spiegel, p. 142, who erroneously says he valued it as j.

536 Lassen, Second Memoir, p. 28; Holtzmann, p. 74.

537 First Memoir, p. 152; Second Memoir, p. 52.

538 Lassen, Second Memoir, pp. 53, 64; Holtzmann, p. 120.

539 I Inscription, lines 20-4; Second Memoir, p. 176; Holtzmann, p. 63; Spiegel, p. 51.

540 Inscription H, line 11; Second Memoir, p. 27; Holtzmann, p. 65; Rawlinson, J. R. A. S. x. 274; Spiegel, p. 49.

541 Holtzmann, p. 117; Second Memoir, p. 116; Rawlinson, J. R. A. S. x. 308.

542 Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy (1848), vol. xxi. pt. ii.

543 J. R. A. S. ix. 387.

544 Trans. R. I. Acad. loc. cit. p. 131.

545 Trans. R. I. Acad. loc. cit. pp. 242, 244, 253.

546 In Journal of Sacred Literature, 1855; J. R. A. S. (1866), vol. ii.

547 Trans. R. I. Acad. loc. cit. p. 243.

548 Ib. p. 233; J. R. A. S. x. lxx.

549 Athenæum, December 19, 1846.

550 It took forty-four days to communicate between Bagdad and London. If, therefore, Hincks’s paper had been forwarded earlier, say on June 12, it would have been in Major Rawlinson’s hands on July 26; but we have positive assurance on Mr. Norris’s authority that this was not the case. See the Athenæum, loc. cit.

551 See above, pp. 229, 244; Holtzmann, pp. 60, 78.

552 Trans. R. I. Acad. loc. cit. pp. 117-18.

553 Ib. p. 124; cf. Spiegel, E Inscription, line 18, p. 60.

554 Trans. R. I. Acad. loc. cit. p. 116. For Hincks’s Alphabet see Trans. R. I. Acad. loc. cit. p. 131 and App. A.

555 Athenæum, Nov 8, 1884.

556 J. R. A. S. x. 16. Hincks received Part I. in time for his papers, read on Nov. 30 and Dec. 14, 1846. Trans. R. I. Acad. vol. xxi. part ii. p. 233.

557 Report, June 1847, J. R. A. S. x. p. vii.

558 Ib. p. xvi.

559 J. R. A. S. x. 18.

560 Ib. x. 2.

561 Lassen’s first letter to Rawlinson is dated August 19, 1838. See Memoir by Canon Rawlinson, p. 316.

562 J. R. A. S. x. 8, 9, 10, notes.

563 J. R. A. S. x. 10, note.

564 See ib. p. 8, note.

565 Spiegel, p. 154.

566 Rawlinson wrote, early in 1846: ‘The cause of the affinity of the vowel i for the characters j, t, m and v can neither be explained, nor can we perceive any uniform effect which the coalition produces upon the phonetic power of the consonant. I can only illustrate the formation of the different groups by adverting to the law which still prevails in the Tartarian dialects, requiring the juxtaposition of certain vowels with consonants in order to render the latter articulable; and by observing that, as a similar rule appears to hold good in the so-called Median alphabet, which has every indication of a Scythic origin, it is not improbable that the Persian writing may have been indebted to that source for so remarkable a deviation from the true principles of Arian orthography.’ J. R. A. S. x. 65.

567 J. R. A. S. x. 176.

568 J. R. A. S. x. 185.

569 Holtzmann, Beiträge, p. 152.

570 J. R. A. S. x. 177.

571 Ib. x. 175.

572 Athenæum, December 19, 1846, p. 1302. Cf. ib. November 22, 1884.

573 J. R. A. S. x. 195, note.

574 Ib. x. 56, 60, 65, 69.

575 Ib. xi. 15, 20, 47, 72. Cf. Spiegel, pp. 180, 204, 208, 210.

576 Ib. xi. 27, 176. Cf. Spiegel, p. 209, 222.

577 J. R. A. S. x. 83.

578 Ib. p. 40.

579 Ib. p. 50.

580 J. R. A. S. xi. 51.

581 Die Persischen Keilinschriften, Leipzig, 1847.

582 In the Persepolitan texts there are not more than four hundred words; the Behistun comprises ten times as many as all the rest put together. Darmesteter, quoted by Perrot, History of Art in Persia, p. 33, note.

583 J. R. A. S. x. p. xlvi.

584 Spiegel, p. 23.

585 J. R. A. S. x. p. lvii.

586 Benfey, Die Persischen Keilinschriften (Leipzig, 1847), p. 9.

587 Records of the Past, O.S. i. 112. Spiegel, pp. 7, 86.

588 Records, loc. cit. p. 112.

589 J. R. A. S. x. 206.

590 Spiegel, p. 89. Spiegel translates (1881): ‘Die Plätze der Anbetung, welche Gaumâta der Mager zerstört hatte, bewahrte ich dem Volke, die Weideplätze (?), die Heerden, die Wohnungen je nach Clanen, was Gaumâta der Mager ihnen weggenommen hatte’ (p. 9). Weissbach (1898): ‘Die Tempel, welche Gaumâta, der Mager, zerstört hatte, stellte ich wieder her, für das Volk die Hilfsmittel, die Herden und das Wohnen in den Häusern (?) welche Gaumâta, der Mager, geraubt hatte’ (p. 15).

