Addenda
Page 106. On the possible migration of the Dodonæan oracle, see below, p. 238.
P. 126. On the theory of Curtius respecting the Ionians, see p. 480.
P. 153. The wealth of Egyptian Thebes was known to Achilles; see Il. ix. 381.
P. 167. The Birth of Minos will be more fully discussed in connection with the Outer Geography of the Odyssey. On the ancient and extensive influence of Phœnicia upon Crete, see Höck’s Creta, vol. i. pp. 68 and seqq.
P. 186. On the word lupus, see Müller’s Dorians, II. vi. 8, 9, for its relation to λευκὸς, λυκὴ, λυκηγενὴς, or light-born, and lux.
P. 306. In general confirmation of what has been said above on the subject of language, I may refer to the Römische Geschichte968 of Mommsen, which had not come under my eye when the Seventh Section went to press.
His conclusions are;
1. That the Greek and mid-Italian languages correspond, in what touches the rudiments of the material life of man.
2. That in the higher region of the mind, of religion, and of advanced polity, this correspondence wholly fails.
3. That the Græco-Italic agrees with the Sanscrit down to the pastoral stage of society only, and ceases with the commencement of the agricultural and settled stage.
4. That the abstract genius of the Roman religion bears a relation to the Greek anthropophuism, like that of the full-formed Indian mythology to the metaphysical scheme of the Zendavesta.
He appears to me to cast the balance overmuch on the Roman side: but his statement will well repay an attentive consideration.
He supplies the following words, which I would add to the lists I have given above. They generally corroborate the conclusions at which I have arrived.
| χόρτος | hortus. | |
| κέγχρος | cicer. | |
| μελίνη | milium. | |
| πολτὸς | puls. | |
| μύλη | mola. | |
| ἄξων | axis. | |
| ἄμ-αξα | ||
| ποίνη | pœna. | |
| κρίνω, κρίμα | crimen. | |
| ταλάω | talio. | |
| χίτων | tunica. | |
And, belonging to the higher domain—
| σκύτος | scutum (with an alteration, or progression of sense). |
| λόγχη | lancea. |
| τέμενος | templum. |
Among these, the relationship of τέμενος and templum seems to require further proof.
I have to add the word κῆλον, which seems to be in nearer correspondence than βέλος is with telum. On the other side, I may note ἄορ, for a sword, and ὄχος, ὄχημα, for a chariot, as among the words not in correspondence.
P. 311. Add Φείδιππος. Il. ii. 768.
P. 313. The statement as to the persons slain by Hector and Mars is inaccurate. The seven first names are, so far as the text informs us, undistinguished, except Teuthras, who is called ἀντίθεος; and among these seven we have no name, which is clearly of Hellic etymology. But the nine others belong to a different part of the action (Il. xi. 301-4), and are expressly called ἡγεμόνες (or officers, Il. ii. 365): and among these, while we have four names of Hellic complexion, Dolops and Opheltius are the only two which can be positively assigned to the Pelasgian class.
P. 380. While I have stated the second sense of the word Ἄργος according to what appears to me to be the balance of the evidence, I admit it to be a doubtful point whether we ought rather, with Strabo (p. 365), to understand it preferably as capable of meaning the entire Peloponnesus.
Footnotes
1 Revised and enlarged from the ‘Essay on the place of Homer in Classical education and in Historical inquiry,’ which was contained in the ‘Oxford Essays’ for 1857, published by Mr. J. W. Parker.
2 Shelley’s Adonais.
3 While speaking of this eminent labourer in the field of Homeric inquiry, I must not pass by the sympathising spirit and imagination of Mr. H. Nelson Coleridge, the admirably turned Homeric tone of the ballads of Dr. Maginn, or the valuable analysis contained in the uncompleted ‘Homerus’ of Archdeacon Williams. But of all the criticisms on Homer which I have ever had the good fortune to read, in our own or any language, the most vivid and entirely genial are those found in the ‘Essays Critical and Imaginative’ of the late Professor Wilson. In that most useful, and I presume I may add standard, work, Smith’s ‘Dictionary of Classical Biography and Mythology,’ I am sorry to find that the important article Homerus, by Dr. Ihne, though it has the merit of presenting the question in a clear light, yet is neither uniformly accurate in its references to the text of Homer, nor at all in conformity with the prevailing state at least of English opinion upon the controversy.
4 Mure’s History of Grecian Literature, vol. i. p. 10.
5 4to ed. p. 622, n.
6 Warton’s Pope, vol. iv. p. 371, n.
7 The remark is, I think, Mr. Hallam’s.
8 This is the σφοδρότης, which Longinus (c. ix.) commends in the Iliad, but which was perhaps excelled in the Divina Commedia.
9 Used by Longinus xv. Polyb. vi. 56, 8.
10 Steph. Lex. iii., 1353.
11 Aristot. Poet. c. 15.
12 Historical Antiquities of the Greeks, vol i. Appendix C.
13 Od. i. 326, viii. 72-82, 266-366, 499-520.
14 Il. xx. 213-41.
15 Il. xx. 179-83.
16 Il. xix. 148-50.
17 Hor. A.P. v. 359.
18 Od. iii. 266.
19 Il. xxiii. 826.
20 Ibid. 326-33.
21 Il. v. 801.
22 Il. xxiii. 409.
23 Od. iv. 797.
24 Nägelsbach, Homerische Theologie, Einleitung, pp. 1-3.
25 Scott has paid, however, a tribute to Shakespeare on this ground in ‘The Fortunes of Nigel.’ Novels and Romances, vol. iii. p. 68, 8vo. edition.
