III The Kingdom of Sumer and Akkad
Aa, gifts to, 223
Abba-dugga, 313
Abi-ishar, seal of, 246
Abû Habba, site of Sippar, 8 f.;
excavations at, 37, 223;
objects and inscriptions from, 204, 206, 212, 218, 223, 235,
250, 309 f.
Abû Hatab, site of Kisurra, 9;
excavations at, 28 ff.;
plan of, 29;
inscribed brick from, 284;
contracted burials at, 331
Abû Khuwâsîj, 31
Abû Shahrain, site of Eridu, 35;
excavations at, 35 f.; plan of, 36
Abydos, 323 f., 332;
recent diggings at, 324, 326 f., 332
Abyssinia, 334
Abzu-banda, 111, 189 f.
Abzu-ega, 190
Accounts, tablets of, 169, 177, 284, 293
Achaemenian kings, 337
Adab, site of, 9, 97, 163;
excavations at, 30;
in relation to Euphrates, 11;
its commercial relations with Lagash, 238;
destruction of, 31 f.;
see also Bismâya
Adamdun, situation of, 290;
patesis of, 292
Adda-Pakshu, sukkal of Elam, 306 f.;
tablets from period of, 336
Addatur, 113
Adhem, 7, 287
Aegean, sites, 81;
Asiatic coast of, 347;
sea-rovers of, 347
Aegean culture, stages of, 1;
its early connection with Egypt, 341;
traces of Babylonian influence in, 322, 345 ff.;
wild comparisons between Aegean and Babylonian art, 344 f.
Aenragin, 171
‘Afej marshes, 85 f.
Agade, older name of Akkad, 14;
site of, 37;
Sargon of, 216 ff.;
see Akkad
Agathias, 312
Agia Paraskevi, 344
Aha, mastaba-tomb of, 323
‘Akarkûf, 38
Akhush, 189 f.
Akkad, city, site of, 37;
early centre of Semitic settlement, 53;
in relation to Kish, 210 f., 214 f., 228, 231 f., 249;
in relation to Elam, 226;
“sons,” or citizens, of, 208, 211;
siege of, 240;
Dynasty of, 216 ff, 252 ff., 351 f.;
in relation to the Dynasty of Ur, 253;
kings of Sumer and, 362
Akkad, land, limits of, 6 f., 12 f.;
name of, 13 ff., 17;
inhabitants of, 40 ff.;
Semitic immigration into, 203;
system of land tenure in, 95;
influence of art of, 66;
early relations with Elam, 214, 244;
cultural connections with Elam, 335 ff.
Akkadian, the Semitic speech of Babylonia, 52 f.
Akkadians, the Semitic inhabitants of Northern Babylonia, 4;
former use of the term, 4
Akkadû, 14
Akki, 232
Akurgal, patesi of Lagash, 117 f.;
sculptured figures of, 112 ff.;
in chronological table, 360
Al[...], king of Kish, 141;
in chronological table, 360
Al-Batîha, 8
Al-Gimil-Sin, “the City of Gimil-Sin,” 301
Aliakhu, 208
Alla, patesi of Lagash, 296;
in chronological table, 362
Alla, resident in Lagash, 237
Alloys, evidence as to use of, 73 f.
Alluvium, limit of Babylonian, 7
Alu-usharshid, a former reading of the name Urumush or Rimush, 203
Amageshtin, temple of, 190
Amal, temple of, 226, 232
Amananu, governor of Sippar, 316
Amanus, 261
Amat-Bati, 171
Amattar-sirsirra, 184
Ambar Su, 244
Amiaud, Arthur, 18, 20, 109
Ammi-zaduga, 307
Amorite invasion, disproved in reign of Libit-Ishtar, 284
Amurru (Martu), a West Semitic god, 344
Amurru, the Western Semites, 55;
origin of, 55
Amurru, the Western Land, 261, 300, 321;
Sargon’s conquest of, 225, 233 f.;
its king deported, 244;
slaves from, 238;
relation of kings of Isin to, 311, 315 f.;
Babylonian influence in and beyond, 322
Ana, 194, 196, 198; see also Anu
Anatolia, 346 f.
Anau, excavations at, 2, 351, 355 f.;
potsherds from, 341, 355 f.;
terra-cotta figurines from, 342, 356;
wheat and barley found in earliest stratum at, 332, 357
Andrae, W., 11, 22 ff., 28 f.,78, 330
Anikurra, 112
Animal cults, Egyptian, 334
Animal forms, Sumerian treatment of, 80
Animal motives, on Elamite painted pottery, 341 f.;
on proto-Elamite seal-impressions, 342
Anita, 112 ff., 116
Anshan, its conquest by Manishtusu, 224, 231, 244;
its conquest by Gudea, 279, 289;
alliance of Dungi’s daughter with the patesi of, 287;
its conquest by Dungi, 288;
officials for, 290;
a patesi of, 292;
captivity of Ibi-Sin in, 304;
its success against Ur, 308;
its defeat by Anu-mutabil, 308
Antasurra, 146, 189 f.
Antimony, 73 f.
Anu, 48, 104, 275;
see also Ana
Anu-banini, king of Lulubu, 250
Anu-mutabil, governor of Dêr, 308
Anunitu, 226, 232, 268
Anunpad, 113
Anzanite inscriptions, 206, 212
Apirak, 241, 243
Apil-Sin, contracts of reign of, 316
Arabesque pattern, on Sumerian sealing, 176
Arabia, 242, 251, 258, 261, 323, 358
Arabian desert, 6
Arad-Nannar, patesi of Lagash, 301 f.;
in chronological table, 362
Archers, in the army of Ur, 286
Architect, Gudea as, 260 f., 269
Archive-chambers, at Tello, 293
Ark, of bulrushes, 232
Armanu, 242
Art, comparison of early Sumerian
and Akkadian, 228 f.;
of Kish and Akkad, 230
Arua, 149 ff.
Asar, Osiris, 325
Asari, Sumerian god, 325
Ashnunnak, or Tupliash, 306;
under Manishtusu, 212;
patesis of, 306
Ashukhu-wood, 261
Ashur, 287
Ashur-bani-pal, 12, 204 f.;
tablets from Library of, 4, 59, 217, 299, 303 f.
Asia Minor, 342, 347, 358;
Central, 54, 351 ff.
Askhabad, 351, 355
Asphalt, 261; see also Bitumen
Asses, for chariots, 162;
House of the, 259
Assyria, 7
Assyrian kings, their policy of deportation, 240
Assyrians, sculpture of, 68 ff.;
omen-literature of, 206
Astrological texts, 217
Asukhur Canal, 109, 149 f.
Axe, Sumerian form of, 137
Az, 150 f., 290
Azupirânu, 232
Bab el-Mandeb, Straits of, 323
Babbar, 84, 124, 127, 129, 148, 194, 281
Babishue, 301
Babylon, 13, 38, 309;
excavations at, 37;
pot-burials and early remains at, 30, 37;
Sargon’s buildings at, 226, 236;
Dungi’s sack of, 281 ff., 285;
in relation to the Dynasty of Isin, 63 f., 313 ff.;
rise of, 319;
in relation to the Dynasty of the Sea-country, 62 f.;
her struggle with Larsa, 318 f.;
her position in later history, 319 f.
Babylonia, in the Neolithic period, 2;
relics of prehistoric culture in, 342;
her early cultural influence, 321 ff.;
in relation to Egypt, 322 ff., 334 f.;
in relation to Elam, 335 ff.;
in the West, 322, 343 ff.
Babylonian Chronicle, 62
Babylonian Monarchy, foundation of, 63 f., 313 ff.
Bad-mada, 296
Badu, king of Lagash, 105;
in chronological table, 360
Baga, 189 f.
Baghdad, 38 f., 218
Bahr Nejef, 10
Banar, 114
Banks, E. J., 97
Barakhsu, 205, 308
Baraz-sîrim, Field of, 206
Barges, for grain, 262
Barkiba, 160
Barley, 357;
in earliest stratum at Anau, 332
Barnamtarra, wife of Lugal-anda, 170 f., 173
Barsagannudu, 113 f.
Barshib, 261
Basalla, 261
Basar, 225
Basha-mama, patesi of Lagash, 254;
in chronological table, 361
Basha-Shushinak, patesi of Susa, 214, 289;
period of, 305;
proto-Elamite inscriptions of, 338
Basime, 209
Bas-reliefs, Sumerian, 66 ff., 110 ff., 129 ff.;
early Semitic, 220 f., 228 f., 242 f., 247 ff.;
Assyrian, 68 ff., 82
Battle-axe, Sumerian use of the, 286;
of Narâm-Sin, 243
Battle-mace, 131, 156
Battle-scenes, 135 ff., 220, 230, 247 ff.
Bau, 108, 181, 185 f., 271, 275, 296;
temples of, 259, 264, 267, 269, 273, 298;
bowls dedicated to, 107 ff.;
representation of, 135
Bau-ninam, official of Ur-Ningirsu, 275 f.
