Bibliographical Note
The titles given below are intended to form a group of selected references for the guidance of students who may desire a more detailed treatment of the various problems of Roman history than has been given in the text. For the sources, as well as for a more detailed bibliography, readers may consult B. Niese, Grundriss der römischen Geschichte, 4th ed., 1910, and G. W. Botsford, A Syllabus of Roman History, 1915.
Introduction
Leuze, O., Die römische Jahrzählung; Lewis, Sir G. C., The Credibility of Early Roman History; Niese, B., Römische Geschichte, pp. 10–17, and passim; Schanz, M., Geschichte der römischen Litteratur; Kornemann, E., Der Priestercodex in der Regia; Wachsmuth, C., Einleitung in das Studium der alten Geschichte.
Chapter I
Duruy, V., Histoire des Romains, i, pp. i–xxxiv; Encyclopedia Brittanica, 11th ed., art. Italy; Kiepert, H., Manual of Ancient Geography, ch. ix; Nissen, H., Italische Landeskunde, vol. i.
Chapter II
The view given in the text follows Jones, H. S., Companion to Roman History (a brief synopsis); Grenier, A., Bologne villanovienne et étrusque; Modestov, B., Introduction à l’histoire romain; and Peet, T. E., The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy and Sicily. For different reconstructions, see De Sanctis, G., Storia dei Romani, i, chs. ii–iii; Pais, E., Storia Critica di Roma, 2nd ed., i, ch. viii; Ridgeway, W., Who were the Romans? Proc. British Academy, 1907.
Chapter III
I. The Races of Italy. See the references for chapter ii, and De Sanctis, Storia, ii, ch. iii; Niese, Geschichte, p. 23 ff.; Pais, Storia Critica, i, ch. viii; Kretchmer, P., in Gercke und Norden’s Einleitung in die Altertumswissenschaft, i, p. 172, for the problem of the Italian dialects.
II. The Etruscans. Dennis, G., Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria; Korte und Skutsch, art. Etrusker, Pauly-Wissowa, vi. pp. 730–806; Martha, J., L’art étrusque; Modestov, Introduction, pt. 2; Niese, Geschichte pp. 26 ff.
III. The Greeks. Beloch, J., Griechische Geschichte, i, 2nd ed., pp. 229 ff., Bury, J. B., History of Greece, ch. ii; De Sanctis, Storia, i, ch. ix; Freeman, E., History of Sicily.
Chapter IV
I. The Latins. Beloch, J., Der Italische Bund; Frank, T., Economic History of Rome, ch. i; Kornemann, E., Polis und Urbs, Beiträge zur alten Geschichte, 1905; Rosenberg, A., Der Staat der alten Italiker; Zur Geschichte des Latines Bundes, Hermes, 1919.
II. Origins of Rome. Carter, J. B., Roma Quadrata and the Septimontium, Amer. Jour. of Arch., 1908; id., Evolution of the City of Rome, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1909; Frank, Economic History, ch. ii; Notes on the Servian Wall, Am. Jour. Arch., 1918; Jones, Companion, pp. 31 ff.; Kornemann, see I; Meyer, E., Der Ursprung des Tribunats und die Gemeinde der vier Tribus, Hermes xxx; Platner, S. B., Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome, 2nd ed.
III and IV. Early Monarchy and Early Roman Society. Botsford, G. W., The Roman Assemblies, chs. i, ii and ix; De Sanctis, Storia, i, chs. vi, vii, viii, x; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 18–23, 32 ff.; Pais, Storia Critica, i, 2; Pelham, H., Outlines of Roman History, bk. i, chs. i and ii.
Chapter V
Beloch, Der Italische Bund; Cavaignac, E., Histoire de l’Antiquité ii. pp. 378–88, 475–88, iii, pp. 61–92, 173–85; De Sanctis, Storia, ii, chs. xv, xvi, xviii–xxii; Frank, Roman Imperialism, chs. i–iv; Heitland, W. T., The Roman Republic, i. pp. 75–78, 101–113, 135–74; Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, v, pp. 132 ff.; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 44–55, 64–80; Pais, Storia Critica, vols. ii–iii; Pelham, Outlines, pp. 68–107; Reid, J. S., The Municipalities of the Roman Empire, chs. iii–iv; Rosenberg, A., Zur Geschichte des Latines Bundes; Die Entstehung des so-gennanten Foedus Cassianum und des latinischen Rechts, Hermes, 1920.
