The Settlement of Illinois

Works Consulted

I. Sources

American Historical Association, Annual Report of the. Washington: Government Printing Office.

Report for 1893, pp. 199-227, see Turner, Frederick Jackson; Report of 1896, Vol. I., pp. 930-1107, has “Selections from the Draper Collection in the possession of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, to elucidate the proposed French expedition under George Rogers Clark against Louisiana, in the years 1793-94.”

American monthly Magazine and critical Review. New York: H. Biglow, editor.

Volumes I.-III. (1817-18) give information of much value concerning European conditions inducing emigration. A few of the notices concern emigration from east to west in the United States.

American Register; or, Summary Review of History, Politics, and Literature. Philadelphia.

Volume II., 202, 203, 216 (1817), tells of improvements in steamboat navigation.

Americans as they are; described in a Tour through the Valley of the Mississippi. London: Hurst, Chance & Co., 1828. vi. + 218 pp.

Observations on Illinois are more suggestive than accurate.

Atwater, Caleb. Remarks made on a Tour to Prairie du Chien. Columbus, Ohio: Isaac N. Whiting, 1831. 296 pp.

The tour was from Circleville, Ohio, to Prairie du Chien, in 1829, and thence to Washington. The writer’s remarks give valuable material for the history of the time.

—— Writings. Columbus, Ohio: Caleb Atwater, 1833. 408 pp.

The author was one of a commission to treat with the Indians at Prairie du Chien for the cession of the lead region. In 1829 he went from St. Louis to Prairie du Chien. He gives good descriptions of Quincy, Galena, and a few other places. The part of the Writings describing this journey was separately printed in 1831. The edition of 1833 is somewhat better than the previous one.

Balestier, Joseph N. Annals of Chicago: a Lecture delivered before the Chicago Lyceum, Jan. 21, 1840. Republished from the original Edition of 1840, with an Introduction, written by the Author in 1876. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1876. In Fergus historical Series, I., No. 1. 48 pp.

Contains a copy of Capt. Heald’s letter of 1812, describing the massacre at Fort Dearborn.

Biggs, William. Narrative of William Biggs, while he was a Prisoner with the Kickepoo Indians... on the west Bank of the Wabash River... Printed for the author, June, 1826. 22 pp.

Biggs was captured on March 28, 1788, and remained a captive for several weeks. This very rare book gives valuable insight into the revolting customs of the Indians.

Birkbeck, Morris. Extracts from a supplementary Letter from the Illinois: an Address to British Emigrants, and a Reply to the Remarks of William Cobbett, Esq. 2d ed. London: James Ridgeway, 1819. 36 pp.

Birkbeck had issued an address to British emigrants, advertising the virtues of his English settlement in Illinois. William Cobbett declared that Birkbeck’s account of the fertility and salubrity of Illinois was not true. Birkbeck issued a somewhat scathing reply, showing Cobbett’s ignorance.

Twenty-two letters written from November, 1817, to March, 1818, by Morris Birkbeck, from the English settlement in Edwards county, Ill., of which settlement he was the founder. Very valuable for notes concerning transportation and the manner of life of the early settlers of Illinois.

—— Notes on a Journey in America from the Coast of Virginia to the Territory of Illinois. Philadelphia: Richardson, 1817.

Passed through several editions in England.

A graphic account of the journey of Birkbeck from 500 miles east of Cape Henry, Va. (April 26, 1817), to Shawneetown, Ill., where on August 2, 1817, he bought 1440 acres of land as a site for his English settlement. Very valuable for information concerning transportation and western conditions.

Pages 156-92 tell of the author’s trip across Illinois. He visited Albion and then went to St. Louis overland. The descriptions of Birkbeck’s settlement, the difficulties of prairie travel, and of the frontier life encountered are much above the average of travelers’ reports.

The book deals almost entirely with the region west of the Mississippi, but in 1820 Beckwourth visited Galena. He went from St. Louis with a party led by Col. R. M. Johnson, the object of the party being to gain a mining concession from the Sauk Indians.

Brannan, John (Editor). Official Letters of the military and naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14, & 15. Washington: Way & Gideon, 1823. 510 pp.

A valuable collection. Printed without comment. Pages 84-5 give Capt. Heald’s official report of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812. The report is in a letter to Thos. H. Cushing, Adjutant General, written from Pittsburg, October 23, 1812.

Brodhead, Col. Daniel. A Letter from Brodhead to Gen. Washington referring to La Balme’s Expedition.

In The olden Time, II., 390-91.

Butricke, George. Affairs at Fort Chartres, 1768-1781. Albany: J. Munsell, 1864. 10 pp.

Calendar of Virginia State Papers and other Manuscripts. Richmond, Va., 1875-1900. 9 vols.

The early volumes have documents of great value concerning the period when Illinois was a part of Virginia.

The author was from 1803 to the time of writing his book (1856) one of the most famous circuit riders. His first work was in Kentucky. He came to Illinois in 1823. His views on slavery, which caused his removal, are interesting. A valuable work, especially for giving an insight into the social life of the time.

Chetlain, Gen. Augustus Louis. Recollections of seventy Years. Galena: The Gazette Pub. Co., 1899. 304 pp.

The author was one of the first settlers in Galena, and gives valuable information concerning that important region—1821 ff.

Chicago Historical Society’s Collections. Chicago, 1882-90:—

I. History of the English Settlement in Edwards County, Illinois, by George Flower, 1882. 408 pp.

II. Sketch of Enoch Long, by Harvey Reid, 1884. 112 pp.

III. The Edwards Papers, edited by E. B. Washburne, 1884. 632 pp.

IV. Early Chicago and Illinois, 1889. 400 pp. Of great value.

Childs, Col. Ebenezer. Recollections of Wisconsin since 1820. In Wis. Hist. Coll., IV., 1859, 153-95.