26 Il. iv. 438.
27 Strabo i. 2, p. 16.
28 Strabo i. 2, p. 20.
29 Il. ii. 486.
30 Il. xx. 308.
31 Hist. i. 5.
32 Il. v. 304; xii. 383, 449; xx. 287.
33 Exc. iii. ad Il. xxiv., vol. viii. p. 828.
34 Il. i. 262-272.
35 Hist. Greece, chap. iii. App.; vol. i. 169-74, 4to.
36 Heyne, Exc. iii. ad Il. xxiv.; vol. viii. p. 226.
37 Granville Penn on the Primary Arguments of the Iliad, p. 314.
38 Il. ii. 740.
39 Il. iv. 51.
40 Il. ii. 660.
41 Il. ix. 593.
42 Il. vi. 445-64; xii. 10-33; xv. 384.
43 Heyne, Exc. ii. ad Il. Ω. sect. ii., vol. viii. p. 789; Lord Aberdeen’s Inquiry, p. 65.
44 In the Berlin Philosophical Transactions, 1839, and Fernere Betrachtungen, 1843.
45 Pindar.
46 Exc. ii. ad Il. Ω, sect. ii. vol. viii. pp. 790, 1.
47 Exc. ii. ad Il. Ω, sect. ii. vol. viii. pp. 790, 1.
48 Pind. Nem. ii. 1.
49 Joseph. contr. Ap. i. 2.
50 Var. Hist. xiii. 14.
51 Plut. Lyc. p. 41.
52 Plat. Rep. x. p. 600, B.
53 Strabo xiv. p. 946.
54 viii. 2.
55 Herod. v. 67.
56 Hist. Greece, ii. 174 n.
57 Il. v. 412-15.
58 Il. ii. 572.
59 Heyne, Hom. viii., seq.
60 I. 57.
61 In Leocritum, 104-8.
62 Smith’s Dict. ‘Tyrtæus.’
63 See the Homerus of Archdeacon Williams, pp. 9-11.
64 Cic. de Or. iii. 34.
65 Paus. vii. 26. p. 594. add Suidas in voc. Ὅμηρος. Eustath. Il. i. 1.
66 Contra Ap. i. 2.
67 Smith’s Dict., Art. ‘Homerus:’ and elsewhere.
68 Ibid. from Ritschl.
69 Hipparchus, § 4. (ii. 228.)
70 Herod. ii. 117. iv. 32.
71 Il. ii. 594-600.
72 Fragm. xxxiv.
73 Op. ii. 268-75.
74 Hymn. Apoll. 166-73; 146-50.
75 Schol. Pyth. vi. 4; Nem. ii. 1.
76 Il. Α. p. 6.
77 Heyne, viii. p. 811.
78 Sup.
79 Pind. Nem. ii. 1, and Strabo, xiv. i. p. 645.
80 Plat. Phædrus, iii. 252, and Republ. B. 1.; ii. 599.
81 Athen. iv. p. 174.
82 Heyne, viii. 814.
83 Plut. Apoph., p. 186 D.
84 Xenoph. Sympos. iii. 5.
85 Athen. xiv. p. 620.
86 Il. ix. 458-61.
87 Lucian, Ver. Hist. ii. 117.
88 Villoison, Proleg. p. xxvii.
89 Od. xiv. 280.
90 Od. xiv. 204, and Buttmann in loc.
91 xvi. 195, and Buttmann in loc.
92 Achilleis, i. 456.
93 Mure, ii. 282.
94 Mure, ii. 286.
95 Od. viii. 499.
96 Exc. i. ad Æn. ii.
97 Hist. of Greece, chap. i. sect. iv. p. 62. 4to.
98 Ibid. sect. iii. p. 47.
99 History of Greece, vol. i. p. 146; chap. vi. Introd.
100 Minos, 12, in Plato’s Works.
101 Preface, p. xi.
102 Ibid. p. xii.
103 Vol. i. p. 2.
104 An accomplished critic in the Quarterly Review July, (1856) treats this renunciation as one of Mr. Grote’s main titles to praise.
105 Grote’s Hist., vol. i. pp. 58, 9, 72.
106 I. vii. 2 and 3.
107 Hes. Fragm. xxviii. from Tzetzes ad Lyc. 284.
108 Hermann, Griech. Staats-Altherthum, Sect. 8.
109 See the list in Clinton, F. H. Vol. I., p. 46, note.
110 See inf. II. Sect. 2.
111 Mure, Lit. Greece, vol. i., p. 39, n.
112 Hes. Op. 157.
113 Od. iv. 561-9.
114 Bp. Thirlwall’s Hist. of Greece, chap. v.
115 Herod, ix. 73.
116 Encom. Hel. 21 et seq.
117 Il. iii. 144.
118 Il. i. 262.
119 See Od. iv. 12.
120 Lord Aberdeen’s Inquiry, p. 62. (1822.)
121 Inferno, I. 32.
122 Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 4.
123 Grote’s Hist. vol. ii. pp. 349-51, part ii. ch. 2.
124 Preface p. ix.
125 Preface p. xvii.
126 Il. ii. 681-5.
127 Hermann Gr. Staats-alt. sect. 12.
128 Il. ii. 841.
129 Inf. sect. viii.
130 Il. xiii. 686, et seqq.
131 So Strabo, p. 221.
132 The discussion is reviewed in Cramer’s Greece, vol. i. 115.
133 Il. ii. 750.
134 Od. xiv. 327; xix. 296.
135 Cramer’s Ancient Greece, i. 353.
136 Cramer’s Greece, i. 370.
137 Hesiod ap. Strab. vii. 327.
138 Schol. ad Trach. v. 1169.
139 Vid. inf. sect. iii.
140 Od. xix. 175.
141 This question is discussed, inf. sect. ix.
142 See inf. sect. ix.
143 Il. ii. 735.
144 Od. iv. 83. xiv. 199, 245. xvii. 448.
145 Strabo viii. 6. p. 370.
146 Cramer’s Greece, iii. 244.
147 Inf. sect. viii.
148 Il. xx. 215 and seqq.
149 Thuc. i. cap. 2.
150 Od. xii. 260-5.
151 This state of ideas and habits is well illustrated by Odyss. xiv. 222-6: and see inf. sect. 7.
152 Strabo viii. p. 383.
153 Xenoph. Hell. vii. 1, 23, and Cramer iii. 299.
154 Il. ii. 610.
155 Il. ii. 609.
156 630-5.
157 See inf. sect. vii.
158 Xenoph. Hell. vii. 1. 23.
159 Thuc. i. 2.
160 Xenoph. Hellen. vii. 1. 23.
161 Thucyd. vii. 57.
162 B. i. 2.
163 See also Müller, Orchomenus p. 77, and his references.
164 Il. ii. 498.
165 Strabo ix. p. 433.
166 Aristot. Meteorol. i. 14.
167 Paus. ii. 22. 2.
168 Od. v. 125.
169 Hesiod. Theog. 971.
170 Od. xi. 281-4.
171 See inf. sect. 8.
172 Il. xv. 332, 7.
173 Inf. sect. vi.
174 Hymn. Cer. 123.
175 Il. xxiii. 148. Od. viii. 362. Il. viii. 48.
176 Il. xiii. 635.
177 Il. iv. 328.
178 Heyne in loc.
179 In loc.
180 From the Greek βῶλος, according to Richardson, who quotes The Fox (v. 2.)
If Italy
Have any glebe, more fruitful than these fallows,
I am deceived.