Bavian, 63
Baz, Field of, 206
Bazuzu, father of Utug, 103
Bead-making, Egyptian art of, 328
Bedouin custom, 40
Bêl, name of, 52;
the god Marduk, 282
Belaku, patesi of Ashnunnak, 306
Beleous, 312
Beletaras, 312
Beli-arik, patesi of Susa, 291, 305
Berber dialects, 323
Berossus, 53, 59;
Dynasties of, 63
Berthelot, M. P. E., 73
Bezold, Prof. C., 344
Bi-Gani-sharri, 246
Bilâdhuri, 8
Bilingual compositions, 4
Bin-Gani-sharri, son of Narâm-Sin, 246
Bint el-Mderre, 31
Birs, site of Borsippa, 10
Bismâya, site of Adab, 9;
excavations at, 30, 97;
character of buildings uncovered at, 89
Bitumen, 76, 212, 262
“Black-headed ones,” 40
Blau monuments,
65
Boat-inspectors, 181
Boats, for transport, 235, 261
Body-paint, 27, 330
Boeotia, Neolithic potsherds from, 341
Boissier, A., 205, 304, 309
Borsippa, 10, 13; excavations at, 37
Bosanquet, Prof. R. C., 346
Boundary-ditch, between Lagash and Umma, 126;
of Ur-Engur, 282;
see also Frontier
Boundary-stones, 143
Bow, introduced by the Semites, 247 f., 286;
of Narâm-Sin, 243;
adopted by Dungi, 287
Breasted, Prof. J. H., 334
Breccia, 270 f.
Bricks, of Sumer, 13;
character of Babylonian, 91;
plano-convex, 26, 35, 91, 94, 332;
change in size of, 263 f.;
manufacture of, 267;
stamped with figure of Imgig, 98;
origin of the Egyptian brick, 323, 332
Brick-stamps, 75, 219
Bronze, evidence with regard to, 72 ff.;
later Elamite work in, 337
Budge, Dr. E. A. Wallis, 37, 160, 329
Bull-monsters, proto-Elamite, 242
Bulls, as offerings, 129, 140;
copper figures of, 256;
human-headed, 77, 330
Bûr-Sin I., king of Ur, reign of, 296 ff.;
expeditions of, 299;
buildings of, 298;
in relation to Enlil, 297;
statue of, 298;
his deification and cult, 298;
his survival as a deity in the Moon-god’s suite, 299, 344;
in chronological table, 362
Bûr-Sin II., king of Isin, 312;
in chronological table, 362
Burial, of the dead, 21;
different forms of, 26 f., 30;
after battle, 138 f., 149, 331;
Egyptian and Babylonian fashions of, 325 f., 331 f.;
earliest Susian form of, 331 f.
Burial fees, 181 f.
Burial-mounds, after battle, 125, 162 331
Burrows, Prof. R. M., 345
Buwârîya, 33
Canals, 3, 107, 153 ff., 185
Canopic branch, of the Nile, 324
Cappadocia, 339;
prehistoric pottery from, 341
Caravan-routes, from the Iranian plateau, 335
Carnegie Institution, of Washington, 351 f.
Caspian, 353, 355, 358
Casting, in metal, 72 ff.
Cattle, transport of, 235, 237
Cedar, remains of pillars of, 93;
from Mt. Amanus, 261
Cedar-groves, sacred, 267
Cemeteries, in Upper Egypt, 326
Central Arabia, 358
Central Asia, 54, 351 ff.
Cesnola, General di, 343
Chamberlain, royal, 115
Chariots, of war, 162;
representation of a, 134
Chialy Effendi, 245
China, 353
Chinese, 54
Chinese Turkestan, 351, 354
Chronicle, the Babylonian, 62;
of Sargon and Narâm-Sin, 220, 225, 233 ff., 240 f.;
concerning early Babylonian kings, 282, 312;
Dynastic, from Nippur, 59, 63, 279 f., 303, 308 f., 311 f., 315
Chronicles, Hebrew Books of, 240
Chronological table, of kings and rulers of Sumer and Akkad, 360 ff.
Chronology, classes of data for determining, 57 ff.;
Babylonian, 62 ff.;
of the later Sumerian period, 315
Chicago, Exploration Fund of the University of, 30
Chieftains, meeting of, 45 f.
Chipiez, Charles, 66
Cilician Gates, 347
Citadel Tell, at Susa, 339
Cities, in Babylonia, 16 ff.;
origin of, 84 f.;
communication between, 237
City-gods, origin and development of, 84 f.;
description of a, 268;
position of, 101 f.;
in relation to the patesi, 181;
disputes between, 101, 121 f.
City-states, development of, 84 f., 321;
wars of the, 120 ff.;
weakening and decay of the, 239 f., 252
Clay, Prof. A. T., 9, 52, 228
Clay tablet, borrowed by Elam, 338 f.;
introduced into Cappadocia, 339;
reached Crete, 345
Climatic changes, a cause of racial migrations, 354, 357 f.
Clothing, Sumerian and Semitic, 41 f.
Code, of Hammurabi, 184;
Sumerian origin of, 184, 348;
of Gudea, 272;
see also Laws
Codes, legal, 347
Colour-dishes, for face or body-paint, 27, 330
Commercial intercourse, in Babylonia, 237 f.;
with foreign countries, 238, 321 f.
Conch-shells, cylinders and plaques from, 78
Cones, votive, 258;
of copper, 256;
coloured, 34;
historical, 164 f., 178 ff.
Confiscation, Sumerian laws against, 182
Constantinople, 218
Contract tablets, 64
Contracted burial, Sumerian practice of, 331
Convoys, early service of, 237, 244
Copper, Babylonian evidence with regard to, 72 ff.;
objects from Fâra, 3, 26 f.;
from Kimash, 261;
lance of, 229;
known to predynastic Egyptians, 326;
its displacement of flint in Egypt, 327;
effect of Egyptian skill in working, 327
Copper-mines, in Elam, 261
Corn, tribute of, 164;
fees of, 181 f.;
see also Grain
Corvée, 182
Couriers, 291
Court, expenses of the, 169
Crenelated buildings, Egyptian and Sumerian, 332
Crenelation, in walls of early Egyptian buildings, 323
Crete, traces of Babylonian culture in, 345 f.;
parallels between cultures of Elam and, 341
Cros, Commandant Gaston, 17, 172, 189, 269
Cruciform monument, from Sippar, 223
Cult-centres, 84, 321
Cult-images, 50, 358
Cults, survival of Sumerian, 347
Cuneiform writing, invention of, 65, 348;
the Sumerian form the parent of other systems, 348
Cupbearers, 112 f., 236
Cuq, Prof. Edouard, 184
Curium, 343
Cutha, 8 f., 13, 37 f., 283, 293;
centre of Nergal’s cult, 38
Cylinders, of Gudea, 266 f.
Cylinder-seal, early migrations of the, 333 f.;
introduced into Babylonia by Sumerians, 333;
possible Egyptian evolution of the, 333 f.;
earliest form of, 334
Cylinder-seals, engraving of, 78;
composite monsters on, 77;
official use of, 236 f.;
Sumerian, 3, 27, 48, 174 ff., 284;
early Semitic or Akkadian, 176, 229, 344;
Egyptian, 322, 334 f.;
Cypriote, 343 f.;
Cyro-Cappadocian and Hittite, 344;
Cretan, 346
Cyprus, prehistoric pottery of, 341;
its alleged conquest by Sargon of Agade, 234, 343;
inadequate evidence for the theory, 343 f.;
extent of Babylonian influence in, 234, 343 ff.
Dada, patesi of Shuruppak, 283
Dada, magician, 237
Dagan, 284
Daggers, Sumerian, 79;
engraved panels from handles of, 81 f.
Damgalnunna, temple of, 294
Damik-ilishu, king of Isin, 309, 316 ff., 319;
in chronological table, 362
Date-formulæ, 225, 257 f., 285, 295
Date-lists, 58
Dates, trade in, 237
Dâti-Enlil, father of Shar-Gani-sharri, 227, 232
Dating, methods of, 57 f., 168, 170, 219, 318
De Clercq Collection, 158, 218, 308
De la Fuÿe, Col. Allotte, 168 ff., 170, 173 ff.
De Lancy, Barré, 218
De Morgan, J., 39, 66, 206, 212, 324, 330, 332, 335, 337,
339 ff., 356
De Sarzec, E., 17 ff., 77 f., 90, 92 f., 96, 130, 169, 258,
261, 266, 270, 332
Dead, treatment of the, 21, 26 f., 125, 138 ff., 149, 162, 331;
Egyptian worship of the, 334
Decadence, in Sumerian art, 82
Deification, of early Babylonian kings, 203, 222, 251, 273 f.,
288, 298 f., 310;
effect of, 300 ff.;
origin of, 273 f., 335
Deir, 37
Deke, 31
Delitzsch, Prof. Friedrich, 5, 12, 317
Delta, Egyptian, 2, 324, 334
Demonology, 76
Deportation, policy of, 239 f.
Dêr, 226, 285, 308
Dhorme, Père Paul, 228
Diarbekr, 244 f.
Dilbat, 319
Dilmun, 235, 262, 291
Diorite, 71;
from Magan, 242, 258, 262, 269 f.
Disk, from Phaestos, 346
Divination, by oil, 183
Diviners, professional, 183
Divorce, fees for, 183 f.;
abuse of, 184
Dîwânîya, 85
Diyala, 287
Door-sockets, 219
Dorians, 50
Doves, as offerings, 128 f.
Dragons, in Sumerian art, 77
Drainage, systems of, 345
Dreams, of Eannatum, 124; of Gudea, 266
Dress, 41 ff., 111 f.