The writer describes Chicago as it was in 1821, at which time he visited it.

Christian Spectator, V., 1823, 20-26. Remarks on the States of Illinois and Missouri, by Edward Hollister.

The author had recently completed a missionary tour in these states, and his remarks give an insight into the social conditions of the time.

Cobbett, William. A Years Residence, in the United States of America, 3d ed. London: William Cobbett, 1828. 370 pp.

Cobbett was in the United States in 1817-18. He declared that Birkbeck and Fearon had deceived the people of England by portraying America as better than it was. His book is unfair.

Coffin, Levi. Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the reputed President of the Underground Railroad.... Cincinnati: Western Tract Society [c. 1876]. 2d ed. with appendix. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1880. 732 pp.

Pages 89-99 describe the author’s visit to a Quaker settlement in Sangamon county, Ill., in 1823. Lost on the prairies.

Collot, Victor. A Journey in North America, containing a Survey of the Countries watered by the Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, and other affluing Rivers... Illustrated by 36 Maps, Plans, Views, and divers Cuts. Paris: Arthus Bertrand, 1826. 2 vols. and atlas in one. iv. + 310; v. + 272 pp.

The author traveled through Illinois in 1796. His observations were acute and are more helpful than would be expected from a soldier of fortune. The New Orleans Picayune of March 18, 1901, has a valuable article on the journey of Collot and its purpose. See his Map of the Country of the Illinois, in pocket.

Columbian Centinel. Boston, June-December, 1790; 1791-1801; 1802-1829.

The issue for June 16, 1790, has a note on the current experiments with steamboats. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Croghan, George. Journal, 1765. In Thwaites, Early western Travels, I., 126-73. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1904.

The Journal is of a trip to the West, and characterizes the early French settlers.

Describes Shawneetown and gives some information in regard to routes. Very slight, however, in respect to Illinois. Criticism: The Inter Ocean, August 3, 1904.

Cutler, Julia Perkins. Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler. Prepared from his Journals and Correspondence. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1890. 353 pp.

Cutler early settled in Ohio. This work gives good examples of the difficulties of travel, between 1795 and 1809, on some of the Alleghany routes frequented by emigrants to Illinois. The driving of western cattle to market is also described.

Cutler, William Parker, and Cutler, Julia Perkins. Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, LL. D. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1888. 2 vols. 9 + 524; 495 PP.

Considerable information concerning early eastern opposition to western settlement is given. Dr. Cutler kept a diary from 1765 to 1823, of which nine years are missing.

De Peyster, J. Watts, LL. D. Miscellanies, by an Officer [Colonel Arent Schuyler de Peyster, B. A.], 1774-1813. New York: A. E. Chasmar & Co., 1888. 80 pp., and an appendix of cci. pp.

Pages xxvi.-xxvii. contain a letter from Arent De Peyster to Capt. McKee describing an Illinois expedition against St. Josephs in 1780 or 1781. Letter dated Detroit, Feb. 1, 1781.

Draper Collection of Manuscripts.

This collection, made by Lyman C. Draper, is the property of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. It has been of more value to the writer than any other single source, being especially helpful for the hitherto obscure period immediately succeeding the expedition of George Rogers Clark, 1779-1790. Most important of all are the Harmar Papers, although the Illinois MSS., the Clark MSS., and Draper’s Notes were much used. The Hinde MSS. have little historical value, consisting as they do, largely of religious musings of the writer’s old age.

Duden, Gottfried. Bericht über eine Reise nach den westlichen Staaten Nordamerika’s and einen mehrjährigen Aufenthalt am Missouri (in den Jahren 1824-1827) in Bezug auf Auswanderung und Uebervölkerung. 1st ed. of 1500 copies. 2d ed. Bonn, In Commission bei Eduard Weber, 1834. lviii. + 404 pp.

Contains a prediction of Illinois future greatness. Gives valuable information concerning the cost and manner of transportation, and concerning social life. Comparison of American and European conditions.

Dunn, Jacob Piatt, Compiler. Slavery Petitions and Papers. In Indiana Hist. Soc. Pub., II., 443-529. Indianapolis: The Bowen-Merrill Company, 1894.

“The following papers are the petitions to Congress from Northwest and Indiana Territories for the suspension of the sixth article of compact of the Ordinance of 1787, and the admission of slavery to the Territory, together with the counter-petitions, the reports on them, and the accompanying documents,”—Compiler’s introduction.

Edwardsville Spectator. Edwardsville, Ill.: Hooper Warren, pub., Apr. 18, 1820-Feb. 8, 1825, and 1820-22.

Material has been gleaned from the issues of Nov. 7, 1820; August 31, 1822; Nov. 30, 1822; Nov. 29, 1823; Jan. 27, 1824; and Oct 5, 1824. In Library of Chicago Historical Society.

Ernst, Ferdinand. Travels in Illinois in 1819. Translation from the German Original. In Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. Hist. Lib. pp. 150-65. Springfield, Ill.: Phillips Bros., 1904.

Ernst was the leader of a party of German immigrants who settled at Vandalia soon after his journey to Illinois. He gives a vivid picture of the rapidly settling Illinois with its squatters and its fertile and inviting land. He visited the Sangamo country and the Kickapoo United States treaty conference.

Faux, W. Memorable Days in America: being a Journal of a Tour to the United States, principally undertaken to ascertain, by positive Evidence, the Condition and probable Prospects of British Emigrants; including Accounts of Mr. Birkbeck’s Settlement in the Illinois... London: W. Simpkin & R. Marshall, 1823. 488 pp.