181 Od. i. 407.
182 Od. v. 463.
183 Od. vii. 332.
184 Il. xxi. 232.
185 Od. xi. 309.
186 (ii. 132 Serr. Steph.)
187 Inf. sect. 7.
188 Od. xxi. 255.
189 Payne Knight in loc.
190 Od. xi. 302-4.
191 Il. iii. 243.
192 Eustath. in loc. et alii.
193 Schol. A. in loc.
194 In loc.
195 Obss. in loc.
196 Eustath. in loc.
197 Schol. BL. in loc.
198 Herod. vii. 161.
199 Lord Aberdeen’s Inquiry, p. 100.
200 Il. xvi. 419.
201 See Od. xx. 72.
202 Il. xii. 331.
203 Il. ii. 756.
204 Il. ii. 748.
205 Ibid. 703-7.
206 Od. iii. 307.
207 Il. i. 194.
208 Il. v. 1-8.
209 V. 2, 3.
210 Il. iv. 64-74.
211 Il. vii. 34.
212 Il. xxiv. 25-30.
213 Il. v. 59.
214 Il. viii. 362-9: cf. Od. xi. 626.
215 Il. xx. 146.
216 See inf. Religion and Morals, Sect. II.
217 Vid. inf. as before.
218 Eurip. Ion 64. 1590. Grote i. 144.
219 Thirlwall, vol. ii. p. 2.
220 Herod. v. 65.
221 Thuc. i. 6.
222 i. 2.
223 Herod. i. 56.
224 i. 57.
225 Höck’s Creta ii. 109.
226 Thuc. i. 3.
227 Herod. vi. 137, 8.
228 B. viii. p. 333.
229 Herod. i. 139.
230 Od. xiv. 243.
231 Ibid. 257.
232 Il. ix. 363.
233 Od. iii. 318.
234 Döllinger Heidenthum und Judenthum vi. 136. p. 427.
235 Inf. p. 176.
236 Note xvii.
237 Il. ii. 614.
238 Smith, Antiq. p. 331. Niebuhr, Hist. iii. 282.
239 Works and Days 616 et seqq.
240 Vid. inf. sect. 4. Nägelsbach (Hom. Theol. ii. 9.) may be consulted in an opposite sense.
241 Od. xiii. 272. xiv. 228.
242 Herod. iv. 42.
243 i. 13.
244 Inf. Religion and Morals, sect. iii.
245 Sup. p. 148.
246 Od. xiv. 271.
247 Od. v. 278-86.
248 Ibid. ix. 84, 94.
249 Ibid. iv. 220.
250 Ibid. 584.
251 Herod. ii. 54. According to the Egyptian tradition there reported, the Phœnicians carried into Greece the priestess who founded the Dodonæan oracle. This again leads us to view the Phœnicians as the chief medium of intercourse between Egypt and Greece.
252 Mure, Lit. Greece, vol. i.
253 Herod. v. 2.
254 Il. ii. 594-600.
255 Il. ii. 730.
256 Strabo x. p. 471.
257 Il. ii. 844, and x. 434.
258 Il. xx. 485.
259 Il. ii. 841.
260 Hist. Greece, iv. 28.
261 Strabo viii. 7. p. 321, 2.
262 Il. x. 429; xx. 329.
263 Od. iii. 366.
264 Il. xxi. 85.
265 Il. xx. 96.
266 Inf. p. 182.
267 Il. ii. 828-39.
268 Höck’s Creta, ii. p. 7.
269 Thirlwall’s Hist. of Greece. Ch. ii. Vol. i. p. 41. 12mo.
270 Od. passim.
271 Il. ii. 631.
272 Il. ix. 184, and xvi. 196.
273 Od. xix. 175.
274 Il. ii. 645.
275 See supr. p. 126.
276 Il. xiv. 321.
277 Od. xix. 178.
278 Od. xi. 568-71.
279 Cf. Il. i. 238. ii. 205.
280 Il. xviii. 501. xxiii. 436.
281 Æn. vi. 566.
282 Il. iii. 365.
283 Nägelsbach, Homerische Theologie, p. 83; and Vid. inf. sect. iv. pp. 120, 124.
284 Höck’s Creta, ii. 142, n.
285 Il. xiii. 450. Od. xix. 179.
286 Od. xix. 181-98.
287 Höck’s Creta, ii. 182.
288 Od. xvii. 523.
289 Od. xiv. 199. Il. xiii. 453. Il. ii. 649.
290 Od. xix. 172.
291 Il. xi. 712.
292 Il. vii. 133, 5.
293 Od. xvii. 442.
294 Od. xi. 321.
295 Il. i. 260-5.
296 Od. xi. 631.
297 Ibid. 322-5.
298 Il. xiii. 450-3.
299 Fragm. xi. Strabo vii. p. 332.
300 Il. xiii. 681.
301 Il. xiv. 322.
302 Od. iv. 564.
303 Od. vii. 317-26.
304 Od. xi. 580.
305 Æsch. Suppl. 262.
306 Thucyd. i. 4.
307 Minos, 16, 17.
308 Pol. ii. 10. 4.
309 For a lucid sketch of the position of Minos as defined by tradition, see Thirlwall’s Greece, vol. i. ch. 5.
310 Herod. iii. 122.
311 Herod. i. 173.
312 Müller’s Dorians, ii. 11. 8; Eurip. Fragm. i.
313 Creta ii. 87.
314 Pol. ii. 10.
315 Ibid. ii. 10. 2.
316 Minos 11-17.
317 Athen. vi. p. 263.
318 Ibid. p. 267.
319 Il. xviii. 592.
320 Paus. x. 17. 4.
321 Ath. vi. p. 263.
322 Höck’s Creta, b. ii. sect. 4. (ii. 222 and seqq.)
323 Il. xii. 397.
324 See particularly his speech Il. xii. 310-28.
325 There were also Lycians of Troas, with whom Pandarus was connected: and it is possible that these may be the persons meant. (Schol. on Il. v. 105.)