Drill, in engraving, 78, 344
Droop, J. P., 341
Dubâ’i, 31
Dudu, official at Ur-Ninâ’s court, 113
Dudu, chief priest of Ningirsu under Entemena, 166 ff.;
perforated block of, 100, 110, 166
Duerst, Dr. J. Ulrich, 356
Dugru, of Ningirsu, 190
Dumuzi-abzu, 190
Dun-..., patron deity of Ur-Ninâ’s dynasty, 109, 177
Dungi, king of Ur, policy of, 282;
empire of, 253, 285 f.;
his adoption of the bow, 286 f.;
Elamite campaigns of, 287;
provincial administration of, 288 ff.;
buildings of, 293 f.;
copper cone of, 256;
deification of, 274, 288;
cult of, 274, 298 f.;
in chronological table, 362
Dungi-Babbar, 295
Dunpae, 299
Dunshagga, 109, 181, 267;
temples to, 185, 264
Dûr-ilu, former reading of the name of Der, 226
Dûr-Sharrukîn, 217
Dûr-Sin, 206
Dynastic Chronicle, from Nippur, 59, 63, 279 f., 303,
308 f., 311 f., 315
Dynastic Egyptians, 323
Dynastic lists, 59
Dynasties, Babylonian, 62 f.
E-abzu, king of Umma, 97
E-anna, in Erech, 12, 33, 196, 280, 293;
in Lagash, 121, 161, 190, 264, 269, 273
E-babbar, in Sippar, 218, 268;
in Larsa, 186;
in Lagash, 186, 189
E-ditar-kalama, 319
E-engur, 190
E-khalbi, 294
E-kharsag, 294
E-kur, 32, 86, 88,193, 198, 201, 235, 281, 297
E-meslam, 293
E-meteursagga, 39
E-ninnû, 77, 107 f., 160, 168, 185, 261, 265 ff., 269,
272, 274, 276, 296;
earliest mention of, 95;
remains of, 19, 259
E-pa, 108, 264
E-patutila, 319
E-sagila, 282
E-salgilsa, 296
E-silsirsir, 273
E-ulmash, 217
Ea, 246, 289; see Enki
Ea-[...], king of Isin, 313;
in chronological table, 362
Ea-bani, figures identified with, 77, 174 f.
Eagle, as emblem, 133;
lion-headed, 81 f.
Eannatum, patesi of Lagash, 42 f., 68, 104, 192, 229 f.;
reign of, 120 ff.;
conquests of, 144 ff.;
character of, 152, 155 f.;
titles of, 152;
buildings and canals of, 152 ff.;
well of, 93, 155;
representations of, 136 ff., 140 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Ebarti, Elamite dynasty of, 306, 308
Eclipse, 62
Edfu, 324;
legend of, 324
Egypt, Palaeolithic and Neolithic remains in, 2;
recent excavations on early sites in, 324 ff.;
early cultural connections with Babylonia, 78, 322 ff., 332 f.,
328, 334 f., 346;
suggested relations with Elam, 340 f., 345;
early influence in Syria, 334 f., 346;
connection with Hittite culture, 346;
with the Aegean, 341;
hypothetical Semitic invasion of Upper, 323 ff., 328;
granaries of, 92
Egyptian culture, 326 ff.;
legends, 323 f.;
language, 323;
religion, Semitic element in, 334;
writing, origin of, 329 f.
Egyptians, Neolithic and predynastic, 1, 323, 332;
early dynastic, 323, 332
Ekikala, 189
El-Hibba, excavations at, 20 f.;
inscriptions from, 157 ff.
El-Katr, 8
El-Ohêmir, site of Kish, 8 f., 38 f.
Elam, prehistoric peoples of, 342;
prehistoric pottery of, 340 ff.;
early cultural relations with Babylonia, 321, 335 ff.;
suggested cultural parallels with Egypt, 340 f., 345;
with Crete, 341;
frontier of, 6 f.;
defeated by Eannatum, 145, 148 ff., 160;
defeated by Lu-enna, 172;
relations of Manishtusu with, 212 ff., 231;
conquered by Urumush, 205, 231;
relations of Sargon and Narâm-Sin with, 225 f., 231 f., 243 f.;
commercial intercourse with, 238, 289;
early Semitic immigration into, 250, 289, 336;
Gudea’s campaign in, 258;
Dungi’s conquest and administration of, 287 ff., 292;
under the later kings of Ur, 299 f., 304;
defeated by Anu-mutabil, 308;
Elamite invasions, 304 f., 308, 311;
copper mines in, 261;
craftsmen from, 261 f.;
patesis of, 231, 243, 305;
governors of, 306;
sukkals of, 306;
sculpture and metal-work of, 337
Elamite titles, 306 ff.
Elamites, 54
Embalming, of the dead, 332
Emblems, sacred, 267;
of Ningirsu, 98;
of a goddess, 133;
of Lagash, 98, 100, 131, 134, 167;
of a city, 150;
Elamite origin of certain Babylonian, 342
Enakalli, patesi of Umma, 126;
successor of, 158 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Enannatum I., patesi of Lagash, 157 ff.;
titles of, 160;
in chronological table, 360
Enannatum II., patesi of Lagash, 168 ff.;
raid of Elamites in reign of, 172;
in chronological table, 360
Enannatum, chief priest of the Moon-god at Ur, 310 f.
Enbi-Ishtar, king of Kish, 202 f.;
racial character of, 53; in chronological table, 360
Enbu-ilum, 203
Enetarzi, patesi of Lagash, 169 ff.;
letter to, 172;
in chronological table, 360
Engilsa, patesi of Lagash, 176, 209 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Engraving, of stone, shell, etc., 78 ff., 347;
of metal, 78, 167, 229
Eniggal, royal steward, 170; sealings of, 173
Enkhegal, king of Lagash, 106;
in chronological table, 360
Enki, 48, 84 f., 107, 128 f., 148, 167, 194, 246, 275, 301;
his temple in Eridu, 35 f., 108, 293, 298;
his temple in Girsu, 259
Enkigal, 158
Enkomi, 344
Enlil, 85, 101, 103 f., 128, 165 f., 193 f., 196, 198 f., 201,
289, 294, 297;
his temple at Nippur, 87 f., 219, 244, 281;
his temple in Lagash, 185, 189;
frontier shrine to, 127;
canal dedicated to, 107;
name of, 52
Enlil-bani, king of Isin, 312;
in chronological table, 362
Enlitarzi, patesi of Lagash, 168 ff.;
in chronological table, 360
Enlulim, 268
Enshagkushanna, lord of Sumer, 201;
in chronological table, 360
Ensignun, 259, 268
Entemena, patesi of Lagash, 52, 90, 125;
reign of, 161 ff.;
silver vase of, 78, 167 f.;
cone of, 100 ff., 117, 122, 126 f., 143, 154, 157 ff, 164 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Enzu, 84, 128 f., 148, 194
Eponym Lists, 62
Erech, 9 f., 12 f., 84, 104, 147, 152, 163, 186, 194 f., 198 ff,
214, 238, 240, 279 f., 293, 298, 304, 310 f., 313, 317 f.;
excavations at, 32 ff.;
see also Warka
Eridu, 6, 13,84 f., 148,152, 167, 197, 282, 293, 298, 310 f.;
excavations at, 35 f.;
see also Abû Shahrain Erinda, 246
Erythraean Sea, 53
Esar, king of Adab, 97 f.
Estates, purchase of, 206 ff.
Euphrates, names of, 9;
changes in course of, 7 ff.;
contrasted with Tigris, 11 f.;
period of high water in, 11 f.;
at Nippur, 88 f.
Evans, Dr. Arthur, 345 f.
Excavations, in Sumer and Akkad, 16 ff.;
in Egypt, 324 ff.;
in Persia, 335, 339 f.;
in Turkestan, 351 f., 355 f.
Eyes, of statues, 76, 212 f.
Face-paint, 330
Falûja, 10, 38
Fâra, site of Shuruppak, 9, 28, 84;
excavations at, 24 ff.;
plan of, 25;
discoveries at, 3, 65, 89, 331, 345;
objects from, 73, 78, 283, 330
Fees, priestly, 181 f.;
of diviners, 183;
of the grand vizir and patesi, 183;
for divorce, 183
Fetish emblems, 329
Figurines, of terra-cotta, 342, 356;
in precious metals, 337
Fire-necropoles, so-called, 21
Fish, as offerings, 129
Fisher, C. S., 8, 86 ff.
Fishery inspectors, 181
Fish-men, 53
Fish-ponds, 182;
sacred, 268
Flint-knapping, 327
Flints, Egyptian, 2, 326 f.
Flute-player, to Ningirsu, 268
Forced labour, 164, 182;
see also Slaves
Fossey, Prof. Charles, 6, 17
Foucart, G., 329
Foundation-figures, 72 ff.
Foundation-offerings, 337
Fresnel, F., 218
Frontier-ditches, 126 ff., 153 f., 159, 162, 164 f.
Frontier-shrines, 127 f., 159
Funeral rites, 140 f.