Chapter VI
Botsford, Roman Assemblies, chs. iii–xiii; Cavaignac, Histoire, ii, pp. 478–83; De Sanctis, Storia, ii, chs. xii, xiv, xvii; Frank, Economic History, chs. iii–iv; Heitland, Roman Republic, ii, chs. viii–xiv, xvi, xx; Kahrstedt, U., Zwei Beiträge Zur älteren röm. Geschichte, Rh. Museum, 1918; Mommsen, Th., Staatsrecht (see Indices); Niese, Geschichte, pp. 81–84; Pais, Storia Critica, as for Chap. V.
Chapter VII
I. Early Roman Religion: Bailey, C., The Religion of Ancient Rome; Carter, J. B., The Religion of Numa; The Religious Life of Ancient Rome, ch. i; Fowler, W. Warde, The Roman Festivals; The Religious Experience of the Roman People, Lectures, i–xii; Mommsen, History of Rome, i, chap. xii; Wissowa, G., Religion und Kultus der Römer, pp. 15–54.
II. Early Roman Society: Heitland, W., Roman Republic, i, chs. vi and xii; Fowler, W. Warde, Rome, ch. iii; Launspach, C. W. L., State and Family in Early Rome, ch. xi.
Chapter VIII
Cavaignac, Histoire, vol. iii, bk. iii, chs. i, iv–vi; De Sanctis, Storia, iii, 1–2; Frank, Roman Imperialism, chs. vi–vii; Ferguson, W. S., Greek Imperialism, chs. v–vii; Gsell, S., Histoire ancienne de l’Afrique du nord, vols. i, ii, iii; Heitland, Roman Republic, vol. i, chs. xxi–xxvi; Mommsen, History, bk. iii, chs. i–vi; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 96–126.
Chapter IX
Cavaignac, Histoire, vol. iii, bk. iii, chs. vii–viii; Colin, G., Rome et la Grèce; Frank, Roman Imperialism, chs. viii, ix, x; Heitland, Roman Republic, vol. ii, chs. xxvii–xxxii; Mommsen, History, bk. iii, chs. vii–x; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 126–48.
Chapter X
Cavaignac, Histoire, vol. iii, bk. iv, ch. i; Colin, Rome et la Grèce; Frank, Roman Imperialism, chs. x–xi; Heitland, Roman Republic, vol. ii, chap, xxxiii; Mommsen, History, bk. iv, ch. i; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 155–66.
Chapter XI
For the Administration: Arnold, W. T., The Roman System of Provincial Administration, 3rd ed., chs. ii–iii, vi, pt. 1; Botsford, Roman Assemblies, chs. xiii–xv; Cavaignac, Histoire, vol. iii, bk. iii, ch. ix; Frank, Roman Imperialism, chs. vi, xii; Heitland, Roman Republic, vol. ii, ch. xxxiv; Mommsen, Staatsrecht, and History, bk. iii, ch. xi; Greenidge, Public Life, chs. vi and viii; Marquardt, J. R., Staatsverwaltung, bk. i; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 148–53; Rostowzew, Studien zur Geschichte des römischen Kolonats, ch. iii.
For the Social and Economic Development: in addition to the works cited above, see Ferrero, G., Greatness and Decline of Rome, vol. i, ch. ii; Frank, Economic History, chs. vi–vii; Meyer, E., Die Wirtschaftliche Entwickelung des Altertums, Kleine schriften, 79 ff.; Die Sklaverei im Altertum, id., 169 ff.; Mommsen, History, bk. iii, ch. xii.
For Literature, Art and Religion: Fowler, Religious Experience, Lecture xiii; Leo, F., Römische Litteratur, in Hinneberg’s Kultur der Gegenwart; Mackail, J. W., Roman Literature, bk. i, chs. i–iii; Mommsen, History, bk. iii, chs. xiii–xiv; Norden, E., Römische Litteratur, in Gercke und Norden’s Einleitung; Schanz, M., Geschichte der römischen Litteratur, vol. 1, pt. 1; Wissowa, Religion und Kultur, pp. 54–65.