591 Records, O.S. i. 128.

592 Ib. ix, 68, 69. Cf. Spiegel, pp. 41, 109; Menant, Les Achéménides, p. 122; Weissbach, Altpersischen Keilinschriften. p. 31.

593 Records, O.S. ix. 77; Rawlinson, J. R. A. S. x. 311; Spiegel, p. 121. M. Benfey attempted to restore this inscription, but in 1852 Oppert declared that the labour was a simple loss of time. It is perhaps to be regretted that he did not adhere to his first impression. Journal Asiatique, xix. 172 (March 1852).

594 Vol. xii. p. xix, xv. p. 432; Spiegel, p. 59; Oppert, Rec. O.S. ix. 78.

595 Spiegel, pp. 59, 122.

596 Die Grabschrift des Darius, Zürich, 1847.

597 Vapereau, Dictionnaire des Contemporains.

598 Published at Berlin, 1847.

599 J. R. A. S. xii. 403.

600 Memoir by Canon Rawlinson, p. 165.

601 Memoir by Canon Rawlinson, p. 324.

602 Ib. p. 33.

603 Mémoire sur les Inscriptions des Achéménides, Paris, 1852, 8vo. Journ. Asiatique (4ᵉ série), vols. xvii.-xix.

604 Journal Asiatique, xviii. 560.

605 Rec. O.S. i. 107.

606 Ib. ix. 67.

607 Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften, von Fr. Spiegel, second edition, Leipzig, 1881.

608 Les Achéménides et les Inscriptions de la Perse, par Joachim Menant, Paris, 1872.

609 Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften, von F. H. Weissbach und W. Bang, Leipzig, 1893. Die Achämenideninschriften zweiter Art, von F. H. Weisbach, Leipzig, 1890.

610 Die Achäm. Ins. des Babylonischen Textes, von Dr. Carl Bezold, Leipzig, 1882.

611 This opinion is attributed to Niebuhr by M. Oppert (Expédition en Mésopotamie, 1859, ii. 2); in the passage referred to Niebuhr merely says there are three alphabets, but says nothing about their being in the same language (Niebuhr, ii. 113).

612 Heeren, Historical Researches (Eng. ed.), ii. 324. Durow, Die Assyrische Keilschriften erläutert (Wiesbaden, 1820), p. 38.

613 Beiträge, 1837, p. 24.

614 Heeren, ib. pp. 329-30.

615 Beiträge, 1837, p. 39.

616 Copenhagen, 1844.

617 Bonn, 1845. Westergaard wrote a later essay on the same subject in Danish, which we have not been able to consult (Kjöbenhavn, 1856).

618 Copenhagen edition, pp. 330, 338.

619 Ib. pp. 340, 364. The E inscription from the seventeenth line may be seen at page 347. Cf. with Weisbach, Die Inschriften Zweiter Art, p. 82.

620 Cf. Copenhagen edition, p. 419; Bonn ed. p. 113.

621 Copenhagen edition, p. 323. Cf. this with the declination of the same word by De Saulcy (Journal Asiatique, 1849, xiv. 179), where the accusative singular is ‘Keiounay,’ and the genitive plural ‘Keiouyna’ or ‘Keioulara’!

622 Beiträge, 1837, p. 42.

623 No. 24 of Weisbach.

624 Nos. 9, 10, 18, 65. Appendix C.

625 No. 12 in Weisbach’s list: the others are 63 and 65 in the same list.

626 Copenhagen edition, p. 278. This statement is softened in the Bonn edition (p. 6), where he merely says that neither of the two determinatives he had recognised preceded these words. Cf. ib. p. 124.

627 He thought possibly the vowels might be limited to the long and short sounds of a, i and u, and in that case he was disposed to change his e into i, which would have been correct (p. 118).

628 Bonn edition, pp. 118-119. See Appendix C.

629 Burnouf, Mémoire sur Deux Inscriptions (1836), p. 2.

630 Westergaard (Bonn edition), pp. 4, 123. Cf. Copenhagen edition, 272.

631 J. R. A. S. x. 228.

632 Ib. xv. 115.

633 J. R. A. S. x. 20, note.

634 Westergaard was also struck by the similarity of the Georgian plural affix ‘bi.’ Copenhagen edition, pp. 300, 305.

635 J. R. A. S. x. 37.

636 Ib. vol. ix. Report, 1846, and Report, May 1848.

637 In his last paper he made several corrections in the values of the letters (Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 241) which Menant has not taken into account in his Table. Les Ecritures cunéiformes (second ed. 1864), p. 138.

638 J. R. A. S. vol. ix. Report, 1846, p. xvii.

639 Transactions, ib. pp. 125-28.

640 Transactions, ib. p. 129. J. R. A. S. xii. 483.

641 Journal Asiatique (4ᵉ série), vols. xiv. xv. August 1849, May 1850.

642 De Saulcy was distinguished for his success in reading the Egyptian demotic character, which Mohl regarded as the greatest achievement since Champollion (Rapports Annuels à la Société Asiatique, 1844, p. 36).