Sufficiently pessimistic to require cautious use. The journey was performed in 1819-20.

Fay, H. A. Collection of the official Accounts, in Detail, of all the Battles fought by Sea and Land, between the Navy and Army of the United States, and the Navy and Army of Great Britain, during the Years 1812, 13, 14, & 15. New York: E. Conrad, 1817. 295 pp.

Contains Capt. Heald’s official report of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812, and Col. Russell’s official report of Gov. Edwards’ attack on the Indians near Peoria in 1812.

Fearon, Henry Bradshaw. Sketches of America. A Narrative of a Journey of five thousand Miles through the eastern and western States of America... With Remarks on Mr. Birkbeck’s “Notes” and “Letters.” 3d ed. London: Strahan and Spottiswoode, 1819. xv. + 454 pp.

The work gives a glimpse of Illinois through a foreigner’s eye. Fearon paints in sober colors, but his values are fairly true. Of considerable value as a work on society in the U. S. in 1817-18.

The author probably did not reach Illinois, but his letters from Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky give interesting bits of information in regard to the manner and cost of travel—1818 to 1820.

The work is volume I. of the Chicago Historical Society’s Collections. The best book on this important episode in immigration to Illinois.

Flower, Richard. Letters from Lexington and the Illinois, containing a brief Account of the English Settlement in the latter Territory, and a Refutation of the Misrepresentations of Mr. Cobbett. London: J. Rigdway, 1819. iv. + 32 pp.

Two letters—one from Lexington and the other from New Albion, Ill. Highly colored.

Forsyth, Maj. Thomas, Indian Agent. Journal of a Voyage from St. Louis to the Falls of St. Anthony, in 1819. In Wis. Hist. Coll., VI., 188-215. Madison, Wis.: Atwood & Culver, State Printers, 1872.

Incidentally the writer gives an account of the atrocities committed in 1812 by Capt. Thomas E. Craig upon the inhabitants of Peoria. Forsyth was an eye-witness of the barbarities described.

Galena Advertiser. Galena, Ill. Pub. by H. Newhall, Philleo and Co., July 20, 1829-May 24, 1830, and July 20, 1829-May 10, 1830.

July 20, July 27, August 10, Sept. 14, Sept. 21, 1829, have been used. In Library of Chicago Historical Society.

Galena (Ill.) Weekly Gazette.

The issue for May 2, 1879, contains reminiscences of Mrs. Adile B. Gratiot, whose husband settled in Galena, Ill., in 1825. This account furnishes a valuable bit of reliable history. It describes Galena, northern Illinois, a Fourth of July celebration (1826), the coming of Lord Selkirk’s colonists, and the trouble with the Sauk Indians (1827).

Gillespie, Hon. Joseph. Recollections of early Illinois and her noted Men. Fergus hist. Series, No. 13. 51 pp. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1880.

Valuable because of the author’s direct knowledge of persons and events.

Goodrich, Samuel Griswold. Recollections of a Life Time; or, Men and Things I have seen: in a Series of Letters to a Friend, historical, biographical, anecdotal, and descriptive. New York: Miller, Orton & Co., 1857. 2 vols. 542, 563 pp.

Letter XXXIII. describes the emigration from East to West in 1816-17.

Gratiot, Mrs. Adile. In early Illinois (Towns).

A volume of newspaper clippings in the Library of the Chicago Historical Society. Mrs. Gratiot, who early lived in Galena, gives reminiscences of her life there. Describes the trouble with the Winnebago Indians.

Verbose, but not without value. One of the twenty-two letters is from Shawneetown and describes the vicinity. Illinois is defended from her foreign detractors. Routes and manner of travel receive much attention.

Hamilton, Henry Edward. Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, collected from personal Narrations and other Sources, and arranged by his Nephew, Henry E. Hamilton. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., 1888. 189 pp.

Very valuable for the history of northern and eastern Illinois from 1818 to the close of the Black Hawk war. Most of the work is autobiographical. Mr. Hubbard was an employee of the American Fur Company. Later he was in business in Danville and Chicago.

Harding, Benjamin. A Tour through the Western Country, A. D. 1818 & 1819. New London: Samuel Green, 1819. 8vo. 17 pp.

The inducements which Illinois offered to emigrants are described with a degree of sense rarely displayed in the period to which the work belongs by writers of advice to emigrants. The American Bottom and the prairies are described.

Harris, William Tell. Remarks made during a Tour through the United States of America, in the Years 1817, 1818, and 1819.

Describes Shawneetown (1818), and speaks of the great number of wagons, horses, and passengers which crossed the ferry there.

Interesting and incorrect. The author tells well both of what he knows and what he does not know. Tells foreigners how to reach Illinois.

Henry, William Wirt. Patrick Henry. Life, Correspondence, and Speeches. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1891. 3 vols. I., 20 + 622; II., 652; III., 672 pp.

The third volume contains instructions issued by Gov. Henry to officers of the County of Illinois, and some correspondence of those officers.

Historical Register of the United States. Philadelphia: G. Palmer, 1814-1816.

II., 60-62 (second pagination) gives Capt. Heald’s official report of the massacre at Fort Dearborn on August 15, 1812.

Hodgson, Adam. Remarks during a Journey through North America in the Years 1819-21, in a Series of Letters: with an Appendix, containing an Account of several of the Indian Tribes, and the principal missionary Stations, &c. New York: Samuel Whiting, 1823. 8vo. iv. + 335 pp.

The author did not visit Illinois, but he gives an interesting criticism of Mr. Birkbeck’s venture in Illinois. He conversed with persons who had visited Birkbeck’s settlement. Criticism rather unfavorable.