326 For the question whether the Leleges on one single occasion form an exception, see sup. p. 162.
327 Il. xvii. 350, 1. ii. 848.
328 Il. xii. 408. xvi. 421.
329 Od. vi. 241.
330 Il. xii. 397.
331 Il. xvi. 659.
332 Il. xvi. 422. xvii. 426.
333 Il. xii. 310.
334 Vid. inf. sect. vii.
335 Il. v. 172.
336 Il. ii. 827.
337 Il. v. 105.
338 Paus. viii. 2. 1.
339 Grote, Hist. Greece, iv. 280.
340 Vid. inf. sect. x.
341 Herod. i. 136.
342 Photii Bibliotheca 72. p. 107.
343 Herod. i. 73.
344 Il. xxiii. 860.
345 Il. vi. 193.
346 Od. xvii. 442, 8.
347 Ibid. 440-4.
348 Vid. sup. p. 125.
349 Il. xi. 19-28.
350 Il. ii. 108.
351 Od. viii. 362.
352 See inf. Religion and Morals, Sect. iii.
353 Gr. κινύρα, Hebr. kinnûr. Liddell and Scott, in voc.
354 Apollod. Bibl. iii. 14. 3. Pind. Pyth. ii. 26. Ov. Met. x. 310.
355 Cambridge, 1815.
356 Sup. p. 108.
357 Hist. Fragm. x. 2.
358 Paus. viii. 1. 2.
359 Rhet.
360 Hist. vi. 56, 8.
361 Minos 10.
362 Æsch. Suppl. 256.
363 Paus. viii. 2. 2.
364 Herod. ii. 56.
365 ii. 171.
366 i. 146.
367 vii. 94.
368 i. 56.
369 viii. 44.
370 ii. 52.
371 v. 64.
372 Thuc. i. 3.
373 Thuc. v. 109.
374 Theocr. Idyll. xv. 136-40.
375 Pind. Pyth. xi. 18. Soph. Aj. 285.
376 See inf. sect. viii.
377 Argonaut. i. 580, and Schol. Paris.
378 Strabo vii. p. 327.
379 Ibid. v. p. 221.
380 Ibid.
381 i. 17.
382 See however p. 114 above.
383 So the ὀχετηγὸς ἀνὴρ already exists, as apart from the common labourer, in the time of Homer; Il. xxi. 257.
384 K. O. Müller, Orchomenos, 119-22.
385 Chap. iii.
386 Cramer’s Geogr. Ancient Greece, vol. i. p. 15.
387 The tradition that the Pelasgians were the original inhabitants of the Greek Peninsula appears to have been adopted into the literature of modern Greece. See Πετρίδης—Ἱστορία τῆς παλαίας Ἑλλάδος ἀπὸ τοὺς ἀρχαιοτάτους χρόνους, Κερκύρα, 1830, chap. i. p. 2. Also that Pelasgi and Hellenes were the two factors (μέρη) of the Greek nation. Ibid. p. 3.
388 Niebuhr, ibid.
389 Horæ Pelasg. ch. ii. p. 28.
390 Cramer’s Greece i. 17.
391 Antiq. Rom. i. 17, 18.
392 Horæ Pelasg. pp. 12-15.
393 Herod. ii. 54-7.
394 Od. iv. 83.
395 Ibid. xiv. 246-58, 290, 293-300.
396 Ibid. v. 442, 7, 8.
397 Perhaps the use of the word ἤπειρος for mainland may suggest, that it is due to an insular people, who would appropriately describe a continent as the unlimited (land). It is derived from α and πέρας, an end or stop; consider also περάω, to pass over, ἀντιπέραια, Il. ii. 635, and πέρην ἱερῆς Εὐβοίης, ibid. 535.
398 See inf. sect. vi.
399 Inf. sect. vi.
400 Richard II., act ii., sc. 1.
401 Horæ Pelasg. ch. i. sub fin.
402 Clinton, Fast. Hell. i. p. 97.
403 Herod. i. 56.
404 Dion. Hal. i. 17.
405 Il. xvi. 235.
406 Ὄρνιθες, v. 1359.
407 Potter’s Antiq., b. i. ch. 26.
408 Horæ Pelasg. ch. i. p. 17.
409 See Hey’s Norrisian Lectures, vol. iii. p. 142.
410 Od. v. 335.
411 Ol. vii. 104; Persæ 427; Scott and Liddell in πέλαγος. I venture to suggest πελάζω as the root, and ‘accessible,’ ‘easily travelled,’ ‘open’ (compare εὐρυαγυῖα) as the meaning.
412 Strabo, p. 327, 331.
413 Orchomenos, p. 119 and n.
414 Thuc. i. 2.
415 Od. xi. 260.
416 Od. xi. 568.
417 Od. iv. 564.
418 Il. ii. 824; and xii. 19.
419 Od. iii. 320-2; and xiv. 257.
420 Od. xiv. 231, 243-8.
421 Od. xiv. 237; Il. xiv. 321.
422 Od. i. 105; ii. 180.
423 Od. i. 183.
424 Od. xv. 425.
425 Od. xv. 415.
426 See Wood on Homer, p. 48.
427 Od. xvii. 383.
428 Nägelsbach, Homerische Theologie 80-3.
429 There were columns outside the doors, for example, of the palace of Ulysses in Ithaca. Od. xvii. 29. This construction of the metaphor would come nearly to the same point, by making it mean the doors of Ocean.
430 Hermann Opusc. vii. 253. Nägelsbach, ii. 9, note.
431 Blakesley’s Introduction to Herodotus, p. xiv.
432 Strabo iii. 2. 13, 14. pp. 149, 50.
433 Mure, Greek Literature, i. 510.
434 Il. xv. 630. xvii. 21. ii. 723.
435 Il. xxii. 15.
436 Il. iii. 365.
437 Od. xx. 201.
438 Il. xxiii. 439.
439 Od. i. 52 and x. 137.
440 Od. iv. 460.
441 Od. xvii. 248.
442 Od. iv. 410.
443 Od. x. 289.
444 As perhaps does Amphitrite, mentioned four times in the Odyssey, never in the Iliad.
445 I shall consider further the construction of Il. xiv. 321, as it bears on the connection of Minos with Phœnicia, in treating the subject of the Outer Geography.