643 Weisbach, op. cit. p. 47.

644 Le Peuple et la Langue des Mèdes (1879), p. 41.

645 Journal Asiatique, xiv. 103, xv. 527.

646 Weisbach, op. cit. p. 47. Oppert, Nos. 52, 77, 88.

647 Journal Asiatique, xiv. 212: ‘Que certains signes de l’écriture médique avaient une assez grande ressemblance avec les signes Persans de même valeur, mais que la plupart d’entre eux étaient identiques avec des signes de l’écriture Assyrienne.’ Hincks had already pointed out, in 1845, that there were many characters common to both (Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 131); and in June 1849 he added that a ‘very large proportion of the Median characters can be identified with Assyrio-Babylonian characters, having nearly the same phonetic values’ (xxii. 4). Westergaard thought the writing originated in Babylon, ‘whence it spread in two branches, eastward to Susiana and northward to the Assyrian Empire, from whence it passed to Media, and last to ancient Persis’ (p. 273, Copenhagen edition). He thought the Median bore most resemblance to Assyrian writing, and Persian to Babylonian writing (ib. p. 272; cf. Bonn edition, p. 4).

648 Copenhagen ed. p. 271.

649 Weisbach, p. 7; Mohl, Vingt-sept ans d’Etudes, i. 419; Athenæum, July 6 and September 7, 1850. Cf. above, p. 194.

650 Holtzman’s essays appeared in the Zeitschrift D.M.G. between 1851 and 1854. They are reported by Weisbach and Mohl, loc. cit.

651 Journal Asiatique (4ᵉ série), xvii. 541. Cf. Les Mèdes, p. 2.

652 Norris, No. 97; Weisbach, No. 108.

653 J. R. A. S. xv. 5.

654

m	Norris,	No.	58	Weisbach,	No.	57
r	″	″	78	″	″	61
s	″	″	90	″	″	45
s	″	″	94	″	Determinative
t	″	″	38	″	No.	50
t	″	″	43	″	″	42	at

655 He attributes this observation to Holtzmann, who wrote in 1851; but Hincks’s opinion was published three years previously in the Trans. R. I. Acad. 1848. Norris had heard of De Saulcy, but did not read him; see J. R. A. S. xv. 153, note.

656 We have counted 47, ib. pp. 7-46.

657 See also Nos. 67, 74 (Norris’s list).

658 For example, Nos. 17, 35, 58.

659 Oppert takes the credit of this to himself: ‘Depuis 1851, j’avais entrevu l’origine touranienne de l’écriture cunéiforme’ (Les Mèdes, p. 5), but he acknowledges that Norris had suggested it.

660 M. Oppert claims to have suggested in 1847 that Median belongs to the ‘Finno-ouralienne’ race (Expédition, p. 82). He has not given any reference, and we know of no writing of his of that date except the tract already reviewed: and this opinion does not appear to be stated there.

661 Cf. J. R. A. S. xv. 63; cf. Weisbach, p. 49.

662 Cf. Westergaard, Bonn edition, p. 113; Journal Asiatique, xv. 426.

663 Cf. J. R. A. S. xv. 149; Les Mèdes, p. 197; Weisbach, p. 77.

664 Mohl, op. cit. vol. ii. Report, June 1855; Weisbach, p. 7.

665 Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie (1851-4), par Jules Oppert, vol. ii. Paris, 1859.

666 M. Oppert cannot always be taken seriously where his own claims are concerned. Writing in 1859, he says of the Median: ‘Tous nos devanciers, y compris M. Norris, l’ont prise pour une écriture distincte de celle des Assyriens’ (p. 71). Leaving out of account Norris’s identification of 47 of the characters, De Saulcy had pronounced them to be ‘identical’ in 1848. Oppert now compares 97 Median signs and 8 ideograms with both Babylonian and Assyrian groups.

667 ‘Deux caractères n’expriment jamais le même son,’ p. 35. ‘Les mêmes sons syllabiques sont toujours attachés au même signe,’ p. 77.

668 Bonomy, Nineveh and its Palaces (1889), p. 479; J. R. A. S. xii. 482.

669 J. R. A. S. (1855), xv. 97; Memoir by Canon Rawlinson, p. 174.

670 Layard (Sir H.), Early Adventures (1894), pp. 168, 220. Cf. Professor Sayce in Trans. Soc. Bib. Arch. iii, 472.

671 J. R. A. S. x. 28; ib. xii. 483.

672 ‘Development of Cuneiform Syllabary’ (1887), J. R. A. S. vol. xix. They appeared to Mr. Vaux in 1851 ‘to contain a considerable number of new characters, for which no conjectural equivalent can be found either in the Babylonian or the Assyrian alphabet’ (Nineveh and Persepolis, p. 431).

673 Trans. S. B. A. vol. iii. (1874), p. 479; Records of the Past, O.S. vol. vii. (1876), p. 81.

674 Trans. S. B. A. loc. cit. p. 472.

675 The word ‘Assyrian’ is often used as interchangeable with ‘Babylonian,’ especially by French writers. Professor Sayce, although he here lapses into this habit, is careful to explain that ‘the form of the character proves that the syllabary was derived from Babylonian, and not from Assyrian as the Armenian.’ Trans. S. B. A. (1874), iii, 471.