Most of the author’s remarks are general. He, however, mentions Birkbeck and advises emigrants to settle in the East rather than to go West as Birkbeck advised.

Hulme, Thomas. Journal. In Cobbett, “A Year’s Residence in the United States of America,” 259-309. 3d ed. Andover: B. Bensley, 1828.

The Journal was of a journey through the West in 1817. Birkbeck’s settlement and the manner of traveling were described. Some information in regard to prices was given.

Hutchins, Capt. Thomas. A topographical Description of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina, comprehending the Rivers Ohio, Kenhawa, Sioto, Cherokee, Wabash, Illinois, Mississippi, etc.... With a Plan of the Rapids of the Ohio, a Plan of the several Villages in the Illinois Country... and an Appendix containing Mr. Patrick Kennedy’s Journal up the Illinois River. London: T. Hutchins, 1778. 8vo. 67 pp.

Valuable for its map of the Illinois country and a description of the settlements.

Illinois and Wabash Land Companies:—

An Account of the Proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabache Land Companies, in Pursuance of their Purchases made of the independent Natives, July 5th, 1773, and 18th October, 1775. Philadelphia: William Young, 1796. 55 pp.

Memorial of the Illinois and Wabash Land Company, 13th January, 1797. Referred to Mr. Jeremiah Smith, Mr. Kittera, and Mr. Baldwin. Published by Order of the House of Representatives. Philadelphia: Richard Folwell, [c. 1797.] 26 pp.

An Account of the Proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabache Land Companies, in Pursuance of their Purchases made of the independent Natives, July 5th, 1773, and 18th October, 1775. Philadelphia: William Duane, 1803. 74 pp.

Memorial of the Illinois and Ouabache Land Companies to the honorable Congress of the United States. Intended as a full Recapitulation and clear Statement of the former Addresses, Petitions, Memorials, &c., of the Company; and their short and final Prayer for Redress, without Delay: presented at the Sessions, 1802. 20 pp.

Memorial of the United Illinois and Wabash Land Companies, to the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States. Baltimore: Joseph Robinson, 1816. 48 pp.

Illinois, House Journal, 1824-25. Vandalia, Ill.: Robert Blackwell & Co., 1824. 305 pp.

Contains items on slavery (pp. 13, 151-2), and tells of the election of a U. S. senator to succeed Ninian Edwards (pp. 38-9).

Illinois Intelligencer. Edwardsville, Ill.: Hooper Warren, ed., 1826-30.

In St. Louis Mercantile Library.

Illinois Laws, 1824-25. 190 pp.

Pages 50-51 give the text of an act to amend an act entitled “An act respecting free Negroes, Mulattoes, Servants, and Slaves,” approved 30th March, 1819.

Illinois monthly Magazine. Vandalia, Ill.: conducted by James Hall.

Notes on Illinois in Volumes I. and II. (1830-1832) and the History of St. Louis in Volume II. are of some service. The articles are, however, unsigned, and are of too popular a type to be wholly relied upon.

Illinois Revised Laws of 1833. Vandalia, Ill.: Greiner & Sherman, 1833. 677 pp. and index.

Contains the negro codes of 1819 and 1829, respectively.

Imlay, Gilbert. A topographical Description of the Western Territory of North America, containing a succinct Account of its Climate, natural History, Population, Agriculture, Manners and Customs. London: J. Debrett, 1792. 8vo. xv. + 247 pp. 3d ed., 1797, enlarged. More valuable.

The best early authority on the subject treated. Not very full in regard to Illinois. Predicts western state-making.

Keating, William H. Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter’s River, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, &c., &c., performed in the Year 1823... compiled from the Notes of Major Long, Messrs. Say, Keating, and Colhoun. Philadelphia: Carey & Lea, 1824. 2 vols. 8vo. I., xii. + 439; II., 459 pp. Same, London: Whittaker, 1825.

Contains an extremely interesting and important description of Chicago and its vicinity, and in less detail, of northern Illinois.

Kinzie, Mrs. John H. (Juliette A. McGill Kinzie). Wau-Bun, the “Early Day” in the North-West. New edition with an introduction and notes by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Chicago: The Caxton Club, 1901. xxvii. + 451 pp.

This work, which first appeared in 1856, has the best account, not by an eye-witness, of the massacre at Fort Dearborn in 1812. Mrs. Helm gives this account.

——Narrative of the Massacre at Chicago, August 15, 1812, and of some preceding Events. Chicago: Ellis & Fergus, 1844. 34 pp.

A valuable account, written by Mrs. Kinzie from the dictation of her mother-in-law, who was an eye-witness of the massacre. Incorporated almost verbatim in Mrs. Kinzie’s “Wau-Bun.” The edition of 1844 was the first, not the second, as stated in the Chicago Magazine, I., 103, and repeated by Dr. Thwaites.

Laussat, Count. The military Title of Louisiana and the Territory of Illinois, dated New Orleans, Jan. 12, 1804, and signed by Count Laussat, Napoleon’s Ambassador. It is also the order to Gen. De Lassus to deliver the Territory over to Capt. Amos Stoddard, of the U. S. Artillery.

Original manuscript letter, in French, in the Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield, Ill.

Loomis, Chester A. The Notes of a Journey to the Great West in 1825. 28 unnumbered pages, six chapters. Printed without place, name of publisher, or date.

The writer entered Illinois in the present Vermilion county, went south to the Wabash, west to Vandalia, then to Kaskaskia. His observations are acute and readable. Describes Vermilion county salines, Illinois farm products, pioneer homes, and the inconvenience attendant upon traveling on horseback. Bound with other pamphlets in the Champaign (Illinois) Public Library.