Chapter XII
Cavaignac, Histoire, bk. iv, chs. ii, iv; Drumann-Groebe, Geschichte Roms in seiner Uebergange von der republicanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, vol. ii, art. L. Cornelius Sulla; Ferrero, Greatness and Decline, bk. i, chs. iii, iv, v; Frank, Roman Imperialism, chs. xii–xv; Greenidge, A History of Rome from 133 B. C.–69 A. D. vol. i, to 104 B. C., Heitland, Republic, vol. ii, ch. xxxv–xlvii; Mommsen, History, bk. iv, chs. i–ix; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 166–205; Oman, Ch., Seven Roman Statesmen, chs. i–v, the Gracchi, Marius and Sulla.
Chapter XIII
Boak, A. E. R., The Extraordinary Commands from 80–48 B. C., Amer. Hist. Rev., xxiv, 1918; Botsford, Assemblies, as above; Cowles, F. H., Gaius Verres; Drumann-Groebe, Geschichte Roms, articles on L. Lucullus, Cn. Pompeius Magnus, M. Crassus Triumvir, C. Julius Caesar, M. Tullius Cicero; Ferrero, Greatness and Decline, chs. vi–xvi; Frank, Roman Imperialism, chs. xvi; Heitland, Roman Republic, vol. iii, chs. 48–52; Mommsen, History, bk. v, chs. i–vi; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 205–27; Oman, Seven Roman Statesmen, chs. vi, viii, Pompey and Crassus.
Chapter XIV
Botsford, Assemblies, as above; Drumann-Groebe, as above; Ferrero, Greatness and Decline, vol. 1, chs. xvii–xviii, vol. ii; Frank, Roman Imperialism, ch. xvii; Fowler, W., Julius Caesar; Heitland, Roman Republic, vol. iii, chs. liii–lviii; Meyer, Ed., Caesar’s Monarchie und das Principat des Pompeius; Mommsen, History, bk. v, chs. vii–xi; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 227–257; Oman, Seven Roman Statesmen, chs. vii, ix, Cato and Caesar; Strachan-Davidson, Cicero.
Chapter XV
Political History: Botsford, Roman Assemblies, as above; Drumann-Groebe, as above, and the art. on Octavianus; Gardthausen, V., Augustus und Seine Zeit, i, chs. i–v; Ferrero, Greatness and Decline, vols. iii and iv; Heitland, Republic, chs. lix–lx; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 257–276; Strachan-Davidson, Cicero.
Social and Economic Conditions: Boissier, G., Cicero and His Friends; Frank, Economic History, chs. ix–xvi; Fowler, Social Life at Rome in the Age of Cicero; Louis P., Le Travail dans le monde romain, pt. ii.
Religion, Literature and Art: Duff, J. W., A Literary History of Rome, pp. 269–431; Fowler, Religious Experience, chs. xiv–xvii; Roman Ideas of Deity in the last century before the Christian Era; Leo, Römische Litteratur; Mackail, Latin Literature, bk. i, chs. iv–vii; Mommsen, History, bk. v, ch. xii; Norden, Röm. Litteratur; Schanz, Geschichte d. röm. Litteratur, i, 2; Wissowa, Religion und Kultur, pp. 54–65. For Art and Architecture see the various topics discussed in Cagnat, R., and Chapot, V., Manuel d’archéologie romain, i; Platner, Topography and Monuments; Stuart Jones, Companion to Roman History.
Chapter XVI
Arnold, W. T., Studies in Roman Imperialism, chs. i–ii; v. Domazewski, Geschichte der römischen Kaiser, i, pp. 1–250; Ferrero, Greatness and Decline, vol. v; Gardthausen, Augustus und seine Zeit; Greenidge, Public Life, ch. x; Hirschfeld, O., Die Organization der drei Gallien durch Augustus, Beitr. zur alten Gesch., 1907; McFayden, D., The Princeps and the Senatorial Provinces, Class. Phil., XVI; Meyer, Ed., Kaiser Augustus, in Kleine Schriften, pp. 441 ff.; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 276–304; Pelham, Essays on Roman History, iv and v; Schiller, H., Geschichte der röm. Kaiserzeit, bk. ii, ch. i, §§ 25–31; Stuart Jones, H., The Roman Empire, ch. i; Van Nostrand, J. J., The Reorganization of Spain by Augustus.