446 Od. xv. 252, 3.
447 Od. x. 492.
448 Nägelsbach ii. 9.
449 See Studies on Religion, sect. iii.
450 I have given the accepted, and perhaps the more probable meaning; but the word is also well adapted to signify the tidal Ocean. In the Mediterranean, as is well known, the tidal action is not perceived.
451 Thucyd. vi. 42, 44.
452 Od. xxiv. 304-8.
453 Od. xix. 172.
454 Od. xx. 383.
455 Od. xxiv. 211, 366, 389.
456 Il. ii. 857. Schönemann Geog. Hom. p. 31.
457 Od. xv. 426.
458 Cramer’s Italy, ii. pp. 354, 391.
459 Thucyd. vi. 2.
460 Dionys. i. 9.
461 Thuc. ibid.
462 Cramer’s Italy, ii. p. 2.
463 Od. xxiv. 309.
464 Od. xiv. 93.
465 Od. vi. 7-12.
466 Od. xiv. 293-359.
467 Od. xvi. 65. xvii. 525, and xix. 269-99.
468 Od. xvi. 424-30.
469 Od. xiv. 278-86.
470 Strabo vii. p. 324.
471 Herod. vii. 176.
472 Dion. Hal. i. 18.
473 Diod. Sic. v. 58.
474 Od. vi. 266.
475 260-5.
476 See inf. sect. viii.
477 Od. xix. 522.
478 Il. iv. 385, 388, 391. v. 804. 7. x. 208. xxiii. 680. Od. xi. 275.
479 ix. p. 401.
480 Fig. i. in Map.
481 Fig. ii. in Map.
482 Fig. iii. in Map.
483 ix. 5. p. 430.
484 Fig. iv. in Map.
485 Strabo ix. p. 435.
486 Ibid. p. 439.
487 Ibid. p. 442.
488 Thuc. i. 2.
489 Fig. v. in Map.
490 Od. i. 170, et alibi.
491 I am not prepared to contend that the numbers of the ships are to be taken as literally correct: but this subject will be discussed in conjunction with his general mode of using number, in the ‘Studies on Poetry,’ sect. iii.
492 Od. ii. 386.
493 The reasons for treating this as a coincidence will be found in a paper on Homer’s use of number. (Studies on Poetry, sect. iii.)
494 Herod. vii. 161.
495 Il. x. 434.
496 Od. xi. 521.
497 Lit. Greece, i. 39, note.
498 Il. x. 267.
499 Il. ii. 500.
500 Il. ii. 681.
501 Iliad passim: and Od. iii. 182. iv. 9. and xi. 494.
502 Il. xvi. 171.
503 Il. xiii. 685-700.
504 Il. ii. 704, 727.
505 Il. ii. 530. 562. 684.
506 Thuc. i. 3.
507 Vid. inf. sect. viii.
508 Donaldson’s New Cratylus, p. 291.
509 It is not necessary to trace in this place, with precision, the various applications of the name Hellas, after the time of Homer. Stanley (on Æsch. Suppl. 263) states, that what I have termed Middle Greece was the Hellas of Ptolemy: that with Strabo the word includes most of the islands of the Ægean: and, finally, that it also came to include Asia Minor, and parts even of the African coast, as well as places elsewhere, which had been colonised by the Greek race. According to Cramer (Geogr. Greece, i. 2), at the epoch of the Peloponnesian war, Hellas meant everything south of the Peneus and the gulf of Ambracia. He considers that Herodotus also meant by it a portion of Thesprotia (Herod. ii. 56. viii. 47). It is interesting to observe how this domestic name, taken from the race which made Greece so great and famous, has retained its vitality through so many vicissitudes, and is now the national name of Greece, in opposition to that which was probably drawn from a Pelasgian source, and which, as proceeding from the Roman masters of the country, told its people the tale of their subjugation.
510 Il. xvi. 234.
511 Il. iii. 172.
512 I follow the acute and sagacious notes of Professor Malden to a valuable paper contributed by Mr. James Yates, during the year 1856, to the Philological Transactions: also Donaldson’s Cratylus, p. 120.
513 In loc. Cary’s Birds, p. 77.
514 See sect. x.
515 i. 89.
516 See Studies on the Theo-mythology of Homer.
517 Fasti, i. 39.
518 De Nat. Deor. ii. 27.
519 Liv. Hist. Rom. iv. 25, 29.
520 Exc. iv. ad Æn. vii. See Browne’s History of Roman Literature, chap. viii. p. 129, and chap. iii. p. 41. Also Dunlop’s Hist. Rom. Literature, vol. iii. p. 56.
521 See ‘The Trojans.’
522 Polyb. vi. 56, sect. 6-12.
523 Dionysius, b. ii. 18-21.
524 Id., b. viii. 38. See also Cic. Div. i. 2.
525 Smith’s Dict., Art. ‘Fasti.’
526 Acts xvii. 22.
527 Outram de Sacrif. b. i. ch. iv. sect. 3.
528 Exodus xi. 12-16, and Levit. viii. 1-13. 1 Sam. xvi. 2, &c. See Calmet’s Dict. Taylor’s Edition, 1838. Art. Priest.
529 Heb. v. 4.
530 Browne’s Roman Classical Literature, ch. i. p. 13.
531 Hor. de Art. Poet. v. 53.
532 Hare and Thirlwall’s Niebuhr, vol. i. p. 65.
533 Horæ Pelasg. ch. iv.
534 Sechster Theil. Leipzig, 1838.
535 Applied principally to the shoulder of animals by the Latins.
536 The link of ideal connection is to be found in the sacrificial office of the primitive rex.
537 Scott and Liddell in voc.
538 Compare the Homeric derivation of Ὀδύσσευς from ὀδύσσομαι, Od. xix. 407.
539 Döderlein.
540 Ennius.
541 Perhaps connected with the Greek κεύθειν.
542 Cæsar, b. iii. c. 96.
543 Il. xx. 123.
544 As in Æn. xii. 952.
545 Buttmann’s Lexil. in voc. κελαινός.
546 Compare sup. p. 237.
547 Od. iii. 601-8. The names of Ctesippus and Elatus among the Suitors are related to horses: but all the islands were not so rough as Ithaca, and some of the nobles may, like Ulysses, have had pastures on the continent. (Od. xiv. 100.)