——A Journey on Horseback through the Great West, in 1825. Visiting Alleghany Towns, Olean, Warren, Franklin, Pittsburg, New Lisbon, Elyria, Norfolk, Columbus, Zanesville, Vermilion, Kaskaskia, Vandalia, Sandusky, and many other places. Bath, N. Y.; Plaindealer Press. 27 unnumbered pages.

The writer was from Rushville, Ontario county, N. Y. Same as the preceding. In library of State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

McLean County Historical Society, Transactions of the. Vol. II. Bloomington, Ill.: Pantagraph Printing and Stationery Co., 1903. 695 pages.

Some facts of interest concerning the first school in the county, and the early settlers and their manner of living, are given by those old settlers who were chief actors.

Mandements des Évêques de Québec. Québec: Imprimérie Générale A. Coté et Cie., 1887-88. I., (1659-1740), 588; II., (1741-1806), 566; III., (1806-1850), 635; IV., (1850-1870), 794 pp.

A valuable collection of manuscripts. They tell of a monopoly on sending missionaries to Illinois, and one letter (II., 205) gives a good idea of the worldliness of the Kaskaskians of 1767. The first two volumes alone concern us.

Mason, Edward G. (Editor). Early Chicago and Illinois. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1890. 521 pp.

This volume is the fourth of the collections of the Chicago Historical Society. It is one of the most valuable collections for the study of early Illinois history. Contains, among other things, Pierre Menard Papers, John Todd Papers, John Todd’s Record-Book, Lists of Early Illinois Citizens, and Rocheblave Papers.

Meeker, Dr. Moses. Early History of the Lead Region of Wisconsin. In Wis. Hist. Coll., VI., 271-96. Madison, Wis.: Atwood & Culver, State Printers, 1872.

Very valuable. Dr. Meeker came to Galena in 1822 and settled there in 1823. The article gives the history of the settlement of the lead region to 1825.

Michigan pioneer and historical Collections. Lansing, Mich., 1877-1900. 29 vols.

Valuable for the French and British periods of Illinois history.

Mount Carmel, Articles of Association, for the City of. Chillicothe: John Bailhache, 1817. 4to. 22 pp.

Mt. Carmel was to be, and now is, on the west bank of the Wabash in what is now Wabash county, Illinois. The articles drawn up by the proprietors and their agent contain curious provisions in regard to the support of church and school. Some Puritanic rules are given. (In Ill. Local Hist. Pam., VII., in Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society.)

Niles’ weekly Register, Baltimore.

Of great value for the period 1811-1830. Its notices of foreign immigration are extensive.

Ogden, George W. Letters from the West. New-Bedford: Melcher & Rogers, 1823. 126 pp.

Describes several of the Illinois towns, and characterizes their inhabitants. A part of the work is plagiarized from Harding, Tour through the western Country. Reprinted in Thwaites, Early western Travels, XIX.

Olden Time, I., 1846, 403-15. George Croghan’s Journal of his Route.

Interesting sketches of the French.

Owen, A. R. Ums Jahr 1819 und 1829. In Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblätter, Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, pp. 41-43. Chicago: April, 1902.

Not sufficiently definite, reliable, or extensive to be of much value.

Palmer, John. Journal of Travels in the United States of North America and in Lower Canada, performed in the year 1817. London: Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, 1818. vii. 456 pp.

Pages 411-20 are on Illinois. Too inaccurate to be of great value, although some information in regard to roads may be used. Tells of routes, methods, and cost of travel.

Palmer, John McCauley. Personal Recollections of John M. Palmer. Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Co., 1901. 631 pp.

The writer came to Illinois in 1831, but he had previously lived in Kentucky, and he gives some facts concerning slavery that are of value.

Parkison, Col. Daniel M. Pioneer Life in Wisconsin. In Wis. Hist. Coll., II., 326-64. Madison, Wis.: Calkins & Proudfit, 1856.

The author came from Tennessee to Madison county, Illinois, in 1817; in 1819, to Sangamon county, Illinois; in 1827, to Galena, Illinois. Gives a valuable statement concerning the feeling of Yankees toward Southerners, tells of the first sermon in Sangamon county, and of the Winnebago war of 1827.

Peck, Rev. John Mason. A Guide for Emigrants (1831), containing Sketches of Illinois, Missouri, and the adjacent Parts. Boston: Lincoln & Edmands, 1831. 336 pp.

Contains a great amount of fairly accurate information. Its description of cities is especially useful. Page 184 gives an amusing and instructive illustration of the need of energy and work in even a frontier settlement (1829).

Not in good literary form. Throws much light upon the moral and religious life in Illinois and Missouri from 1817 to 1857.

——The Religion and Morals of Illinois prior to 1818. In Reynolds, Pioneer History of Illinois. Pp. 253-275.

The writer came to Illinois before 1818, and knew many of the persons of whom he wrote.

Pennsylvania Packet and daily Advertiser. Philadelphia, 1785-89; Apr., 1789; Mar., 1790; Apr.-Dec., 1790. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society.

August 23, 1790, the expression of apprehension of the depopulation of the East by emigration to the West is said not to be well founded.

Peoria County, Illinois, Marriage Licences, 1825-1855. On file in the court house in Peoria, Ill.

The early names show the French origin of the inhabitants. The absence of clergymen is noticeable.

Pike, Lieut. Zebulon Montgomery. An Account of a Voyage up the Mississippi River, from St. Louis to its Source; made under the Orders of the War Department, by Lieut. Pike, of the U. S. Army, in the Years 1805 and 1806. Compiled from Mr. Pike’s Journal. A 68 page pamphlet without place, publisher, or date.