Chapter XVII
Von Domazewski, Römische Kaiser, i, pp. 251–305; ii, pp. 1–158; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 304–331; Pelham, Essays, iii, The Early Roman Emperors; Schiller, Römische Kaiserzeit, ii, ch. i, §§ 32–44; ch. ii, §§ 53–56; Stuart Jones, Roman Empire, chs. ii–iv. More special: for Caligula, H. Willrich, Beiträge zur alten Geschichte, 1903, pp. 85 ff., 288 ff., 395 ff.; for Nero, Henderson, B., The Life and Principate of the Emperor Nero; for the period 68–69, Hardy, G. S., Studies in Roman History, 2nd ser., The Four Emperors’ Year; Henderson, Civil War and Rebellion in the Roman Empire.
Chapter XVIII
Von Domazewski, Römische Kaiser, ii, pp. 168–318; Gibbon, E., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. Bury, i, chs. i–xii; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 331–376; Schiller, Römische Kaiserzeit, vol. i, ch. ii, §§ 57–59; chs. iii–iv; Stuart Jones, chs. v–ix. More special: Gregorovius, F., The Emperor Hadrian; Platnauer, M., The Life and Reign of Septimius Severus; J. Stuart Hay, The Amazing Emperor Heliogabalus.
Chapter XIX
The Imperial Administration: In addition to the general historical works cited for the preceding chapters, see Boissier, G., L’opposition sous les Caesars; Bussell, F. W., The Roman Empire, Essays on Constitutional History, i, chs. i–iii; Greenidge, Public Life, ch. x; Hirschfeld, O., Die kaiserliche Verwaltungsbeamten bis auf Diocletian (indispensable); Keyes, C. W., The Rise of the Equites in the Third Century of the Roman Empire; McFayden, D., History of the Title Imperator under the Roman Empire; The Princeps and the Senatorial Provinces; Mattlingly, H., Imperial Civil Service of Rome; Mommsen, Staatsrecht, ii, 2, Der Principat; Schulz, O., Das Wesen des römischen Kaisertums im dritten Jahrhundert. On the spirit of Roman imperialism: Bryce, The Ancient Roman Empire and the British Empire in India; Cromer, Ancient and Modern Imperialism; Lucas, E. P., Greater Rome and Greater Britain.
The Army: Cagnat, L’Armée romain d’Afrique, 2nd ed.; L’Armée d’Occupation de l’Egypte sous la Domination romaine; Chapot, V., La Frontière de l’Euphrate; Cheesman, G. L., The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army; Von Domazewski, Die Rangordnung des römischen Heeres, Bonner Jahrbücher, 117; Hardy, Studies in Roman History, 2nd ser., i, The Army and Frontier Relations of the German Provinces; Pelham, Essays, viii, The Roman Frontier System; ix, The Roman Frontier in Southern Germany; Stuart Jones, Companion to Roman History.
The Provinces: Arnold, The Roman System of Provincial Administration, chs. iv, vi, pt. 2, vii; Bouchier, The Roman Province of Syria; Carette, E., Les Assemblées provinciales de la Gaule romaine; Chapot, V., La province romaine proconsulaire d’Asie; Guiraud, P., Les Assemblées provinciales dans l’empire romain; Halgan, C., L’Administration des provinces sénatoriales sous l’empire romain; Hardy, Studies in Roman History, 1st ser., xiii, Provincial Concilia from Augustus to Diocletian; Haverfield, F. J., The Romanization of Roman Britain, 3rd ed.; Jullian, C., Histoire de la Gaule, vols. iv, v; Mommsen, The Provinces of the Roman Empire; Milne, J. G., A History of Egypt under Roman Rule: Wilcken, U., for Egypt, in Mitteis und Wilcken, Grundzüge und Chrestomatie der Papyruskunde, i, 1.
The Municipalities: Dill, S., Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius, bk. ii, chs. ii, iii; Liebenam, Städteverwaltung im römischen Reiche; Hardy, Roman Laws and Charters; Reid, J. S., Municipalities of the Roman Empire, chs. vii–xv; Waltzing, J. P., Les Corporations professionelles chez les Romains.
Colonate: Pelham, Essays, xiii, The Imperial Domains and the Colonate; Rostowsew, Studien zur Geschichte des römischen Kolonats; art. colonus, in Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften; Wilcken, see Provinces, above.
Chapter XX
Social Conditions: Dill, S., Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius; Frank, Economic History, chs. xi–xvi; Friedländer, L., Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire, vols. i–ii; Louis, P., Le Travail dans le monde romain; Waltzing, Les Corporations professionelles.