676 Menant, Les Ecritures, p. 137.

677 Weisbach, Die Achaemenideninschriften Zweiter Art, pp. 25-27.

678 Trans. S. B. A. vol. iii, article by Prof. Sayce ‘On the Cuneiform Inscriptions of Elam and Media,’ p. 465.

679 Cf. Oppert, Les Mèdes, p. 41; Weisbach, p. 33. With regard to the other two, he now omits No. 21, to which he had formerly assigned ‘kam’—the ‘zis’ of Weisbach (No. 25). The other, 71ᵇ, he changes from ‘tu’ to ‘kin,’ the ‘en’ of Weisbach (No. 109).

680 These are: 16, ‘ni’ to ‘ne’; 34, ‘ta’ to ‘te’; 75, ‘ha’ to ‘a’; 77, ‘nu’ to ‘ni.’

681 16ᵃ, ‘çi’; 39ᶜ, ‘mak’; 60ᵃ, ‘tin.’

682

No.	5	appears as	Nos.	9	and	56.
No.	28	″	Nos.	18	″	69.
No.	25	″	Nos.	29	″	76.
No.	16ᵃ	″	Nos.	60	″	94.
No.	26	″	Nos.	80	″	81.
No.	68	″	Nos.	91	″	101.

683 These are:

Oppert	No.	35,	‘mu’	=	Weisbach	No.	5.
″	No.	66,	‘iz’	=	″	No.	33.
″	No.	107,	‘race’	=	″	No.	82.
″	No.	49,	‘la’	Not in Weisbach.
″	No.	109,	‘paz’ (animal)	Not in Weisbach.

684 Namely, No. 21, which Weisbach values as ‘zis’ No. 25. No. 20 Oppert includes among his signs, but cannot find its value. In Norris it is ‘kwe.’ In the list given in Sayce’s article it is ‘khub.’ Weisbach gives ‘kup (?)’ No. 29.

685 Weisbach fails to find a value for 71ᵃ, to which Oppert gives ‘nu’ (No. 41).

686 No. 35 Oppert ‘git,’ Weisbach ‘am’; 39ᶠ Oppert ‘mun,’ Weisbach ‘tum’; 71ᵇ Oppert ‘kin’; Weisbach ‘en’; 76 Oppert o, Weisbach u.

687 Weisbach, op. cit. p. 33.

688 Oppert, op. cit. p. 30.

689 Oppert, pp. 77, 81-4. Weisbach, pp. 51, 53.

690 Oppert, p. 62. Weisbach, p. 50.

691 Oppert, p. 196. Weisbach, p. 77.

692 Oppert, p. 215. Weisbach, p. 79.

693 Norris in J. R. A. S. xv. 145; Oppert, Records of the Past, vii. 109. Cf. Les Mèdes, p. 155; Weisbach, p. 77. See also the surprising expansion into ‘the future life,’ Col. IV. par. 7 (Les Mèdes, p. 149), which, however, he softens in the English version to ‘May I die as a Mazdean’ (Records, loc. cit. p. 106). Cf. Weisbach, p. 73. par. 46, line 99.

694 ‘Nous ne connaissons pas un seul nom propre de Mède qui ne soit Aryan—ceux de Déjocès et d’Ecbatane sont du perse le plus pur.’—1852, Les Mèdes, p. 2.

695 Sayce seems to be the only noteworthy exception. See Early Israel, p. 242.

696 Le Peuple des Mèdes, Bruxelles, 1883.

697 Trans. S. B. A. iii. 468.

698 Hommel (Dr. Fritz), Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens (Berlin, 1885), p. 101.

699 Gobineau, Lectures des Textes cunéiformes. He afterwards wrote Traités des Ecritures cunéiformes, 2 vols. 1864. Mohl, op. cit. Report 1859, ii, 257.

700 Major Conder also, J. R. A. S. (1892), xxiv. 734. He thinks Akkadian is also nearest to Turkish, though Akkadian words survive unchanged to the present day in Finnic-Hungarian and Ugric (ib.).

701 Op. cit. p. 46.

702 Weisbach, op. cit. pp. 13, 45. He has since given in his adhesion to the orthodox view. See Zur Lösung der Sumerischen Frage (Leipzig, 1897), pp. 16, 36.

703 Trans. S. B. A. iii. 466.

704 Rawlinson was the first to show that the Alarodians of Herodotus (iii. 94, vii. 79) were probably the Uradhians or people of Ararat of the Assyrian texts. See Sayce on Van, J. R. A. S. 1882, vol. xiv.

705 The knowledge of Kassite is limited to about fifty words found in a lexicon list (Hommel, p. 47, note 3). Delitzsch denies their relationship to Susian.

706 Of Hittite it could still be said in 1893, ‘So far we know nothing whatever about the Hittite language’ (J. R. A. S. 1893, p. 404). Cf. Conder’s notes in the same volume, p. 823.