Locates the largest Sauk village. These reports are of extreme importance. An edition including the trip of 1807 was issued in 1895 by Harper, F. P., New York. 3 vols. $10.00.

Pioneer of the Valley of the Mississippi, The. Rock Spring, Ill.: Rev. J. M. Peck, editor.

Issue of April 24, 1829, in St. Louis Mercantile Library.

Pittman, Capt. Philip. The present State of the European Settlements on the Mississippi, with a geographical Description of that River; illustrated by Plans and Draughts. London: J. Nourse, 1770. viii. +99 pp. 8 maps.

Describes the settlements in Illinois and gives a map of the region. Of great value.

Criticism in Narrative and Critical History of America, VI., 702.

Regulators of the Valley.

Charles M. Eames, in his Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville (1885), says that a vigilance committee with the above title was formed in 1821, or thereabouts, to rid the country of horse-thieves and robbers. “A regular constitution was drawn up and subscribed to, and this paper is still in existence.” C. M. Eames, son of the now deceased author, in a letter of Oct. 7, 1903, said that he had made an unsuccessful search for the manuscript.

Reynolds, John, My own Times, embracing also, the History of my Life. Belleville, Ill., 1855. Reprinted, Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1879. iv.+395 pp. $7.50.

Verbose, but has much wheat among the chaff. Covers the period from 1800 to 1853. The first edition is now very rare.

Ross, Harvey Lee. The early Pioneers and pioneer Events of the State of Illinois. Chicago, 1899.

A medley of facts, written by a pioneer of 1820. The author was acquainted with both Cartwright and Lincoln, and speaks of them and of pioneer events with authority. Tells of a trip from New Jersey by wagons.

Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe. Summary Narrative of an exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in 1820; resumed and completed, by the Discovery of its Origin in Itasca Lake, in 1832. By authority of the United States. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, & Co., 1855. 596 pp.

The book is chiefly of interest to us because of its description of Chicago.

——Travels in the central Portions of the Mississippi Valley: comprising Observations on its mineral Geography, internal Resources, and aboriginal Population. Performed under the Sanction of Government, in the Year 1821. New York: Collins & Hannay, 1825. 459 pp.

The writer descended the Wabash, the Ohio, and then ascended the Mississippi and the Illinois to Chicago. His descriptions of places, peoples and things are well written and are a chief historical source.

Schultz, Christian. Travels on an inland Voyage through the States of New-York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and through the Territories of Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi and New-Orleans; performed in the Years 1807 and 1808. New York: Isaac Riley, 1810. 2 vols. I., xviii.+206; II., 224 pp.

Has an interesting description of Illinois settlements.

Smith, William Henry, Editor. The St. Clair Papers. The Life and public Services of Arthur St. Clair... with his Correspondence and other Papers. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1882. 2 vols. I., viii.+609; II., 649 pp.

Much information concerning Illinois under the Ordinance of 1787. Criticisms: Nation, XXXIV., 383; New York Tribune, June 16, 1882.

Stories of the pioneer Mothers of Illinois. A collection of Manuscript Letters from the pioneer Women of the State, giving their early Experiences. Collected for the World’s Columbian Exposition and afterward deposited in the Illinois State Historical Library.

Especially valuable for information on reasons for immigration and on methods of traveling.

Storrow, Samuel A. The North-West in 1817. In Wis. Hist. Coll., VI., pp. 154-87. Madison, Wis.: Atwood & Culver, State Printers, 1872.

The narrative, which is in the form of a letter to Maj.-Gen. Brown, was first published in pamphlet form. The letter is dated Dec. 1, 1817. It deals chiefly with the country to the north of Illinois, but the author visited Chicago, was entertained at Fort Dearborn, and wrote of the desirability of an Illinois-Michigan canal.

Tenney, H. A. Early Times in Wisconsin. In Wis. Hist. Coll., I., pp. 94-102. Madison, Wis.: Beriah Brown, 1855.

Written in 1849. Gives considerable information concerning the Galena region. Tells of the size of Galena and of Springfield, Ill., in 1822. Criticism: Draper MSS., Z 24.

Thomas, Judge William. Reminiscences. Printed in the Jacksonville, Ill., Weekly Journal, Apr. 18, 1877. Clipping bound in Ill. Local Hist. Pamphlets, V., in Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society.

The article is of extreme interest to a student of early society in Illinois. The author settled in Jacksonville, Ill., in 1826. His observations were unusually acute. He was a lawyer and a teacher. He tells of Yankees vs. Southerners, of early lawlessness, and of early Galena.

——Winnebago Outbreak of 1827. In Chicago Tribune, Apr. 7, 1877. Reprinted from the Jacksonville (Ill.) Journal of Aug. 17, 1871.

The article is important because the writer was a volunteer in the campaign against the Winnebagoes.

Thwaites, Reuben Gold. Narrative of Morgan L. Martin. In an Interview with the Editor [Thwaites]. In Wis. Hist. Coll., XI., pp. 385-415. Madison, Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State Printers, 1888.

Page 398 gives an estimate of the population of Galena, which Martin visited in 1829.

Tillson, Christiana Holmes. Reminiscences of early Life in Illinois. Privately printed—as late as 1870. iv.+138 pp.

A very rare book. Copy in the Chicago Historical Society Library. The best book I know of from which to secure a knowledge of life in Illinois from 1822 to 1827. The writer was observant, and her command of English is far superior to that of many old persons who write reminiscences. Of great value.

Van Zandt, Nicholas Biddle. A full Description of the Soil, Water, Timber, and Prairies of each Lot, or quarter Section of the Military Lands between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. Washington City: P. Force, 1818. 8vo. 127 pp.