The Imperial Cult and Paganism: Burlier, E., Le Culte imperial; Cumont, F., Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism; Dill, Roman Society; Ferguson, W. S., Legalized Absolutism en route from Greece to Rome, Amer. Hist. Rev., 1912; Friedländer, Roman Life and Manners, vol. iii; Geffcken, J., Der Ausgang des griechisch-römischen Heidentums, 1920; Glover, T. R., Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman Empire; Heinen, H., Zur Begründung des römischen Kaiserkults, Beiträge zur alten Geschichte, 1910; Kornemann, E., Zur Geschichte der antiken Herrscherkulte, id., 1900; Reitzenstein, R., Die hellenisteschen Mysterienreligionen; Wissowa, Religion und Kultur, pp. 66–83.
Christianity and the Roman State: Guimet, E., Les chrétiens et l’empire romain, la Nouvelle Revue, 1909; Hardy, Studies in Roman History, 1st ser., chs. i–x; Harnack, A., The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries; Flick, A. C., The Rise of the Medieval Church, see contents (excellent bibliography); Juster, J., Les Juifs dans l’empire romain; Manaresi, A., L’impero romano e il cristianesimo; Ramsay, Sir W., The Christian Church in the Roman Empire before 170 A. D.; Walker, W., A History of the Western Christian Church, pp. 1–108.
Literature and Art: Beloch, J., Der Verfall der antiken Kultur, Hist. Zeitschr. 1900; Cagnat and Chapot, Manuel d’archéologie romaine; Friedländer, L., Roman Life and Manners; Leo, Römische Litteratur; Mackail, Roman Literature, pp. 91–259; Norden, E., Römische Litterature; Schanz, Geschichte der röm. Litteratur, pts. ii–iii; Strong, E., Roman Sculpture; Stuart Jones, Companion to Roman History; Walters, H., The Art of the Romans.
Chapter XXI
Cambridge Medieval History, vol. i, chs. i–iii, vii, viii, with exhaustive bibliography; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ed. Bury, chs. xiii–xxvii; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 376–402; Schiller, Röm. Kaiserzeit, vol. ii; Seeck, O., Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt; Stuart Jones, Roman Empire, chs. x–xi. Special: Geffcken, J., Kaiser Julian.
Chapter XXII
General: Bury, J. B., A History of the Later Roman Empire, bk. i, ch. iv; Bussell, The Roman Empire, bk. ii, chs. i–ii; Reid, J. S., Camb. Med. Hist., vol. i, ch. ii; Karlowa, O., Römische Rechtsgeschichte, i, pp. 822–929; Schiller, Römische Kaiserzeit, ii, bk. iii, ch. i; Seeck, Geschichte, vol. ii, bk. iii.
Special: Bell, N., The Byzantine Servile State in Egypt, Jour. Egypt. Arch., iv; Boak, Roman Magistri in the Civil and Military Service of the Empire, Harvard Studies in Class. Phil., 1915; The Master of the Offices in the Later Roman and Byzantine Empires; Hirschfeld, Die Ranktitel der röm. Kaiserzeit, Sitzungsbericht der Berliner Akademie, 1901; Liebenam, Städteverwaltung; Rostowzew, see chap, xix, colonate; Waltzing, Corporations Professionelles; Wilcken, see chap. xix, provinces.
Chapter XXIII
Bury, Later Roman Empire, i, chs. ii–vi; Bussell, Roman Empire, i, bk. ii, chs. ii–iv; bk. iii, ch. i; Cambridge Medieval History, i, chs. ix–xvi; Gelzer, H., Abriss der Byzantinischen Geschichte, i, Die vorjustinianische Epoche; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chs. xxix–xxxix; Lavisse et Rombaud, Histoire General, i, chs. ii–iv; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 402–21.
Chapter XXIV
Bury, Later Roman Empire, i, bk. iv, chs. i–x; Bussell, Roman Empire, i. bk. iii, ch. ii; Cambridge Medieval History, ii, chs. i, ii, iv, vi; Diehl, Ch., Justinien et la civilization byzantine au 6 siècle; Gelzer, Abriss, ii, Das Zeitalter Justinians; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chs. xl–xliv; Holmes, W. G., The Age of Justinian and Theodora; Lavisse et Rombaud, Histoire Generale, see chap, xxiii; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 422 ff.