707 Mr. Sayce succeeded in deciphering the Vannic in 1893 and 1894 (J. R. A. S. 1894, p. 699).

708 Conder on Lycian, J. R. A. S. 1891, p. 614.

709 Beiträge, 1840, p. 60.

710 Rich, Babylon and Persepolis, p. 185, note.

711 The third system is seen in Rich, Pl. IX. No. 4. Cf. Rawlinson, J. R. A. S. x. 24.

712 Beiträge, 1840, p. 7.

713 See Table, ib. p. 65.

714 See Hincks, Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 242.

715 Beiträge, p. 33. See Table, p. 72.

716 Ker Porter, Pl. 78, vol. ii. East India House Inscription, Col. III. lines 15-65. Ap. Menant, Ecritures, p. 144.

717 Nov. 1846; Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 243-5.

718 In Koordistan, ii. 130, he gives a facsimile of writing from Nimrud. See also Babylon and Persepolis, Pl. IX. No. 5. Rawlinson, J. R. A. S. x. 27.

719 Journal Asiatique, ix. 257.

720 Menant, Ecritures, p. 170.

721 In July 1849, 88 plates were out, but not the descriptive text. The work was finally in five volumes folio, and contained 220 inscriptions. The inscriptions were sold separately for 60 francs.

722 See the drawing of it in Menant, Ecritures, p. 168. It is published by Layard, Pl. 53-6, and translated by Rawlinson, 1850, and by Hincks, 1854.

723 Hincks, Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi, 253.

724 Neue Beiträge (1837), p. 41.

725 Menant, Les Langues perdues: Assyrie (Paris, 1886), p. 135.

726 Essai de Déchiffrement (1845), p. 11. Cf. Exposé des Eléments constitutifs (1847), p. 11.

727 Trans. R. I. Acad. 1846, xxi. 131.

728 Exposé, p. 14, note.

729 Journal Asiatique (4ᵉ série, 1847-8), vols. ix-xi, Mémoire sur l’Ecriture Assyrienne, Paris, 1848.

730 Journal Asiatique, 1848, xi. 248 ff.

731 Ib. 1847, ix. 376.

732 Ib. xi. 249.

733 Hommel, Geschichte, p. 95, note.

734 J. R. A. S. 1847, x. 28.

735 J. R. A. S. x. 22 ff. Rawlinson’s classification of the writing is as follows (1847):

Cuneiform Signs	1. Babylonian	Babylonian proper	Bricks and cylinders (Lapidary)
			East India House Inscription
			Cursive
		Third Persepolitan Column	Practically the same as the Cursive Babylonian
	2. Assyrian	Assyrian proper	Lapidary
			Cursive
		Van
	3. Elymaean (found by Layard at Malamir)

736 J. R. A. S. xii. 407. Layard, Nineveh and its Remains (1849), ii. 171.

737 Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 131.

738 Westergaard, Copenhagen edition, p. 271.

739 Bertin in Trans. S. B. A. 1885, vol. viii. Cf. his article on the Syllabary in J. R. A. S. 1887, vol. xix.

740 Sayce, Hibbert Lectures, 1887, p. 13.

741 Athenæum, Sept. 20, 1884.

742 Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 131.

743 Journal Asiatique, ix. 377, xi. 266-71.

744 J. R. A. S. 1848, ix. 414.

745 The Armenian inscription Schulz, No. 8, was the one De Saulcy attempted (Mohl, Vingt-sept ans d’histoire, i. 350). Nos. 9, 10, and 11 are the trilingual of Xerxes.

746 J. R. A. S. 1850, x. 410.

747 Boscawen, The Bible and the Monuments, p. 18; Pinches, S. B. A., 1882, vol. vii. ‘On Assyrian Grammar.’ Cf. Sayce, The Science of Language (3rd ed. 1890), ii. 168.

748 Beiträge, 1887, pp. 24, 37, 39; 1840, p. 65, Plate. Cf. above, pp. 184, 299.

749 See these stated by Löwenstern, Essai de Déchiffrement, 1845, p. 12.

750 Löwenstern, op. cit. p. 13.

751 Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 131.

752 Trans. R. I. Acad. p. 249-52.

753 Exposé, p. 44.

754 Ib. p. 38; Menant, Ecritures, p. 224.

755 Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 247; Menant, p. 216; Journal Asiatique, x. 146.

756 Journal Asiatique, xi. 272.

757 Sept. 14 and Nov. 27.

758 Hommel, Geschichte, p. 95.

759 ‘On the Khorsabad Inscription,’ Trans. R. I. Acad. xxii. 71.

760 J. R. A. S. xii. 410-16.

761 Ib. p. 414. Prof. Haupt in J. R. A. S. 1878, x. 244-6.

762 King (L. W.), First Steps in Assyrian, 1898, Introduction, p. xvii. See Sayce, J. R. A. S. 1877, ix. 23. Cf. Science of Language, ii. 167.

763 Trans. S. B. A. 1882, vol. vii. ‘On Assyrian Grammar.’

764 The Bible and the Monuments, p. 30.

765 Menant, Ecritures, p. 224.

766 Mohl, op. cit. i. 419.

767 Evans (George), Essay on Assyriology, p. 1.

768 Evetts, New Lights, p. 123.

769 Menant, Ecritures, p. 245; Langues Sémitiques, 1863, p. 63.

770 J. R. A. S. vol. i. N. S. Report, May 1865, p. x.

771 Beiträge, 1837, Pl. I.; cf. Menant, Manuel de la Langue Assyrienne, 1880, p. 282. Beiträge, Pl. III.; Menant, p. 278.