Rare and valuable. Pages 109-25 contain a venomous account of Birkbeck’s settlement in Illinois. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Vermont. Records of the Council of Safety and Governor and Council of the State of Vermont, to which are prefixed the Records of the general Conventions from July, 1775, to December, 1777. Montpelier: J. & J. M. Poland, 1873-80. 8 vols.

Vol. VI., 431-2 contains remarks of Governor Galusha on the scarcity of food in 1816.

Virginia Patriot and Richmond mercantile Advertiser. Richmond, Va., Apr.-Dec., 1816. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Sept. 7, 11, 21, 1816, tell of the cold in New England and the drought in the South.

Volney, Constantin François Chasse-bœuf. A View of the Soil and Climate of the United States of America: with supplementary Remarks upon Florida; on the French Colonies on the Mississippi and Ohio, and in Canada; and on the aboriginal Tribes of America. Philadelphia, 1804. London, 1804. xxv. + 446 pp.

Translated by C. B. Brown. The author gives a moderately full description of the Illinois of the close of the 18th century. Valuable for characterization of the inhabitants.

Washburne, Elihu Benjamin. Sketch of Edward Coles, second Governor of Illinois, and of the slavery Struggle of 1823-4. Prepared for the Chicago Historical Society. Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Co., 1882. 253 pp.

Indispensable for a specialist in this period of Illinois history. Well written. Quotes many letters.

—— Editor. The Edwards Papers. (Volume II. of the Chicago Historical Society’s Collections.) Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1884. 8 + xxviii. + 633 pp.

Pages 86-90 give Capt. Thos. E. Craig’s official report to Governor Edwards of the attack on Peoria in 1812. The volume has a description of Peoria in 1827, and considerable information concerning the Indian troubles of that year.

Wheeling, Va. Report of a Meeting of Workingmen in the City of Wheeling, Virginia, on forming a Settlement in the State of Illinois. 12 pp.

The report is dated Oct. 4, 1830. Printed without place and publisher’s name. In Library of Chicago Historical Society. Rare. It set forth a scheme for purchasing and settling a county in Illinois.

Williams, Samuel. Sketches of the War, between the United States and the British Isles: intended as a faithful History of all the material Events from the Time of the Declaration in 1812 to and including the Treaty of Peace in 1815. Rutland, Vt.: Fay & Davison, 1815. 496 pp.

Contains Capt. Heald’s official account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812.

Woods, John. Two Years’ Residence in the Settlement on the English Prairie, in the Illinois Country, U. S. With an Account of its animal and vegetable Productions, Agriculture, &c. &c. A Description of the principal Towns, Villages, &c. &c. With the Habits and Customs of the Back-woodsmen. London: Longman & others, 1822. 310 pp.

Of great value. Unusually conservative as to Illinois advantages, but apparently truthful.

Wright, John S. Letters from the West; or, A Caution to Emigrants. Salem, N. Y.: Dodd & Stevenson, 1819. 72 pp.

A series of letters from one who traveled through the West in 1818-19. In a fair manner the discouragements which emigrants may expect to meet are portrayed. In Library of Chicago Historical Society.

II. Secondary Works

Abbott, John Stevens Cabot. History of Maine from the earliest Discovery of the Region by the Northmen until the present Time. Boston: B. B. Russell, 1875. 556 pp.

Tells of the “Ohio fever,” which raged about the close of the war of 1812, and which furnished some settlers to Illinois.

Agnew, Hon. Daniel, LL. D. History of the Region of Pennsylvania north of the Ohio and west of the Allegheny River... also, an Account of the Division of the Territory for public Purposes, and of the Lands, Laws, Titles, Settlements, Controversies, and Litigation within this Region. Philadelphia: Kay & Brother, 1887. 4+246 pp.

The work shows the price at which Pennsylvania public lands sold at the time Illinois was being settled.

Allen, J. A. American Bisons, living and extinct. Cambridge, Mass.: Welch, Bigelow, & Co., 1876. ix.+246 pp. and 12 plates.

Carefully done. Tells of the great herds of buffalo early found in Illinois and of their extermination in that region.

Allen, William Francis. The Place of the North-West in general History. Pages 92-111 of the author’s Essays and Monographs. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis, 1890. 392 pp. Found also in Papers of the Am. Hist. Ass’n., III., pp. 329-48.

Good for a view of our subject as connected with larger portions of the world’s history.

Alton city Directory, 1858. Alton, Ill.: McEvoy & Bowron, 1858. 156 pp.

A short historical sketch of Alton is given. Its authority is on a par with that of county histories.

American historical Review. New York. Vol. IV., 623-35. See Boyd, Carl Evans, below.

Andreas, A. T. History of Chicago from the earliest Period to the present Time. Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1884. I., 648; II., 780; III., 876 pp.

Only pages 31-111 of Volume I. concern the period before 1830. The narrative is written with considerable care, and the work is especially rich in copies of old maps, having not fewer than two dozen before 1830.

Asbury, Henry. Reminiscences of Quincy, Illinois, containing historical Events, Anecdotes, Matters concerning old Settlers and old Times, etc. Quincy, Ill.: D. Wilcox & Sons, 1882. 224 pp.

Tells of the first settlement of Adams county, under the congressional act of Jan. 13, 1825. The large number of New Englanders is suggestive of the increase of northern over southern immigration.

Atlantic Monthly. Boston and London. Vol. II., 579-95. (May, 1861.) See Clarke, S. C.

Pages 195-250 are on Illinois. Early settlement, Clark’s campaign, and the Chicago Massacre of 1812 are described. The work is popular in character, yet its citation of sources makes it of some value.