Galalim, 185, 264, 267
Galu-andul, patesi of Lagash, 296;
in chronological table, 362
Galu-Babbar, patesi of Umma, 23, 258;
in chronological table, 361
Galu-Bau, patesi of Lagash, 255, 257;
in chronological table, 361
Galu-Gula, patesi of Lagash, 255, 257;
in chronological table, 361
Galu-kazal, patesi of Lagash, 296;
in chronological table, 362
Gankhar, 287, 301 f., 308
Garments, Sumerian and Semitic, 41 ff, 111 f.;
as fees, 181;
trade in, 237
Garstang, Prof. J., 341
Gatumdug,
108, 152, 168, 190, 264, 266, 269, 271
Gautier, J.-E., 220, 336, 340, 356
Geikie, Sir Archibald, 353
Geikie, Prof. James, 353
Genouillac, H. de, 112, 116, 162, 169 ff., 173, 176, 179, 184,
190, 193, 273
Geometric designs, on pottery, 341
Geshtin-anna, 259
Ghiaur Kala, 354
Gifts, accompanying the sale of land, 95, 207
Gigunû, 274
Gikana, of Ninmakh, 189
Gilding, of carved stone objects, 270
Gilgamesh, figures identified with, 75 ff., 174 f.;
epic of, 9
Gimdunpae, wife of Gudea, 272
Gimil-ilishu, king of Isin, 309 f.;
in chronological table, 362
Gimil-Sin, king of Ur, 284;
reign of, 297 ff.;
cult of, 298, 301;
in chronological table, 362
Ginarbaniru, 190
Girnun, 268
Girsu, a division of Lagash, 108, 152, 163, 190, 193;
temples in, 259, 264, 296, 301;
House of, 91, 108;
wall of, 186;
canal of, 185
Gisha, 290
Gishkhu, Gishukh, former readings of the name of Umma, 21
Gladstone, Dr. J. H., 73
Gods, racial character of Sumerian, 47 ff.;
earliest Babylonian, 84 f.;
Sumerian and Egyptian, 325;
symbols for Egyptian, 329
Gold, despatch of, 237
Gold-dust, 261
Grain, as tribute, 127;
fees of, 182;
trade in, 237;
value of land reckoned in, 207
Grain-barges, 235, 262
Granary-inspectors, 181
Grand vizir, seal of, 236
Graves, at Fâra, 26 f.;
at Surgliul and El-Hibba, 21 f.;
at Abû Hatab, 30;
at Mukayyar, 30, 35;
at Warka, 34;
at Babylon, 30, 37;
at Susa, 331 f.;
at Mussian, 2;
in Egypt, 2, 326;
see also Burial
Greece, 341, 345, 347
Greek civilization, 1
Greek cross, 342
Greeks, 346
Grove, sacred, 189
Gu-edin, sacred land of Ningirsu, 117, 121 f., 126, 162;
its freedom from taxation, 271;
divisions of, 127;
Stele of, 154
Gubi, 262
Gubin, 261
Gudea, patesi of Lagash, 42 f., 47, 54, 242, 255, 279, 300, 348;
reign of, 259 ff.;
date of, 61, 64, 256, 276;
buildings of, 18 f., 90 f., 264 ff., 332;
monuments of, 47 f., 259 f., 270;
statutes of, 70 f., 260 ff., 269;
seal of, 48, 270;
cylinders of, 260, 266 f.;
sculpture of the period of, 66, 253, 333;
character of, 271 f.;
deification of, 272 ff.;
cult of, 274, 299;
in chronological table, 361
Gula, 113 f.
Gungunu, king of Ur, 311;
in chronological table, 362
Gunidu, father of Ur-Ninâ, 106
Gursar, grandfather of Ur-Ninâ, 106
Gutebu, 301
Gutiu, 55, 238;
slaves from, 238
Hadadnadinakhe, palace of, 18
Haematite, for face-paint, 330
Hagios Onuphrios, 346
Hair, treatment of the, 40 ff., 72, 97, 112
Halbherr, Prof., 346
Halévy, J., 4 ff., 52
Hall, H. R., 12, 266, 324, 334, 341, 343, 345
Hammâm, 9, 23
Hammurabi, 9, 43, 162, 184, 307, 317 f., 345, 348
Harp, Sumerian form of, 69
Harpoon, Egyptian kingdom of the, 324
Harran, 197
Head-dresses, forms of divine, 51, 133
Hearst Expedition, 328
Hebrews, 132
Helm, Otto, 73
Helmets, Sumerian, 137 f.;
of Narâm-Sin, 243
Hepatoscopy, Sumerian origin of, 348
Herodotus, 40, 332
Hêtime, 30 f.
Heuzey, Léon, 18, 48, 66, 68, 70, 72 f., 77, 92, 95 ff.,
99 f., 107, 111, 151, 166, 219, 229, 241, 244, 247, 255,
263, 265, 269 f., 293, 296, 344
Hieroglyphs, Egyptian, 325;
Hittite, 339;
Minoan, 345;
on Phaestos disk, 346
Hilla, 38
Hilprecht, Prof. H. V., 9, 17, 49, 59 f., 64, 73 f., 86,
98, 102 f., 163, 165, 168, 170, 193, 197, 205, 219, 226,
244, 279, 311 ff., 319
Hît, 7
Hittite culture, 347;
cylinder-seals, 344;
script, 339;
power, 347
Hogarth, D. G., 346 f.
Hommel, Prof. Fritz, 9, 14, 313
Honey, for embalming, 332
Horse, introduction of the, 162
Horus, 324 f.
Hoschander, J., 206
Hrozný, F., 14, 21, 206, 211, 317
Huber, E., 284
Hulvan, 250
Human-headed bulls, 77, 330
Hunger, J., 183
Huntington, Ellsworth, 352, 354
Huntsman, in suite of Semitic prince, 246
Hyksos, 334
Iamutbal, 317
Ibalpel, patesi of Ashnunnak, 306
Ibalum, 209
Ibi-Sin, king of Ur, 297, 299 f., 304, 308;
in chronological table, 362
Ibla, 261
Ibn Rusta, 8
Ibn Serapion, 8
Ibni-sharru, seal of, 217, 251
Idin-Dagan, king of Isin, 310;
in chronological table, 362
Idin-ilu, patesi of Kisurra, 284
Ikhi, 301
Ili, patesi of Umma, 163 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Ili-Urumush, 203 f.
Ilishma, 231, 243 f.
Ilsu-rabi, patesi of Basime, 209
Ilu-bani, 344
Iluma-ilu, 32
Imagery, in Sumerian art, 77
Imgig, the lion-headed eagle of Ningirsu, 98
Impae, 185
Imprecations, 143
Indian Ocean, 78
Indo-Europeans, 54
Inlaying, 74 ff.
Inspectors, Sumerian, 179 ff.
Invocations, 128 f., 148
Iran, 341, 357 f.
Iranian plateau, 335, 358
Iron, 50
Irrigation, in Babylonia and Egypt, 323;
methods of, 154 f.;
oxen for, 271
Ishbi-Ura, king of Isin, 303, 308 ff.;
in chronological table, 362
Ishkun-Sin, 281
Ishme-Dagan, king of Isin, 310 f.;
in chronological table, 362
Ishnunuk, Anzanite form of the name Ashnunnak, 212
Ishtar, 33, 226 f., 250, 259, 289
Isin, in Sumer, 13;
the Dynasty of, 63 f., 309 ff.;
racial character of the kings of, 283 f., 303;
relation of its dynasty to that of Babylon, 313 ff.
Isis, 324
Itaddu I., patesi of Susa, 305
Itaddu II,, patesi of Susa, 305
Iter-kasha, king of Isin, 312;
in chronological table, 362
Itûr-Shamash, 284
Ivory, 78, 332
Izinum, seal of, 246
Jastrow, Prof. Morris, 205
Jensen, Prof. P., 39, 54 f., 109, 211
Jéquier, G., 339
Jewellery, Elamite, 337
Jidr, 31
Jôkha, site of Umma, 9, 21 f.;
plan of, 22;
cones from, 23;
tablets from, 295
Ka-azag, patesi of Lagash, 255, 257;
in chronological table, 361
Ka-azag, father of Ninkagina, 255
Kadi, 101; temple of, 285
Kagalad, 261
Kal-Rukhuratir, patesi of Susa, 305
Kal-Uli, ancestor of Kuk-Nashur, 306
Kalki, seal of, 246
Kanizi, early official of Shuruppak, 95
Kara-Uyuk, pottery from, 341;
tablets from, 346
Kardaka, 301
Karkar, 164
Kashtubila, of Kazallu, 227
Kassite Dynasty, of Babylon, 62 f.;
period, 38, 89, 339, 342
Kassites, 162
Kazallu, 227, 286, 319
Kengi, 14
Ker Porter, Sir R., 39
Kerkha, 335
Kermanshah, 340
Kesh, 13, 128, 152
Khâbûr, 347
Khakhu, 261
Khala-Lama, daughter of Galu-khazal, 296
Khaladda, patesi of Shuruppak, 28, 283
Khamasi, 301
Khamazi, 103
Kharakene, kingdom of, 18
Kharshi, Kharishi, 287 f., 290
Khashkhamer, patesi of Ishkun-Sin, 281, 284
Khegir, 185
Khenda, 190
Khotan, 351 ff.
Khukhnuri, Khukhunuri, 290, 299
Khuluppu-trees, 261
Khummatur, possible reading of the name Lummadur, 161
Khumurti, 287 f.
Khunnini, patesi of Kimash, 291
Khurshitu, site of, 287
Khutran-tepti, Elamite dynasty of, 305 f.
Ki-babbar, 147
Ki-uri, 14
Ki-urra, 14
Kiab, 190
Kianki, 195 f.
Kids, fees of, 181 f.
Kilulla, seal of, 284
Kimash, 261, 288, 290 f.
King, early signification of the title, 106
Kingi, 14
Kings, deification of, 203, 222, 251, 273 f., 288, 298 f.,
300 ff., 310, 335;
Babylonian list of, 61 f.
Kinunir, 190
Kirman, 357
Kisâri, king of Gankhar, 308
Kish, site of, 8 f.,. 38 f.;
earliest kings of, 53, 99 ff, 202 f.;
Sumerian victories over, 144 ff., 152, 201 f.;
later kingdom of, 53, 65, 198, 203 ff., 210 f., 214 f., 226,
228, 230 ff., 249, 252;
deification of kings of, 251;
purchase of land at, 206;
commercial relations with Lagash, 238;
under Sumu-abu, 319
Kisurra, site of, 9 f.;
excavations at, 28 ff.;
destruction of, 31 f.;
brick from, 284;
see also Abû Hatab
Knives, panels from handles of, 81
Knossos, 345 f.