772 Beiträge, 1840, Plate, p. 65.

773 Ib. p. 65.

774 Ib. 1837, Pl. IV.

775 Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 242.

776 Beiträge, 1840, pp. 56-7, and Plate. Cf. Menant, Manuel, p. 305.

777 Journal Asiatique, ix. 377.

778 Cf. Grotefend, Beiträge, 1840, p. 65. Löwenstern’s r is only the first portion of Grotefend’s sign.

779 ‘Lettre de Longpérier,’ Sept. 1847, in Revue Archéologique, 1848, p. 503.

780 Postscript, written June 1846, to paper ‘On the First and Second Kinds of Persepolitan Writing,’ Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 131.

781 ‘On the Three Kinds of Persepolitan Writing,’ read Nov. and Dec. 1846: Trans. R. I. Acad. xxi. 242.

782 Transactions, ib. p. 249.

783 J. R. A. S. ix. 432.

784 ‘Lettre a Löwenstern,’ Sept. 1847, in Revue Archéologique, 1848.

785 Journal Asiatique, 1848, xi. 247.

786 J. R. A. S. 1847, x. 24.

787 Exposé, p. 10, note.

788 Hommel, Geschichte, p. 98.

789 Layard, Nineveh and its Remains, ii. 173.

790 J. R. A. S. x. 29.

791 Exposé, p. 44.

792 Ib. p. 73.

793 Exposé, p. 58.

794 Ib. pp. 56, 73.

795 See No. 21 of Hincks, where it is unnoticed. Cf. Exposé, p. 28.

796 Exposé, pp. 27, 85-6. Cf. Transactions, xxi. 247.

797 He instances the word for ‘earth,’ p. 86.

798 ‘Lettre à Löwenstern,’ loc. cit. p. 506.

799 Rawlinson thus describes Botta’s labours. He has been employed in ‘constructing a complete table of variants, the frequent repetition of the same word with orthographical variations furnishing him with a key to the equivalent signs: and by these means he has succeeded, he informs me, in reducing the Assyrian alphabet to some manageable compass.’—J. R. A. S. 1846, x. 29.

800 Journal Asiatique, 1848, March, xi. 245.

801 Journal Asiatique, ix. 378; ‘Lettre à Letronne,’ Revue Archéologique, 1848, p. 466.

802 Cf. Rev. Archéol. 1848, p. 504.

803 Rev. Archéol. ib. p. 503. See Oppert, Expédition, p. 123.

804 J. R. A. S. Dec. 1847, ix. 439.

805 Athenæum, Aug. 23, 1851.

806 J. R. A. S. 1848, vol. ix.

807 ‘On the Khorsabad Inscription,’ Trans. R. I. Acad. xxii. 12.

808 Transactions, xxi. 241, 247.

809 Ib. xxii. 328; Athenæum, Sept. 21, 1850, p. 1000.

810 ‘It will appear,’ he says later on, ‘that I consider the syllabary to be of Indo-European origin.’ In 1852 he adds: ‘The characters all represent syllables, and were originally intended to represent a non-Semitic language.’ Transactions, xxii. 57; ib. p. 295.

811 Transactions, xxii. 25. In this case, however, it is so. Hincks afterwards instanced an, which, followed by ac, he reads, not ‘anac,’ but ‘nabu.’ Athenæum, Sept. 21, 1850.

812 He explained this matter with great clearness in 1850, when he showed that the sign for an is used (1) as a simple phonograph in some words, as in ‘zarangu’; (2) elsewhere it occurs alone as an independent ideograph for ‘god,’ and forms the plural ‘gods’ by the mere addition of the plural sign. (3) Again, it is found before the proper names of gods, as before Aurmuzd. Here the name is phonetically complete without it, and it is therefore simply a non-phonetic determinative. (4) Elsewhere it forms part of a compound ideograph, and may entirely change its phonetic value; and (5) it may be used ideographically for ‘god’ in Semitic proper names, where its value is not an but ilu, or sometimes Assur.—Transactions, ib. pp. 27-30; Athenæum, ib.

813 He admits in Sept. 1850 that he had not yet seen Longpérier’s paper (Athenæum, Sept. 21, 1850).

814 He explained, however, that his short a corresponds to the Greek epsilon (Transactions, p. 10). In his list the consonants followed by ā are really those followed by a, and those followed by a correspond to the consonants followed by i. His view of the four vowels dates from the paper on Van, Dec. 1847 (J. R. A. S. 1848, vol. ix.).

815 Athenæum, Aug. 24, 1850, p. 908.

816 Essai de Déchiffrement, p. 11; cf. Journal Asiatique, 1848, xi. 246.

817 Thus Löwenstern, writing in 1847, before the third column was taken, says: ‘Rawlinson a, durant nombre d’années, interdit au public savant la vue des trésors dont il s’était réservé de faire un usage si utile à sa gloire.’—Exposé, p. 10.