Chapter XXV
Religion: Boissier, G., La Fin du paganisme; Cambridge Medieval History, i, chs. iv–vi, xvii–xviii; Geffcken, see ch. xx, religion; Flick, Medieval Church, chs. vii–ix, xiii–xiv; Walker, W., Western Church, period iii; Wissowa, Religion und Kultur, pp. 84–90. See also the historical works cited for the preceding chapters.
Literature and Art: Dalton, O. M., Byzantine Art and Archaeology; Diehl, Ch., L’art byzantine; Mackail, Latin Literature, pp. 260–286; Norden, Römische Litteratur; Krumbacher, K., Byzantinische Litteraturgeschichte; Schanz, Geschichte der röm. Litteratur, pt. iv; Camb. Med. Hist., i, xxi, Early Christian Art.
Footnotes
1.The several elements in the Roman military federation may be seen at a glance from the following scheme: I. Roman citizens— (a) with full civic rights (optimo iure).(b) with private rights only (sine suffragio).II. Roman allies— (a) Latins.(b) Federate peoples of Italy.2.Another, but apparently later, Roman tradition placed the establishment of the tribunate in 494, when two tribunes were elected, and merely attributes an increase in their number to 466.3.One explanation of the origin of this tribunate offered in antiquity and still held in some quarters is that it was created to take the place of the consulship as an office to which plebeians might be admitted while they were still excluded from the regular presidency. Against this view, besides the existence of another explanation equally old which has been adopted above, it may be urged that although the military tribunate first appeared in 436 B. C. it was not until 40 years later that plebeians were elected to it. And further, plebeians only appear in six of the fifty-one colleges of military tribunes elected between 436 and 362.4.To the Romans the Carthaginians were known as Poeni, i. e., Phoenicians, whence comes the adjective “Punic,” used in such phrases as the “Punic Wars.”5.This alliance was renewed in 248 B. C.6.See W. W. Tarn, “The Fleets of the First Punic War,” Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1907, p. 51, n. 19.7.Authorities differ as to the pass which Hannibal used in crossing the Alps, arguing variously for the Little St. Bernard, Mont Genèvre or Mont Cenis. Polybius, our best authority, seems to indicate the Little St. Bernard. A recent discussion of the problem is Spencer Wilkinson’s Hannibal’s March across the Alps, London, 1917.8.See Kromeyer und Veith, Antike Schlachtfelder, iii. 2.9.The details of this re-organization are uncertain. From our sources it is clear that each of the first two classes had 70 centuries, one of seniors and one of juniors from each of the 35 tribes. But we are left in the dark with regard to the other classes. Botsford, in his Roman Assemblies, would assign 70 centuries to each class; making a total of 350, plus the 18 equestrian and 5 supernumerary centuries, in all 373. Cavaignac, Histoire dé l’Antiquité, vol. III, gives 10 centuries to each of the three lower classes, thus keeping the old number of 193 centuries in all.10.Seymour, P. A., English Historical Review, 1914, pp. 417 ff.11.The details of this arrangement have not been preserved; for a suggestion see Heitland, Roman Republic, II, pp. 447 ff.12.On the much disputed date of the end of Caesar’s second term, see Hardy, E. G., Journal of Philology, 1918, pp. 161 ff.13.After the adoption his full name was Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus. Although he was known as Caesar by his contemporaries, it is more convenient to refer to him henceforth as Octavian, to distinguish him from his adoptive father.14.Laudandum adulescentem, ornandum, tolendum, Cicero, Fam., xi, 20, 1.15.In this I follow Dio. xlix, 15, 6; li, 19, 6 and liii, 32, 5 and 6.16.Provinces of the Roman Empire, I, 5, trans. Dickson, Scribner’s, 1906.17.The distribution of the dioceses among the prefectures was as follows: Prefecture of Gaul—dioceses of Britain, Gaul, Spain;Prefecture of Italy—suburban diocese of the city of Rome, and the dioceses of Italy, Africa, Illyricum;Prefecture of Illyricum—dioceses of Eastern Illyricum, Thrace, Macedonia;Prefecture of the Orient—dioceses of Asia, Pontus, the Orient and Egypt.18.ἀρχίερευς βασιλεύς. The title Basileus (King) was in common use in the eastern part of the empire from the fourth century, but was not assumed officially by the emperors till 629 A. D.