548 Sup. p. 256.
549 Inf. sect. ix.
550 Od. ii. 347. vii. 8. iv. 124.
551 See Mure’s Hist. Lit. Greece, vol. ii. p. 86.
552 Il. ii. 840-3.
553 Il. xi. 303.
554 See inf. sect. viii.
555 Il. v. 705-7.
556 Il. xvi. vv. 369, 393, 419, 422.
557 Il. vi. 20-37.
558 Il. xvi. 694.
559 Il. v. 677, 8.
560 Il. xx. 455-87.
561 Inf. sect. x.
562 See ‘Studies on Policy.’
563 See Studies on ‘The Trojans.’
564 Il. xiii. 685.
565 Il. ii. 577.
566 Herod. i. 56.
567 See Studies on Religion, sect. 2.
568 Hist. of Greece, vol. i. p. 137.
569 Od. viii. 179.
570 Hor. Od. i. 10. 1.
571 Plutus 1162.
572 Pyth. ii. 18. Nem. x. 98. Isthm. i 85.
573 Od. viii. 493. xi. 592.
574 Il. xxiii. 827.
575 Il. xi. 699-702.
576 Vid. inf. sect. viii.
577 xxiii. 629.
578 Il. ii. 642.
579 Il. ix. 529-99.
580 Il. iv. 399.
581 Sup. pp. 167, 242, and see ‘The Outer Geography of the Odyssey.’
582 Grote’s Hist. ii. 322.
583 Paus. viii. 2. 1.
584 Grote’s Hist. Greece, i. 160.
585 Il. ii. 773.
586 Il. ii. 597, 8.
587 On Pelasgian music see Müller’s Dorians, i. p. 367 (transl.)
588 Fergusson’s Illustrated Handbook of Architecture, book vi. chap. i.
589 Il. vi. 428.
590 Il. ix. 533.
591 Od. vi. 102.
592 See infra, Studies on Religion, sect. ii.
593 Il. v. 62.
594 Od. xv. 80.
595 Od. xi. 506.
596 Il. iii. 232.
597 Od. xi. 322.
598 Il. i. 269.
599 Od. xix. 399, 413.
600 Od. iii. 267. xxi. 16.
601 Il. xi. 698-702. Od. vi. 364. xiv. 327.
602 Il. xxiii. 629-43.
603 Od. xiv. 222.
604 Od. i. 1-3.
605 Il. xv. 80.
606 Il. vi. 242, 315.
607 Paus. i. 14. 2.
608 Herod. i. 56.
609 Il. xvi. 235.
610 Il. x. 537-9.
611 Hes. Fragm. xviii.
612 Thuc. iv. 78.
613 Strabo, pp. 372, 383.
614 Il. ii. 494. xiii. 685. vid. sup. p. 243.
615 Il. iv. 385. 191.
616 Il. xi. 670-761.
617 v. 759.
618 Inf. p. 392.
619 Od. iv. 184, 296.
620 See inf. sect. ix.
621 Il. vi. 292. Od. xxii. 227.
622 Il. iii. 199 et alibi.
623 Il. iii. 236. Od. xi. 298.
624 Inf. pp. 410, 11.
625 Od. v. 333.
626 Il. xiv. 319.
627 Il. xix. 116.
628 Il. ii. 108.
629 Inf. sect. x.
630 Od. xi. 271.
631 See inf. sect. ix.
632 Fragm. of the Danais, Düntzer, Fragm. der Epischen Poesie, p. 3. It has been argued by E. Curtius (Ionier vor der Ionischen Wanderung, pp. 11-13), that there were settlers on the Egyptian sea-board, belonging to the Ionian race, and to the same stock with the Hellenes. From among such settlers, whether Ionian or not, it seems likely that the immigrants from Egypt to Greece might have proceeded.
633 Il. vi. 158.
634 Hes. Fragm. lviii. and Scut. Herc. 216. 229.
635 Sup. sect. iii.
636 Eurip. Ar. Fr. ii. 7.
637 Od. i. 344.
638 Il. ii. 108.
639 Il. iii. 75, 258.
640 Il. vi. 224.
641 Il. vii. 363.
642 Il. xii. 70.
643 Il. i. 254, and vii. 124.
644 Il. xi. 770.
645 Od. xi. 166 and 481. See also Od. xxiii. 68.
646 Od. xiii. 249.
647 Od. xxi. 107.
648 Od. xv. 223.
649 Od. xv. 238.
650 See also Il. xiii. 378. Od. xv. 224, 239.
651 Il. ix. 141, 283.
652 Il. xix. 115.
653 Od. iii. 249.
654 It is curious that Strabo should say in viii. 6, that Homer often marks Ἄργος by the epithet ἵππιον, as well as ἱππόβοτον, when the former word does not occur at all in the Homeric Poems.
655 Il. xv. 332.
656 Od. xi. 281. E. Curtius (‘Ionier,’ p. 22 et seqq.) connects Iasus, Amphion, Iaolkos, Jason, with the Ionian race.
657 Il. vi. 224.
658 Il. ii. 530.
659 Strabo viii. p. 371.
660 Heyne on Il. i. 270. Buttmann Lexil. in voc. Crusius ad locc.
661 Suppl. 277.
662 See Scott and Liddell, in voc. Damm Lex. Hom. in voc. Crusius Il. xxiii. 30. Nitzsch on Od. ii. 11, and Hermann quoted by him.
663 Orchomenus und die Minyer, p. 119. See also E. Curtius ‘Ionier,’ p. 17.
664 Strabo found in his own time, and has reported it as the custom of the ‘moderns,’ that the Argive plain passed by the name of Ἄργος, and not the city only.
665 Cramer’s Greece, i. 197. 385. ii. 10. Strabo ix. p. 440.
666 Il. xxiv. 437.
667 Od. iv. 606.
668 Il. v. 196. viii. 560.
669 Grote’s Hist.
670 See Museum Criticum, vol. i. p. 536, and Marsh’s Horæ Pelasgicæ, p. 70.
671 Steph. Lex.
672 Carm. I. vii. 15.
673 See Nitzsch on Od. i. 38 for his etymology of Argeiphontes; but not for his etymology of Argus, which he simply refers to Argos.