818 J. R. A. S. xii. 404.

819 Mr. King has given a list of 329 signs (First Steps in Assyrian, p. cxxxii.). Conder reckons about 550 in all (‘On Hittite Writing,’ J. R. A. S. 1893, p. 829).

820 Menant, in 1864, reports 6,000 words, Ecritures, p. 256.

821 Trans. R. I. Acad. xxii. 70.

822 He refers to the British Museum series recently edited by Layard and Birch.

823 J. R. A. S. xii. 430 ff. The greater part, if not the whole of the Obelisk inscription was translated before the publication of Layard’s book in 1849. Layard, Nineveh and its Remains (1849), ii. 192, note.

824 Cf. J. R. A. S. xii. 482-3; Records of the Past, N.S. 1890, iv. 39-40. The translator is Father Scheil, who has not thought it worth while to mention the name of his great predecessor. From what he says the reader might suppose the inscription was first translated by Oppert (p. 37).

825 He thought the dynasty of Nimrud flourished B.C. 1300-1200, and the later dynasty of Khorsabad from B.C. 1100-1000. J. R. A. S. xii. 471.

826 ‘The cuneiform text accompanied by a transcript in Roman characters and an interlineary Latin translation was printed’ before May; see Report, May 1851, J. R. A. S. xiii. p. vi. The complete volume appeared in January 1852 (ib. p. 199). Rawlinson returned to Bagdad in the autumn of 1851 (Memoir, p. 171).

827 Trans. R. I. Acad. xxii. 56.

828 The report of his lecture, given in the Athenæum, leaves no doubt on this point. It says: ‘Major Rawlinson could not admit that the phonetic system was entirely syllabic, as had been sometimes stated. There was no doubt an extensive syllabarium, and the literal characters, moreover, required a vowel-sound either to precede or follow the consonant: but such vowel sound was rarely uniform. He preferred, therefore, distinguishing the literal signs as sonant and complemental, and leaving the vowels to be supplied according to the requirements of the language’ (Athenæum, March 2, 1850). And in August of the same year he vindicated the use of bona fide letters, in opposition to Hincks, who maintained that ‘the characters had all definite syllabic values’ (Athenæum, Aug. 24, 1850).

829 For example, he describes the signs for ut and ti as t; for bu and bil as b; for la and li as l; su as s, and ku as k (J. R. A. S. xii. 405, 406, 424, 433). Hincks already knew that the signs indicated ti, bu, la, li and ku.

830 Cf. J. R. A. S. xii. 413, xiv. p. xi.

831 Hincks, Trans. R. I. Acad. 1852, xxii. 306, note. Cf. Rawlinson, J. R. A. S. xii. 406.

832 J. R. A. S. xiv. 4.

833 Dr. Hommel has, however, come to a somewhat different conclusion, Geschichte, p. 99.

834 Menant estimates ‘the necessary simple syllables’ at eighty-two, though this number is slightly modified in practice (Manuel, p. 6).

835 Trans. R. I. Acad. xxii. 70.

836 See those marked H 1849 or 1850 in ‘Assyrio-Babylonian Phonetic Characters’ (Trans. R. I. Acad. 1852, xxii. 293, ff).

837 J. R. A. S. xiv. 3.

838 For Rawlinson see J. R. A. S. vol. xiv. Plate 1; for De Saulcy, Journal Asiatique, 1854, iii. 95; for Bezold, Die Achämenideninschriften, p. 24.

839 The sign for ‘king’ was written ‘melik,’ after the Hebrew, till it was seen that the Assyrians pronounced it ‘sarru’ (Menant, Manuel, p. 265). In Rawlinson’s analysis he points out that one of the terms for ‘king’ was certainly ‘sarru,’ as in the Window inscription of Darius at Persepolis and also at Khorsabad. ‘This discovery,’ he adds, ‘of course tends to discredit the reading of “melik,” and to suggest the uniform adoption of “sarru”’ (J. R. A. S. xiv. p. iii, note). The discovery was made by Longpérier in 1847, and he gives the Hebrew equivalent (Revue Archéologique, 1848, Longpérier to Löwenstern, Sept. 1847, p. 503). Oppert assigns the credit to De Saulcy (Journal Asiatique, 1857, ix. 142), who mentions it in 1849. Hincks seems to have been the first to suggest ‘melik’ or ‘malek’ (1849). ‘On Khorsabad,’ Trans. R. I. Acad. xxii. 39.

840 Singularly enough, Hincks had just independently deciphered in the Obelisk inscription the names of Menahem and Jehu the son of Omri. Prof. Wilson, Jan. 1852, J. R. A. S. xiii. 198. See also George Smith, Assyrian Discoveries, 1883, p. 10. Hincks did not at first recognise Rawlinson’s identification of Samaria (see Athenæum, Sept. 13, 1851).

841 J. R. A. S. 1851, xiv. p. iii.

842 Athenæum, Aug. 23, 1851, p. 902.

843 Trans. R. I. Acad. xxii. 293-363.

844 Revue Orientale, 1852, ii. 162.

845 These figures may be arranged thus:

100	signs valued by Hincks up to 1850.	}	In these Hincks and Rawlinson agree.
77	signs taken from Rawlinson.	}
49	signs, decipherer not mentioned; values disputed.
118	signs newly valued.
344	discussed in present paper.