Koldewey, Dr. Robert, 20 f., 24, 37, 157, 160
Komorof, Gen., 355
Kopet Dagh, 354 f., 357
Koptos, 324
Kubâdh I., 8
Kudur-Nankhundi, king of Elam, 304 ff.
Kudurru-inscriptions, 143
Kûfa, 8, 10
Kugler, F. X., 297
Kuk-Kirmesh, sukkal of Elam, 306 f.
Kuk-Nashur, or Kukka-Nasher, sukkal of Elam, 306 f.
Kur-shesh, patesi of Umma, 209;
in chronological table, 360
Kurdistan, 86, 251
Kurgans, at Anau, 2, 355 f.
Kurna, 8
Kût el-‘Amâra, 8
Kutir-Nakhkhunte, 306 f.
Kutû, 232, 244
Kuyunjik, 217;
painted pottery from, 343;
Neolithic settlement at, 343
Lagash, 11, 13;
name and site of, 17;
excavations at, 17 ff.;
destruction of, 20, 31 f.;
early history of, 84, 98 ff.;
under Eannatum and his successors, 120 ff.;
sack of, 186 ff.;
under Erech and Ur, 197, 200;
under Semitic domination, 205, 244, 247 ff.;
later rulers of, 252 ff.;
in the kingdom of Sumer and Akkad, 277;
under the Dynasty of Ur, 290 f., 296, 298 f.;
emblem of, 78, 98, 100, 131, 160, 167, 174 f.;
see also Tello
Lagrange, Père M. J., 341
Lament on the fall of Lagash, 188 ff., 193
Lampre, G., 340, 356
Lance, votive, 229
Lance-bearers, Sumerian, 137
Land, system of tenure, 95;
purchase of, 206 ff.
Langdon, S., 51, 54, 57, 159
Lankuku, 306
Lapis-lazuli, 74 f., 104, 158, 266, 270, 357
Larsa, site of, 9 f.;
excavations at, 34;
as cult-centre, 84 f.;
history of, 147, 152, 195 f., 281, 310 f., 313, 317 f.;
see also Senkera Lasirab, king of Gutiu, 250
Laws, Sumerian, 184;
of Urukagina, 182 ff.;
of Hammurabi, 184;
of Ninâ and Ningirsu, 272;
of the Sun-god, 282;
see also Code
Le Strange, G., 8
Lebanon, 225, 334
Legends, Sumerian, 175;
Semitic, 77;
Egyptian, 323 f.;
of Sargon, 217, 226, 232
Legge, F., 329 f.
Lehmann-Haupt, Prof. C. F., 61, 63
Letters, royal, 238;
earliest example of a, 172
Libations, 48 f., 68, 140, 198
Libation-vase, 76 f.
Libation-water, 68
Libit-Ishtar, king of Isin, 284, 310 f.;
in chronological table, 362
Libit-Ishtar, governor of Sippar, 315 f.
Libyan settlers, in Egypt, 334
Lidda, child of Ur-Ninâ, 112;
sex of, 115 ff.
Likhatcheff, M., 173
Limestone, inlaying with, 212
Line-characters, 329
Lion, in decoration, 70, 79 f., 99 f., 229, 270 f.
Lion-headed eagle, of Ningirsu, 98 f.
Lipum, patesi of Anshan, 292
Lipush-Iau, 246
Literature, influence of Sumerian, 347
Liver-omens, 235
Loan-words, 52
Loaves, fees of, 181 f.;
as offerins, 198
Lóczy, Prof. de, 353
Loess, 353 f.
Loftus, W. K., 5, 9, 17, 28, 32 ff., 73
Loin-cloth, Semitic, 42
Lower Egypt, 325, 334
Lower Sea, the Persian Gulf, 194, 197, 262
Lower World, 274; see also Underworld
Lu-enna, priest of Ninmar, letter from, 172
Lugunutur, wife of Enlitarzi, 170
Lugal-anda, patesi of Lagash, 169 ff., 273;
sealings of, 173 ff.;
full name of, 169;
in chronological table, 360
Lugal-andanushuga; see Lugal-anda
Lugal-bur, patesi of Lagash, 254 f.;
in chronological table, 361
Lugal-ezen, 112 f., 115
Lugal-ezendug, patesi of Nippur, 294
Lugal-kigub-nidudu, king of Erech and Ur, 199 ff.;
in chronological table, 360
Lugal-kisalsi, king of Erech and Ur, 199 f., 268;
in chronological table, 360
Lugal-kurdub, 267
Lugal-magurri, patesi of Ur and commander of the fortress, 299, 301
Lugal-me, 272
Lugal-shag-engur, patesi of Lagash, 99 f., 209 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Lugal-sisa, 267
Lugal-tarsi, king of Kish, 104;
in chronological table, 360
Lugal-uru, 109, 168;
temple of, 190
Lugal-ushumgal, patesi of Lagash, 236 f., 241, 253 ff, 279;
in chronological table, 361
Lugal-zaggisi, king of Erech, 52, 163, 214;
his sack of Lagash, 188 ff., 210;
reign of, 193 ff.;
his western expedition, 197 f., 233, 335;
in chronological table, 360
Lulubu, 55, 242, 250, 287 f.
Luminadimdug Canal, 153, 161, 168
Lummagirnunta Canal, 154, 162
Lupad, 96 f.
Lyre-player, to the Moon-god 246
Mace-heads, in Babylonia and Egypt, 322, 333;
of Mesilim, 80, 99;
of Shar-Gani-sharri, 218;
of Lasirab, 250;
of Gudea, 270 f.;
supports for ceremonial, 111
Maciver, Prof. D. Randall, 327
Madga, 261, 291
Madka, 291
Magan, 14, 218, 238, 241 f., 258, 262
Ma’er, Mari, 97 f., 146
Magician, royal, 236
Makhar, 290
Makkan, 14
Mal-Amîr, 336
Malachite, for face-paint, 330
Managers, of estates, 207 f.
Manishdussu, Manishduzzu, Anzanite forms of the name Manishtusu, 206
Manishtusu, king of Kish, 206 ff.;
campaigns of, 211 f., 224, 231;
obelisk of, 95, 176, 203, 206 ff., 222, 238;
statues of, 212 f.;
cruciform monument probably to be assigned to, 223 f.;
date of, 53, 65, 210 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Mannu-dannu, prince of Magan, 227, 241
Mantle, Sumerian, 42
Map, Babylonian, of the world, 313
Mâr-Ishtar, seal of, 344
Marad, 206
Mardin, 244
Marduk, 240, 294;
origin of emblem of, 342
Mari; see Ma’er
Markharshi, 286, 290
Marsh, of Ninkharsag, 206
Martu (Amurru), a West Semitic god, 344
Masiam-Ishtar, 308
Maspero, Prof. G., 324
Mash-Shuruppak, early official of Shuruppak, 95
Mastaba-tomb, of Aha, 323
Mat-burials, 3, 26 f.
Mat-weaving, Egyptian, 328
Median Wall, 38
Mediterranean, culture, 2;
Lugal-zaggisi’s expedition to, 197 f.;
Sargon and the, 225, 233 ff., 251, 343 ff.;
Gudea’s supplies from, 262, 279;
Gimil-Sin and the, 300
Meissner, Prof. B., 17, 304, 309, 316
Melukhkha, 238, 261 f.
Memphis, 324
Mena, 324
Ménant, J., 217 f., 246
Menêdir, 31
Menua, 261
Menudgid, 113
Minoan hieroglyphs, 345
Merv, 354;
oasis of, 351, 354
Mes, 194 f.
Mesalim, son of Manishtusu, 209 f.
Mesandu, slaves dedicated to, 184
Mesilim, king of Kish, 53, 65, 80, 99 ff., 159, 209;
in chronological table, 360
Meslamtaea, 284;
temple to, 264
Mesniu, 324
Mesopotamia, 7
Messengers, royal, 291
Messerschmidt, L., 21, 52, 157
Metal-casting, Sumerian, 72 ff.;
Egyptian, 327;
Elamite, 337
Metal-work, engraved, 78, 167, 229
Meyer, Prof. Edouard, 40, 47 ff., 50 ff., 62, 66, 73, 97,
110, 178, 184, 244, 284, 306, 313, 334
Migrations, causes of, 354
Minotaurs,
346
Mishime, 150 f.
Mjelli, 31
Mongols, 54
Monsters, in Sumerian art, 76
Moon-god, 45;
dress of the, 48;
see also Enzu, Nannar, Sin
Moon-cult, 84 f.
Mosaic legislation, 348
Mother-of-pearl, 74 f., 81 f.
Moulds, for casting, 74;
for bricks, 264
Mukayyar, site of Ur, 34;
excavations at, 34 f.;
plan of, 34;
contracted burials at, 30, 331;
inscriptions from, 217, 280, 310 f.
Mummification, 331 f.
Muninnikurta, 112, 115
Murîk-Tidnim, the Wall of the West, 300
Musayyib, 10
Mussian, excavations at, 2, 340;
painted pottery from, 340 f., 356
Mycenaean epoch, 1
Myres, Prof. J. L., 343 f.
Mythological beings, 174 f.
Nabataeans, 40
Nabonidus, 60 ff., 216 ff., 268
Naga-ed-Dêr, 326
Nagidda, patesi of Adamdun, 292
Nahr Hindîya, 10
Nakâda, 323, 330
Naksu, 240, 278
Nalua-stone, 261
Namazua, 115
Names, symbolical, 272 f.