674 Soph. Fr. 288.
675 Od. viii. 578.
676 In loc.
677 Il. ii. 110, 256. xv. 733. xii. 419.
678 Sup. p. 353, 4.
679 Il. i. 196.
680 Inf. p. 417.
681 Od. xi. 45.
682 Il. iv. 52.
683 Od. iv. 35.
684 Od. iv. 515.
685 Il. vi. 158.
686 Il. xix. 122.
687 Il. xxiii. 470.
688 Od. iii. 309.
689 Il. xiv. 115.
690 Ov. Met. ix. 96.
691 Gen. iii. 1.
692 See inf. p. 410.
693 Sup. p. 357.
694 See inf. sect. ix.
695 Il. i. 2, 12, 15, 17, 22.
696 Il. i. 42.
697 Il. i. 81.
698 See sup. p. 380.
699 Hist. Gr. Lit. xv. 5. vol. ii. p. 77.
700 Il. i. 15, 22.
701 i. 26-32.
702 i. 42.
703 i. 118.
704 ii. 354.
705 Il. i. 123, 127.
706 i. 237.
707 i. 78.
708 iii. 167, 226.
709 Od. x. 14.
710 Od. iii. 188, 9.
711 Od. xiv. 96.
712 Od. xxiv. 377, and 205-7.
713 Od. xvi. 118.
714 Od. xix. 394.
715 Od. iv. 798.
716 Od. xvii. 205-7.
717 Od. ix. 22.
718 Od. xviii. 299.
719 Od. xxii. 243.
720 Od. xxi. 210. xxiv. 354. 377. 428.
721 Od. i. 394. 401. ii. 87. 90. 106. 112. 115. xviii. 301, et alibi.
722 Od. ii. 51. xvi. 122.
723 Od. ii. 386. xv. 545.
724 Od. xvi. 114.
725 Od. xxiv. 463.
726 Od. ii. 7.
727 Od. viii. 11.
728 Il. ii. 624.
729 Od. xix. 175-7.
730 Il. iii. 232.
731 Il. xi. 671, 94, 732, 7. xi. 687, 724, 37, 53, 59.
732 Il. ii. 562.
733 Pausanias ii. 321.
734 Il. ix. 300.
735 Il. i. 85-91.
736 B. viii. c. 1. p. 333.
737 Hom. Il. vol. vii. p. 711.
738 See inf. sect. ix.
739 Sup. p. 352.
740 Polyb. b. ii. c. 38.
741 Müller, Dorians, ii. 11. 6.
742 Il. ii. 653. 665. 678. v. 628.
743 Müller ii. 11. 10.
744 Sup. p. 88.
745 Inf. sect. x.
746 Il. vi. 154, 5.
747 Ibid. 191.
748 Od. xi. 235-7.
749 Inf. sect. ix.
750 Fragm. xxviii.
751 Il. vi. 154, 197, 206.
752 Il. i. 250.
753 Il. ii. 714.
754 Sup. p. 364.
755 Thuc. iv. 78.
756 On Od. iii. 4.
757 Il. ii. 101-8.
758 Polyb. ii. c. 38.
759 Hor. Ep. II. i. 156. Græcia capta ferum victorem cepit.
760 Ἔργα, ii. 269.
761 Ibid. ii. 146.
762 Strabo, viii. 6. p. 370.
763 The mode of this process, with reference to language, is beautifully exhibited for the case of Spain, in Ticknor’s Spanish Literature, Appendix A. (vol. iii.)
764 Od. iv. 697.
765 This caution is not needless, as the error is a common one. Damm, indeed, most strangely says, ἄναξ ex multo augustius nomen quam βασιλεὺς (in voc. ἄναξ). The English translators, Chapman, Pope, Cowper, and others, render ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν, king of men. Voss, with his usual precision, though probably without a very specific meaning, translates it, ‘der herrscher des volks.’
766 Il. xxiii. 417.
767 Od. xiii. 223.
768 Il. xx. 17.
769 V. 121.
770 Il. ii. 196.
771 Od. i. 394.
772 Od. xv. 533.
773 Od. xvii. 416.
774 Od. i. 386; cf. 401.
775 In voc. ἄναξ.
776 Lit. Greece, vol. ii. p. 78.
777 Il. xiv. 322.
778 Il. viii. 31. Od. i. 45.
779 Il. ii. 85.
780 Il. iv. 296.
781 Il. ix. 92. v. 144. xi. 578. xiii. 411.
782 Il. ix. 81. xiii. 600.
783 Od. iv. 528.
784 Paradiso, xii. 71. xiv. 104. xix. 104. xxix. 11.
785 Il. i. 1-7.
786 See Il. xx. 106.
787 Il. xiv. 343.
788 Od. xi. 281.
789 Sup. p. 398.
790 See E. Curtius, Ionier vor der Ionischen Wanderung, p. 9.
791 Od. v. 121. also see Il. xviii. 436.
792 Od. vii. 323.
793 Sup. sect. viii. pp. 427, 8.
794 Thes. 20.
795 Il. xxiv. 615.
796 Pausan. ii. 23. 4.
797 Strabo, xii. p. 579. xiv. p. 680.
798 Strabo xii. 572, 3.
799 Il. ii. 104.
800 Il. ii. 108.
801 Paus. v. xiii. 1-4.
802 Book viii. 5, 5. p. 365.
803 See sup. p. 381.
804 Herod. viii. 7, 73.
805 Pausan. vii. 1.
806 Polyb. xviii. c. 30.
807 v. 65. 3 and 11.