846 See Menant, Manuel, p. 10.

847 Although the British Museum contains a multitude of tracts by De Saulcy on numismatics and other subjects, those on Assyrian do not appear to be among the number, and we have advertised for them in Paris without result.

848 Les Langues perdues: Assyrie, p. 139. De Saulcy’s early contributions were letters to Burnouf, June 20 and 30, 1847.

849 Revue Orientale, 1852, ii. 165.

850 Menant, op. cit. pp. 141-5.

851 Revue Orientale, loc. cit. p. 167.

852 Mohl, op. cit. Report, Aug. 1848.

853 Menant, op. cit. p. 149.

854 Memoir by Canon Rawlinson, p. 159.

855 Menant, p. 151.

856 Ib. p. 146. For an even more enthusiastic appreciation of his services see p. 148.

857 Sur les Inscriptions de Ninive (Paris, 1850); Revue Orientale, 1852, ii. 168. Cf. Menant, Les Ecritures, p. 225; Langues perdues, p. 150.

858 Athenæum, Jan. 26, 1850, p. 105.

859 Journal Asiatique, 1854, iii. 93.

860 Revue Orientale, loc. cit.

861 Langues perdues, p. 146.

862 Memoir, p. 172.

863 Ib. p. 181.

864 J. R. A. S. Report, 1853, xv. p. xvii.

865 Ib. Report, 1854, vol. xvi.

866 Ib. Report, 1854, xvi. p. xiv.

867 Ib. xii. 477.

868 See Rassam’s account in Trans. S. B. A. vol. vii. Cf. Hommel, Geschichte, p. 86.

869 Bertin acknowledges in 1887 that Rawlinson was the first to discover the existence of the Akkadian language (J. R. A. S. 1887, N.S. xix. 644).

870 J. R. A. S. 1855, xv. 221, note.

871 Ib. Report, 1856, xvi. p. vii.

872 Talbot in J. R. A. S. 1862, xix. 196.

873 Talbot, ib. 1867, N.S. iii. 7. Cf. ib. 1873, vi. p. xxix.

874 On Akkadian, 1855.

875 J. R. A. S. Report, June 1866, N.S. ii.

876 Trans. S. B. A. 1886, ix., article by Mr. Pinches. Dr. Birch’s interest in the subject dates from 1846, when he wrote on the discovery of the name of Babylon, in Proceedings of the Society of Literature.

877 See Athenæum, Sept. and Oct. 1851; J. R. A. S. 1854-5, and many others.

878 Athenæum, March and April, 1854.

879 Layard, Nineveh and Babylon, 1882, p. xlvii.

880 J. R. A. S., N.S. Report, 1867, iii.

881 Ib. Report, 1856, xvi.

882 Ib. N.S. 1866, ii. The first instalment of the separate publication appeared in 1868 (J. R. A. S. Report, May 1868, iii. p. xv).

883 Mohl, op. cit. Report, June 1859.

884 Second edition in 1864.

885 Menant, Ecritures, p. 239; Langues perdues, p. 165.

886 J. R. A. S. 1852, xiii. p. 196.

887 Mohl, op. cit. i. 418, Report, 1851.

888 J. R. A. S. 1861, xviii.

889 See Menant, Langues perdues, p. 177. He refers to Athenæum, May 1857, p. 663.

890 Mohl, op. cit. Report, June 1869, ii. 257.

891 Ib. June 1864, ii. 565.

892 Mohl, op. cit. June 1861, ii. 364.

893 Trans. S. B. A. 1886, ix., article by Mr. Pinches. Cf. Report, May 1862, J. R. A. S. 1862, xix.

894 Layard, Nineveh and Babylon, new ed. p. xxxviii, note.

895 J. R. A. S. 1860, xvii. Report, 1859. Memoirs, p. 241.

896 For a list of these see Memoir, p. 170.

897 He received the Conyngham Medal of the Royal Irish Academy in 1848 (Athenæum, May 1850). Layard has well said: ‘In any other country but England a man of such attainments and so eminently calculated to confer honour upon the nation to which he belonged, would have received some reward, or would have been placed in a position of independence to enable him to pursue his studies. But in spite of numerous representations to Government and of the European reputation he had established, he was allowed to remain without any public recognition of his literary and scientific acquirements.’—Nineveh and Babylon, new ed. p. xlvi, note.

898 Aug. 24, 1850.

899 The signs are reproduced from M. Oppert, Le Peuple des Mèdes, 1879.

900 The values in this column assumed to be correct are taken from Weisbach, Die Achämenideninschriften, Zweiter Art., 1890, p. 33.

901 Keilinschriften, Bonn, 1845. Mémoire des Antiquaires, Copenhagen, 1844. The values in brackets [*] in this column are from the Copenhagen Edition.

902 Transactions R. I. Acad. xxi., 241.

903 Journal Asiatique, 4ᵉ série, xv., 526. The vowels in brackets in this column are those supposed to follow the consonant.

904 Journal Royal Asiatic Society, 1855, vol. xv.

905 Expédition en Mésopotamie, 1859, ii., 71.

906 Le Peuple des Mèdes, 1879, p. 41.

907 Ideogram recognised by Grotefend.

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