Nammakhni, patesi of Lagash, 255, 258;
in chronological table, 361
Nanâ, 12, 84, 146 f., 304 f.
Nannar, Moon-god of Ur, 84, 280, 294 f., 298
Nannar-gugal Canal, 281 f.
Narâm-Sin, king of Akkad, reign of, 241 ff.;
buildings of, 37, 88 f., 219, 235, 244 f.;
date of, 60 ff., 65, 203, 216, 218, 253;
successors of, 246, 278;
dress of, 42;
his Stele of Victory, 228 f., 243, 251;
the Pir Hussein Stele, 244 ff.;
Omens of, 217, 241;
titles of, 242, 251;
deification of, 251, 343 f.;
in chronological table, 361
Narmer, 324
Naruti, 212 f.
Natik Effendi, 245
Naturalistic treatment, in Sumerian design, 80 f.;
in early Semitic sculpture, 252
Naville, Prof. E., 324, 326 f., 332
Nebuchadnezzar II., 37 f.
Nekhune, 290
Neo-Anzanite texts, 337
Neolithic period, in Babylonia, 2 f., 322, 342 f.;
remains of, at Nineveh, 343;
at Susa, 340;
at Mussian, 2, 340;
at Anau, 2, 341;
in Egypt, 1 f., 323;
in Aegean and Mediterranean areas, 1 f.;
in Northern Greece, 341;
wares of the, 340 ff.
Nergal, 38, 289, 293
Nets, of the gods, 128 ff., 165, 220, 229
New Moon, Feast of the, 298 f.
Newberry, P. E., 325, 334
Nidaba, 190 f., 194, 196, 266
Niebuhr, Carl, 219
Niffer, site of Nippur, 8 f., 85;
excavations at, 86;
votive inscriptions from, 204, 206;
dated tablets from, 309;
contracted burials at, 331;
see also Nippur
Nin-azag-nun, 259
Nin-Isin, 313
Ninâ, goddess, 108, 111, 152 f., 164 f., 168, 185, 190, 206,
254 f., 264, 266, 271 f., 275, 296
Ninâ, division of Lagash, 108
Ninab, possible reading of the name Ninni-esh, 163
Ninabukhadu, 194 f.
Ninagal, 259
Nindar, 190, 259, 264
Nindub, 266
Nineveh, 4;
Neolithic settlement at, 343
Ningal, 298
Ningandu, wife of Nammakhni, 255
Ningirsu, 43, 84, 127, 156, 164 ff., 168, 172, 177, 180 f.,
184 f., 190 f., 259, 271;
temple of, 89 f., 95, 99 f., 108 f., 111, 113, 123, 155,
266 ff., 298;
laws of, 272;
emblem of, 98, 100, 175;
representations of, 67, 130 f., 156
Ningirsu-ushumgal Canal, 271
Ningishzida, Gudea’s patron deity, 47, 108, 264, 266;
monsters of, 76 f.;
temple of, 264, 269, 273;
representation of, 47
Ninib, 294
Ninkagina, 255
Ninkharsag, 13, 121, 127 f., 148, 168, 194, 289;
temple of, 259, 264, 269, 273;
Marsh of, 206
Ninki, 128 f.
Ninlil, 104, 281
Ninmakh, 168, 189
Ninmar, 108, 172, 259, 296
Ninni, 84, 104, 145, 194, 310;
her temple at Erech, 33,196, 280, 298;
her temples at Lagash, 161, 190, 259, 264;
her temple at Ninni-esh, 244;
representations of, 135, 250
Ninni-esh, 163, 195 f., 238, 244
Ninsar, 185
Ninshakh, Urukagina’s patron deity, 177
Nintud, 273
Niphates, 11
Nippur, site of, 8 f.;
excavations at, 32, 85 ff.;
early Babylonian plan of, 87;
plan of the inner city at, 86, 88;
character and history of, 13, 51 f., 85 ff., 98, 107, 185,
198, 238, 293 f., 310 f.;
buildings at, 86 ff., 219, 235, 244, 281, 345;
objects and inscriptions from, 48 f., 73, 102 f., 193, 199,
201, 279 f., 311;
see also Niffer
Noeldeke, A., 24 f., 28 f.
North Africa, 323, 352
Northern Babylonia, Semitic immigration into, 214, 230, 250 f., 358;
see also Akkad
Northern China, 353
Northern Greece, prehistoric pottery from, 341
Northern Syria, 347
Nubia, 327
Nudubtum, seal of, 344
Nuffar, 85; see Niffer
Numeration, systems of, 339
Nusku, 294
Nutugmushda, 286
Oannes, 53
Oaths, ratification of, 128
Obelisk, of Manishtusu, 95,176, 203;
description of, 206 ff.;
names from, 222, 238
Obsidian implements, from Kuyunjik, 343
Offerings, votive, 199;
funerary, 140 f.
Officials, 179 ff.;
orders for supplies for, 290 f.
Ohnefalsch-Richter, M. H., 344
Oil, divination by, 183;
for embalming, 332
Omen-texts, historical traditions in, 206, 219, 304, 309
Omens, of Sargon and Narâm-Sin, 217, 219 f., 224 f., 233 ff., 240 f.;
consultation of the, 266, 348
Opis, site of, 11,13, 38 f.;
history of, 145 f., 152, 202, 226
Oppert, Jules, 4, 217 f.
Overseers, of landed property, 207 f., 210 f.
Painting, of the body, 27
Palace-chamberlain, 276
Palace Tell, at Tello, 18, 90 f.
Palaeoliths, 2
Palaikastro, 346 f.
Palermo Stele, 334
Palettes, early Egyptian, 27, 330
Pamirs, 351
Parthian fortress, 89;
palace, 18
Patesi, signification of the title, 106;
in relation to the city-god, 101 f., 181, 268;
decrease in influence of, 173, 295 f., 302
Patron deities, 47, 108 f., 177, 264, 266;
on cylinder-seals, 344
Perforated plaques, 68, 98,110 f.
Perquisites, of the priesthood, 180 ff.
Perrot, G., 66
Persia, 1, 39, 55, 245
Persian Gulf, 6 f., 53, 62 f., 211, 234 f., 242, 251, 262, 279, 320
Petrie, Prof. W. M. Flinders, 330, 334
Petticoat, Sumerian, 42 f.
Phaestos, 346;
disk from, 346
Pictographs, Minoan, 345
Pictorial writing, systems of, 328 f.
Picture characters, 3
Pilasters, 264
Pinches, T. G., 218
Pir Hussein, 42, 244 f.
Plaid, Semitic, 42
Plans, Babylonian, 87 f., 260, 265
Plane-trees, 261
Plano-convex bricks, 26, 35, 91, 94, 332
Plaster, 262
Plating, with copper, 74
Poebel, A., 63, 312
Population, transference of, 208, 238 ff.
Post-Sargonic, use of term, 216, 228
Pot-burials, 30, 34, 37
Pottery, Sumerian, 3, 342;
Elamite, 340 f.;
Cappadocian, 341;
Egyptian, 326 ff.
Prayer, of dedication, 198
Predynastic Egyptians, 323 ff.
Prehistoric period, in Babylonia, 2 f., 84 ff, 322, 343;
in Elam, 2, 339 f., 342;
in Egypt, 1 f., 322 ff.
Pre-Sargonic, use of term, 216, 228
Presents, accompanying a sale of land, 95, 207
Price, Prof. Ira M., 266
Prices, regulation of, 182
Priesthood, power of the Sumerian, 167 f., 172 f.;
exactions of the, 180 f.
Proto-Elamite, system of writing, 338 f.
Ptolemaic Canon, 62
Pukhia, king of Khurshitu, 287
Pumpelly, Raphael, 2, 332, 341, 351 f., 357;
expeditions of, 351 ff.
Punt, 334
Pûr-Sagale, 62
Pûr-Sin; see Bûr-Sin
Purification, rites of, 266 f.
Racial types, 41 f., 44 f.
Radau, Hugo, 61, 109, 112, 115, 151, 310
Ranke, H., 313, 315
Rassam, H., 37
Rawlinson, Sir H. C., 4, 6, 217
Red Sea, 323 f.
Reed, of Enki, 108
Reeds, huts of, 84; roofs of, 94
Reisner, G. A., 14, 17, 324, 326 ff.
Reservoirs, 154 f., 168, 185
Revenue, farming of the, 181
Revolts, against Manishtusu, 224, 227, 231;
against Sargon, 227, 240
Rhodes, 344
Richthofen, Baron Ferdinand von, 353
Rîm-Sin, king of Larsa, 31, 314, 316 ff.
Rimush, probable reading of the name Urumush, 203
Ringed staff, as emblem, 77
Rîsh-Adad, king of Apirak, 241
Ritual, Sumerian, 265 f., 268, 348
Rogers, Prof. R. W., 17
Romans, 346
Rule, architect’s, 265
Russian Turkestan, 332, 341, 351 f., 354
Sab-Dagan, 313
Sabu, in Elam, 290, 301 f.
Sacrifice, 140
Sagantug, 113, 116
Sa’îd Muhammad, 28
Sakjegeuzi, potsherds from, 341
Sakli, 226
Sale, deeds of, 95 f., 160, 170 f., 206 ff.
Samarra, 7, 39
Samâwa, 10
Samsu-iluna, 9, 31 f., 89, 162, 317
Samsun, 245
Sand-dunes, origin of, 353
Sandals, introduction of, 51
Sangu-priest, 163
Sarcophagus-burials, 3, 26 f., 34 f.