808 Paus. vii. 1. 3.
809 Polyb. xl. 8. 10.
810 Polyb. ii. 41. 4. iv. i. 5.
811 See sect. x.
812 Die Ionier vor der Ionischen Wanderung: von E. Curtius, Berlin, 1855.
813 Il. iii. 276. vii. 202. ix. 47, 8. xvi. 605. xxiv. 290, 308.
814 Il. xx. 90-3, 128-31.
815 Il. xi. 58.
816 Il. vi. 77.
817 Il. xx. 240.
818 Il. v. 268.
819 Il. xx. 303.
820 Il. iii. 297, 320.
821 Od. iv. 125-35.
822 Od. xiv. 276-86.
823 Od. iii. 302.
824 Il. iii. 48. xix. 324.
825 Od. iii. 48. xx. 219. Il. xvi. 550.
826 See also Dolon’s description, Il. x. 418-21.
827 Strabo, p. 338.
828 Il. xii. 30.
829 Il. xvii. 432.
830 Il. i. 350.
831 Il. vii. 86. Od. xxiv. 82.
832 Il. xxiv. 545.
833 Il. ix. 360.
834 Il. xii. 19-23.
835 Il. xxiii. 293-9.
836 Il. xi. 759.
837 Il. ii. 592 et seqq.
838 Il. ii. 596, 621.
839 Il. xvi. 189.
840 Il. ii. 513.
841 Cramer’s Greece, i. 449.
842 Il. ii. 511.
843 Thuc. iv. 76. Strabo, 356, 432. Cramer’s Greece, i. 207, 399.
844 Il. ii. 608, 695.
845 Il. ii. 682.
846 Strabo, b. viii. p. 351.
847 Schol. Il. vii. 135. Od. xv. 297. Cramer, Geogr. Gr. iii. 87.
848 Paus. Lac. b. III. c. xx. 5, 3.
849 Cramer iii. 221.
850 Il. ii. 743.
851 Il. xiii. 301.
852 New Cratylus iii. 1. p. 282, 286.
853 Heyne Exc. iii. ad Hom. Il. xix. vol. vii. p. 770.
854 Comp. Gram. sect. 490.
855 See Il. xi. 222. xx. 485, compared with x. 436, 545-7.
856 Od. iv. 635; and xxi. 347.
857 Compare Propertius, b. ii. El. v. 1.
Ephyreæ Laidos ædes.
858 Ver. 301.
859 Od. i. 259.
860 Od. ii. 326.
861 Od. xviii. 245.
862 Od. xxiv. 430.
863 Od. i. 251.
864 Eumelus, sup. p. 428.
865 Il. xv. 530.
866 Il. ii. 658.
867 Il. ii. 667.
868 Il. xi. 688-95.
869 Il. xvi. 179.
870 Il. xiii. 692.
871 Il. ii. 625-30.
872 Strabo p. 459.
873 Il. ii. 711-15.
874 Cramer’s Greece, vol. i. p. 392.
875 Il. ii. 763.
876 Od. xi. 258.
877 Ibid. xi. 237.
878 St. Luke iii. 38.
879 Il. ix. 483.
880 Il. xvi. 175.
881 Il. xxi. 189.
882 Strabo ix. 5. p. 433.
883 Il. x. 239.
884 Il. ix. 142, 284.
885 Thuc. i. 13.
886 Compare Il. ii. 540 with iv. 363.
887 Thuc. i. 2.
888 The name of Thessaly is not found in Homer; and it is marked by Thucydides as modern: ἡ νῦν Θεσσαλία καλουμένη. May it not be reasonably conjectured, that when the great Dorian tribe had evacuated Hellas to reconquer the Peloponnesus, this Thessalid branch of the Heraclidæ, which had migrated to the south-east, went back thither, and imparted to it the name of their ancestor?
889 Cramer i. 360.
890 Il. iv. 202.
891 Il. ii. 641.
892 Il. vi. 152, compared with ii. 570.
893 Il. ii. 659, 60, and xi. 689, 91.
894 New Cratylus, ch. iv. p. 77.
895 Hist. of Persia, ii. 507.
896 Quart. Rev. vol. 101. p. 503.
897 Malcolm’s Hist. chap. i. p. 1. n.
898 Herod. i. 125.
899 Ibid. 96.
900 New Cratylus, p. 86.
901 Blakesley on Herod, i. 104.
902 New Cratylus, chap. iv. as above.
903 New Cratylus, p. 92.
904 Tac. Germ. c. 2. and Brotier’s note.
905 Strabo vii. 2. p. 290.
906 Il. iii. 166. cf. 226.
907 Od. xi. 469.
908 Il. xvii. 51.
909 Il. v. 500.
910 Propertius.
911 Tac. Germ. i. 4.
912 New Cratylus, p. 91.
913 Clem. Alex. Strom. i. 299 C, and 308 A (Ed. Coloniæ 1688).
914 Blakesley on Herod. i. 125.
915 Il. xiv. 319.
916 Od. iii. 414, 444.
917 Od. ix. 139.
918 Herod. vii. 61.
919 Herod. vi. 53, 4.
920 Strabo xi. 10. p. 516.
921 Rev. G. Rawlinson’s Herodotus, vol. i. p. 264. note 5.
922 Inf. p. 571.
923 vi. 54.
924 Herod. i. 113.
925 Tac. Germ. c. 9.
926 Blakesley’s Herodotus, vol. i. 428. Exc. on iii. 74.
927 Müller’s Comparative Mythology, p. 45, in Oxford Essays for 1856.
928 Inf. Religion and Morals, sect. 3.
929 iii. 16.
930 Il. xviii. 394, et seqq.
931 i. 138.
932 This subject will be resumed in treating of the Trojans.
933 Herod. i. 131.
934 Malcolm’s Persia, vol. i. p. 185.
935 Döllinger’s Heidenthum und Judenthum, vi. 2.
936 See ‘The Religion of the Homeric Age,’ sect. ii.
937 Il. iii. 276.
938 Herod. vii. 114.
939 i. 132.
940 In loc.
941 Herod i. 133, 135.
942 Ibid. 134.
943 Ibid.
944 Il. ii. 235.
945 Herod. i. 71, and ix. 122.
946 Herod. vii. 19.
947 Rawlinson’s Herodotus, Life, p. cxlviii. n.
948 Herod. i. 135. iii. 16. v. 18.
949 Photii Biblioth. Cod. lxxii.
950 See Blakesley’s Excursus on Herod. iii. 74.
951 Herod, ix. 122.
952 Herod. iii. 89.
953 Shakspeare’s Richard II.
954 Thuc. i. 4.
955 Ar. Pol. III. xiv. 3.
956 Selden’s Titles of Honour, chap. ii.
957 Malcolm’s Persia, ii. 585. 631, 6. Quarterly Review, vol. 101. p. 510.
958 The traits mentioned in the text, where there is no special reference, are drawn from the three last chapters of Malcolm’s Persia.
959 Malcolm’s Persia, ii. 550, 558, 566, 611.
960 Ibid. 576. Grote’s History of Greece, P. I. c. xxi. vol. ii. p. 196 n.
961 Ibid. 616, and Quart. Rev. p. 509.
962 Quart. Rev. vol. 101. p. 509 n.
963 Quart. Rev. vol. 101. p. 50.
964 Malcolm, ii. 613.
965 Malcolm, i. 369. ii. 597, 634, 638.
966 Latham’s Man and his Migrations, pp. 33-6.
967 History of Greece, vol. ii. p. 352.
968 Leipsic, 1854, vol. i, ch. ii.