Sargon of Agade, 216 ff.;
historical character of, 216, 219, 224 ff.;
his identification with Shar-Gani-sharri, 216 ff, 220 ff, 227 f.;
age of, 60 ff.;
Legend of, 217, 226, 232;
Omens of, 217, 219 f., 224 f., 233 ff., 240;
Chronicle of, 220, 225;
“sons of the palace” of, 239
Sargonids, 337
Sassanian period, 8, 31
Satuni, king of Lulubu, 242 f.
Sayce, Prof. A. H., 4, 73, 291, 324 f., 341, 345
Schäfer, Heinrich, 334
Scheil, Père V., 21, 37, 206, 209, 211 ff, 220 ff, 228, 241,
244, 272, 290 f., 295, 297, 299, 305 ff, 310 f., 314, 319, 336, 338
Schmidt, Dr. Hubert, 341, 351 f., 355
Schnabel, P., 63
Schrader, Eberhard, 4, 109
Sculpture, Sumerian, 3, 28, 66 ff, 129 ff., 252, 269 f., 333, 348;
early Semitic, 66,213. 220 f., 228 f., 251 f.;
Elamite, 337;
Egyptian, Sea, of the West, 234
Sea-country, 32, 53, 62 f., 235
Seal-cutting, 175 f.
Seal-impressions, proto-Elamite, 339
Seal-stones, Cretan, 345 f.
Sealings, 3, 27, 170, 173 ff., 236 f., 344
Sebene Su, 245
Seistan, 357
Seleucia, 39
Semiramis, 38
Semites, racial characteristics of, 40 ff., 246 f.;
immigrations of, 47 ff., 53, 55, 203, 214, 230 f., 238, 250 f., 336, 347;
cause of Semitic migrations, 358;
domination of, 203 ff., 216 ff, 247, 249, 263, 320;
influence of, 66 f., 214, 334;
sculpture of, 213, 220 f., 228 f., 243, 251, 253;
hypothetical Egyptian invasion of, 323 ff., 328
Semitisms, 52
Senkera, site of Larsa, 9;
excavations at, 34;
inscriptions from, 281, 311, 314
Sennacherib, 37, 217, 235
Ser-i-Pul-i-Zohab, 250
Serpents, in Sumerian art, 76
Shabara, 290
Shad-Bitkim, Field of, 206
Shagarakti-Buriash, 268
Shagpada, 190
Shagshag, wife of Urukagina, 170, 176, 273
Shakanshabar, 267 f.
Shakh, conquest of, 150
Shakh, royal steward, 170
Shakh-Bau, 171
Shamash, 212, 218, 223, 231, 244, 289
Shar-Gani-sharri, king of Akkad, reign of, 216 ff.;
his identification with Saigon, 216 ff., 220 ff., 227 f.;
conquests of, 225 ff., 233, 240, 335, 343;
in relation to Cyprus, 234 f., 343 f.;
administrative system of, 236 ff.;
empire of, 197 f., 203, 215, 252;
buildings of, 199, 219, 226, 235 f.;
mace-head of, 218;
stele of victory possibly his, 248 f.;
name of, 218, 228;
deification of, 251;
date of, 65;
in chronological table, 361
Sharlak. king of Kutû, 232
Sharru-Gi, king of Kish, 221 ff., 248;
Stele of, 132, 220 f., 228 ff.;
name of, 221 f., 224, 227 f.;
son of, 223;
date of, 53, 65, 222;
in chronological table, 360
Sharru-Gi-ili, 222
Sharru-uktn, 217, 221, 228
Shashru, 288, 299
Shatra, 112
Shatt ‘Ateshân, 10
Shatt el-‘Arab, 18
Shatt el-Farakhna, 11
Shatt el-Hai, 8, 11, 21, 31, 101
Shatt el-Kâr, 8 f., 11, 21, 23 f., 28, 31
Shatt en-Nîl, 8 f., 86, 89
Shaving, Sumerian practice of, 40 ff., 97
Shêkh Bedr, 11
Shell, Sumerian use of, 41, 76, 78 ff., 332
Shemsu-Hor, 324
Shid-tab, 206
Shields, Sumerian, 137 f., 286
Shilkhak-In-Shushinak, 336
Shilkhakha, sukkal of Elam, 306
Shimash, 290
Shimbi-ishkhuk, 289
Ships, 262, 334
Shirpurla, Lagash, 17; see Lagash
Shirukdu’, Shirukdukh, sukkal of Elam, 306 f.
Shrines, local, 84 f.
Shumerû, 14
Shumu-abi, 307
Shunet ez-Zebîb, 323
Shurippak, 9
Shuruppak, site of, 9 f.;
excavations at, 24 ff.;
destruction of, 31 f.;
god of, 84;
inscriptions from, 95, 283;
see also Fâra
Shushinak, 290, 337
Shutruk-Nakhkhunte, 212, 243, 337
Sigbirra, 155
Sigiresh, 290
Silver, engraving upon, 78, 167;
as standard of exchange, 207;
from the mountains, 262
Simanu, 299
Simash, 306, 308
Simashgi, 290
Simebalar-khuppak, sukkal of Elam, 306
Simuru, 287 f., 299
Sin, 244, 289; see also Nannar
Sin-idinnam, 9
Sin-ikisha, king of Isin, 309, 312 f., 319;
in chronological table, 362
Sin-magir, king of Isin, 309, 319;
in chronological table, 362
Sin-muballit, 63 f., 314, 316 ff.
Sinai, 40
Sinaitic peninsula, 242
Sippar, site of, 8 f., 13;
excavations at, 37;
history of, 85, 203, 205, 212, 218, 223, 244, 250, 310, 319;
see also Abû Habba Siri, 290
Siu, 290
Skins, clothing of, 42, 138
Skulls, measurement of, 328
Slate-carvings, Egyptian, 322, 324, 330, 334
Slavery, 184
Slaves, public, 300;
sacred, 184;
foreign, 238;
recruiting of, 291 f.
Smith, Dr. Elliot, 328
Smith, George, 39, 217 f.
Sneferu, 334
Somaliland, 334
Sorcerers, 267
Southern Arabia, 323, 334
Spear, or lance, Sumerian use of, 286
Spouting vase, symbol of the, 48
Stamps, for reliefs, 166
Standards, carried in battle, 243;
of a goddess, 133
Statues, Sumerian, 71 f.;
early Semitic, 212 f.;
of Manishtusu, 212 f.;
of Ur-Bau, 70;
of Gudea, 70 f., 260 ff., 269;
symbolical names for, 272 f.;
offerings to, 272 f.;
significance of, 273
Stein, M. Aurel, 351 ff., 357
Stelæ, of delimitation,
122, 126 ff., 164;
of victory, 143, 228, 243, 247 ff., 251
Stewards, 170, 246
Stilus, 265, 345
Stone, rare in Sumer, 202;
Egyptian vessels of, 327
Storehouses, 91 ff., 185, 297
Storm-god, West Semitic, 344
Strong drink, fees of, 181
Su-people, 301
Subartu, 227
Sûk el-‘Afej, 9, 85
Sukkal-makh, title, 301
Sukkallu, significance of title, 306 ff.
Sumer, limits of, 6 f., 12 f.;
names for, 13 ff.;
inhabitants of, 40 ff.;
system of land tenure in, 95
Sumerian civilization, age of, 56 ff.;
achievements of, 66 ff.;
influence of, 321 ff.;
Sumerian reaction, under the kings of Ur, 48, 253, 283 f.;
“Sumerian controversy,” 4 ff.
Sumerians, racial characteristics of, 40 ff.;
racial affinity of, 54 f.;
female types of, 71 f.;
position of women among, 116, 286;
original home of, 53 f., 351, 357 f.;
earliest settlements of, 3, 84 ff., 90 ff.;
their weapons and method of fighting, 50, 136 f., 286 f.;
close of political career of, 320
Sumu-abu, 307, 319
Sumu-ilu, king of Ur, 313;
in chronological table, 362
Sun-god, temples of, 37, 186, 189, 311;
laws of, 184, 282;
see also Babbar, Shamash
Sun-worship, Babylonian centres of, 84 f.;
Egyptian, 334
Sunanam, 150
Surghul, 89, 331, 345;
excavations at, 20 f.
Susa, excavations at, 2, 39 f., 206, 305, 335, 339 f., 356;
first settlement at, 330 f.;
earliest form of burial at, 331 f.;
“second period” at, 333;
objects from, 211 ff., 216, 220, 241, 243, 330, 333;
early patesis of, 231, 243;
native Elamite rulers of, 305 ff.;
history of, 243, 261 f., 284, 290 f., 299, 304
Symbolism, in writing, 329 f.
Synchronisms, 57, 62 ff, 255 f., 276, 307
Syria, 55, 225, 234, 261 f., 270, 300, 322, 334 f., 341, 343, 347;
coast of, 198, 233, 258, 333, 358;
Northern, 347
Syro-Arabian desert, 7
Syro-Cappadocian cylinder-seals, 343 f.;
pottery, 343
Tablets, 3, 28, 37, 309;
from Tello, 20, 171, 219, 254, 256 f., 293
Taklamakan Desert, 351 f.
Tarim basin, 351
Taurus, 11, 86, 244, 347
Tax-gatherers, 180
Taylor, Col. J. E., 5, 17, 30, 34 ff, 217
Tell, of the Tablets, 20;
“de la Maison des Fruits,” 20
Tell Ibrâhîm, site of Cutha, 8 f., 37 f.
Tell ‘Îd, 23
Tell Lahm, 36
Tell Manjûr, 39
Tell Medîna, 34
Tell Sifr, 34, 73, 314, 317 f.
Tello, site of Lagash, 17;
excavations at, 17 ff.;
plan of, 19;
remains of buildings at, 89 ff.;
objects from, 20, 41 f., 44 f., 47 ff., 73, 171, 204, 219, 254,
256 f., 293, 299, 342, 344
Temple-accounts, 293
Temple-towers, 53 f.
Temples, early Sumerian, 89;
buildings attached to, 90 ff., 268;
enclosure of a, 265
Temti-agun, sukkal of Susa, 307
Temti-khalki, sukkal of Elam, 306 f.
Tepe Mussian; see Mussian
Terra-cotta, stamped figures of, 75 f.
Testing-house, for weights, 294 f.
Theft, laws against, 182
Thessaly, 341
Thinis, 324
This, 324
Thompson, R. Campbell, 38
Thompson, M. S., 341
Throwing-stick, 79
Thumb-marks, on bricks, 26, 91, 94
Thureau-Dangin, F., researches of, 54, 57, 266;
referred to, 9, 12, 14, 18, 39, 52, 58, 61, 63, 65, 95 f., 98,
101, 103 ff., 109, 120, 158, 162 f., 165, 169 ff., 178, 188,
193, 203 f., 219, 222, 225, 232, 237, 240 f., 246 f., 254 f.,
259, 274 ff., 280, 285, 287, 290, 298, 300 f., 306, 317 ff., 335
Tidanu, 261, 300
Tidnu, 300
Tig-abba, 291
Tigris, 6;
changes in channel of, 8;
contrasted with Euphrates, 11 f.;
period of high water in, 11;
upper reaches of, 246
Timat-Enlil, 301
Time-reckoning, 295;
see also Dating
Tin, as an alloy, 73
Tirash, 109, 185, 189
Tithes, 180
Toscanne, P., 266
Trade-routes, 322
Transcaspia, 341, 356
Treaties, 101, 126
Tribute, in grain, 127
Tukîn-khatti-migrisha, 299
Tupliash; see Ashnunnak
Turkestan, 1, 332, 341, 351 ff.
Tutu, 246
Tuz-Khurmati, 287
Ubara, 296
Ubil-Ishtar, an Akkadian prince, 246
Ug-edin Canal, 154
Ug-me, patesi of Lagash, 254;
in chronological table, 361
Ugigga, battle of, 159
Ukush, patesi of Umma, 188, 194 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Ullu, 290
Umanu, 261
Umma, site of, 9,11, 13, 21 f., reading of name of, 21;
history of, 96 f., 100 f., 120 ff., 144 f., 152, 158 ff.,
186 ff., 195, 238, 258, 298;
destruction of, 31 f.;
see also Jôkha
Underworld, 149
Ungnad, Prof. A., 14, 52 f., 63, 162, 306 f., 313, 317
Upper Egypt, 323 ff.
Upper Sea, the Mediterranean, 194, 197, 262
Ur, site of, 9 f., 13, 34;
excavations at, 34 f.;
as cult-centre, 35, 84 f.;
earlier history of, 147, 152, 195 f., 199 f., 238, 263;
Dynasty of, 64, 253, 256, 276 f., 278 ff.;
Sumerian reaction under kings of, 48, 238, 283 f.;
deification of kings of, 251, 274, 288, 298 f.;
downfall of the Dynasty of, 300 ff.;
later history of, 309 ff., 313, 317 f.;
see also Mukayyar
Ur-abba, patesi of Lagash, 275 ff., 281;
in chronological table, 362
Ur-Babbar, patesi of Lagash, 254;
in chronological table, 361
Ur-baga, 284
Ur-Bau, patesi of Lagash, 19,70, 90 f., 254 f., 258 f., 351;
in chronological table, 361
Ur-Bau, son of Bûr-Sin I., 297
Ur-Dunpae, 301
Ur-E, patesi of Lagash, 254 f.;
in chronological table, 361
Ur-Engur, king of Ur, 64, 253, 276;
reign of, 278 ff.;
buildings of, 219, 280 f.;
architectural development under, 263 f.;
deification of, 274;
in chronological table, 362
Ur-Enlil, patesi of Nippur, 98
Ur-gar, patesi of Lagash, 255, 258;
in chronological table, 361
Ur-gigir, patesi of Adamdun, 292
Ur-ilim, patesi of Susa, 231
Ur-Khumma, possible reading of the name Urlumma, 158
Ur-Lama I., patesi of Lagash, 296;
cult of, 274, 299;
in chronological table, 362
Ur-Lama II., patesi of Lagash, 296, 301;
in chronological table, 362
Ur-mama, patesi of Lagash, 254;
in chronological table, 361
Ur-nabbad, patesi of Nippur, 294
Ur-nesu, patesi of Umma, 295;
in chronological table, 362
Ur-Ninâ, king of Lagash, reign of, 106 ff.;
date of, 65;
store-house of, 20, 90 ff.;
bas-reliefs of, 41, 98, 110 ff.;
close of dynasty of, 168 f.;
offerings to statue of, 169, 273;
in chronological table, 360
Ur-Ningirsu, patesi of Lagash, reign of, 274 ff.;
his relations to the Dynasty of Ur, 64, 255;
engraved shell of, 81;
in chronological table, 361
Ur-Ningirsu, priest of Ninâ, probably to be identified
with the patesi, 255, 274 ff.
Ur-Ningislizida, patesi of Ashnunnak, 306
Ur-Ninib, king of Isin, 309 ff.,
in chronological table, 362
Ur-Ninpa, 95
Ur-Ninsun, patesi of Lagash, 255;
in chronological table, 361
Ur-Pasag, patesi of Dungi-Babbar, 295
Ura-imitti, king of Isin, 312;
in chronological table, 362
Urbillu, 287 f., 299, 301 f.
Uri-zi, 109, 255, 268
Urkarinnu-wood, 261
Urkium, patesi of Susa, 291, 305
Urlumma, patesi of Umma, 158 ff., 160 ff.;
in chronological table, 360
Urmi, Lake, 197
Urnuntaea, 185
Urri, 290
Ursu, 261
Ur tar, 170
Uru, a division of Lagash, 108, 259
Uru-azagga, a division of Lagash, 108;
temples in, 259, 264; fortification of, 153
Urukagina, king of Lagash, reign of, 176 ff.;
date of, 65, 209 f.;
reforms of, 177 ff., 348;
buildings of, 185 ff.;
family of, 170 f., 176, 184;
fate of, 193;
predecessors of, 169 ff.;
records from inscribed plaque of, 158 f., 178, 186;
in chronological table, 360
Urukagina, son of Engilsa, 176, 209 f.
Urukagina, father of Abba-dugga, 313
Urumush, or Rimush, king of Kish, reign of, 203 ff.;
fate of, 205 f., 240;
period of, 53, 210 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Urzage, king of Kish, 103 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Ush, patesi of Umma, 122, 124, 126, 158 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Ushu-wood, 261
Ut-napishtim, 9
Utug, patesi of Kish, 102 f.;
in chronological table, 360
Uzargarshana, 301
Van, Lake, 197
Vases, votive, 193, 199 ff., 204;
for libations, 76 f.;
for body-paint, 330
Vegetable motives, on Elamite painted pottery, 341
Visions; see Dreams
Vultures, Stele of the, description of, 129 ff.;
referred to, 42 f., 48, 105, 117 f., 120 ff, 127, 136, 142,
220, 228 f., 330 ff.;
origin of popular name of, 125
Wage, A. J. B., 341
Wâdi Hammamât, 323
Ward, W. Hayes, 65, 78
Warka, site of Erech, 9;
excavations at, 32 ff.;
plan of, 33;
bricks from, 280;
contracted burials at, 331
Water, for libation, 198
Wax writing-tablet, origin of, 346
Weapons, 73;
Sumerian, 50, 136 f., 286 f.;
Semitic, 247, 286
Weights, 294 f.
Weissbach, Prof. F. H., 6, 38, 319
Well, of Eannatum, 93, 155
West, Sea of the, 234;
Wall of the, 300;
extent of Babylonian influence in the, 234 f., 343 ff.
Western Asia, 3; early ceramics of, 341
Western Semites, origin of the, 55;
their destruction of Sumerian towns, 32;
invasions of, 315 f.
Wheat, cultivation of, 323, 357;
original home of, 332;
in earliest stratum at Anau, 332
Wigs, Sumerian, 43, 46, 138
Wine, fees of, 181 f.
Winckler, Prof. Hugo, 14, 61, 103, 219, 235, 275, 317, 344 f.
Wind-erosion, effects of, 353
Wizards, 267
Women, position and rights of, 116, 184, 286;
clothing of, 42;
Sumerian statuettes of, 71 f.
Woolley, C. L., 327
Worship, scenes of, 44
Writing, invention of cuneiform, 3, 329 f., 347;
Elamite forms of, 337 ff.;
origin of Egyptian system of, 325, 328 f.;
Hittite, 339; Minoan, 345
Wuswas, 33
Yâkût, 8
Yotkan, 353, 357
Yurung-kash, 354
Zâb, Lower, 232
Zabalu-wood, 261
Zabshali, 299
Zagros mountains, 55, 302;
pass, 250
Zakhara, 225 f.
Zakro, sealings from, 346
Zamama, 103;
temple of, 39
Zambia, king of Isin, 313;
in chronological table, 362
Zarik, patesi of Susa, 291, 305
Zarzari, 185
Zaula, 290
Ziggurat, institution of the, 53 f.;
at Nippur, 89;
of Gudea, 264 f.
Zimanak, Field of, 206
Zimmern, Prof. Heinrich, 54 f.
Zuzu, king of Opis, 146;
in chronological table, 360