Barry, Hon. P. T. The first Irish in Illinois. Reminiscent of Old Kaskaskia Days. In Trans. of the Ill. State Hist. Soc., 1902. Springfield, Ill.: Phillips Bros., State Printers, 1902. pp. 63-70.

Almost exclusively concerned with the period before 1830. Tells of the work of Chevalier Makarty, George Croghan, John Reynolds, and of the Irish soldiers under George Rogers Clark.

Barstow, George. The History of New Hampshire, from its Discovery, in 1614, to the Passage of the Toleration Act in 1819. 2d ed. New York: G. P. Putnam & Co., 1853. 8vo. iv. +456 pp.

Gives a short account of the unusual cold of 1816-17, which affected western immigration. There is nothing to indicate that the second edition is not an exact reprint of the first. Copyright, 1842.

Beck, Lewis C. A Gazetteer of the States of Illinois and Missouri; containing a general View of each State, a general View of their Counties, and a particular Description of their Towns, Villages, Rivers, &c., &c. Albany: Charles R. and George Webster, 1823. 352 pp.

165 pages are devoted to Illinois. Much interesting material is given, but the nature of the publication makes caution in its use necessary.

Describes the effects of the unusual cold of 1816-17, which greatly affected western emigration.

Beckwith, Hiram Williams. Historic Notes on the North-west, gleaned from early Authors, old Maps and Manuscripts, private and official Correspondence, and other authentic, though, for the most part, out-of-the-way Sources. (In Hist. of Vermilion County, Ill. Chicago: H. H. Hill & Co., 1879. 11-304 pp).

Deals with the period before Illinois became a state (1818). “The authorities consulted show a large range of acquaintance with the very best sources of information extant”—Lyman C. Draper. Strong on French and Indians.

——A brief History of Danville, Illinois, with a concise Statement of its mining, manufacturing, and commercial Advantages. Danville, Ill.: Danville Printing Co., 1874. 11 pp. (unnumbered).

Slight, but tells of the beginnings of the city in the third decade of the 19th century.

Beckwith, Paul. Creoles of St. Louis. St. Louis: Nixon-Jones Printing Co., 1893. 169 pp.

The genealogy of the five branches of the Chouteau family is given. As many of this family were prominent in early Illinois the work is of some interest, although not wholly reliable.

Beggs, Rev. Stephen R. Pages from the early History of the West and North-West: embracing Reminiscences and Incidents of Settlement and Growth, and Sketches of the material and religious Progress of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, with especial Reference to the History of Methodism. Cincinnati: Methodist Book Concern, 1868. 325 pp.

Good upon the beginnings of northern Illinois. Tells of the Chicago massacre (1812), of the work of Rev. Jesse Walker, and of early pioneer life. No clerical bias, in the bad sense.

Bernheim, G. D. History of the German Settlements and of the Lutheran Church in North and South Carolina, from the earliest Period of the Colonization of the Dutch, German and Swiss Settlers to the Close of the first Half of the present Century. Philadelphia: The Lutheran Book Store, 1872. ix.+557 pp.

Pages 471-3 tell of the North Carolina Synod sending a missionary to Illinois in 1827.

Birney, William. James G. Birney and his Times. The Genesis of the Republican Party with some Account of abolition Movements in the South before 1828. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1890. 24mo. x.+443 pp.

Chapter 12 is on abolition in the South before 1828. The work is helpful in learning the conditions from which southern emigrants moved.

Blanchard, Rufus. Discovery and Conquest of the Northwest, with the History of Chicago. Wheaton: R. Blanchard & Co., 1879. Chicago: Cushing, 1880. 768 pp. 8vo.

A well-written and valuable book for discovery and conquest, but of little value for a study of mere immigration before 1831. What it has of immigration is almost exclusively confined to immigration to the region of the present Chicago.

——History of Illinois, to accompany an historical Map of the State. Chicago: National School Furnishing Company, 1883. 128 pp.

The text is a disconnected symposium, and has in some cases been superseded by later research. The map is the most valuable part of the work. It is 27-½x42-½ inches in size, mounted on heavy cloth, and shows, with dates, Indian trails, routes of exploring and military expeditions, early stage and mail routes, historic sites, dates of settlement of the principal towns.

Bonham, Jeriah. Fifty Years’ Recollections with Observations and Reflections on historical Events, giving Sketches of eminent Citizens—their Lives and public Services. Peoria: J. W. Franks & Sons, 1883. 536 pp.

The “fifty years” seem to have begun shortly after 1830. The biographical sketches, however, give several facts in regard to the origin and immigration of such early leaders as Coles, Edwards, Reynolds, Carlin, and others.

Boyd, Carl Evans. County of Illinois, The. Am. Hist. Rev., IV., 623-35. July, 1899.

A scholarly history of Virginia’s ephemeral County of Illinois, although in error as to the dates of its beginning and ending, respectively.

Brackenridge, Henry Marie, Esq. History of the late War between the United States and Great Britain. Containing a minute Account of the various military and naval Operations. Baltimore: Cushing, 1817. 4th ed. Baltimore: Cushing & Jewett, 1818. xxiv.+348 pp. 6th ed. Philadelphia: James Kay, 1839. 298 pp.

Valuable. Several times translated. Impartial. Gives a short account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812.

Brown, Charles R. The Old Northwest Territory: its Missions, Forts, and trading Posts. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Brown, Moore & Quale, 1875. 32 pp.

The work consists of an historical and chronological map (14-½ x 15 inches), and notes upon the 94 sites located upon it. Eleven of the sites are in Illinois. Valuable and suggestive, although deficient in citation of authorities.

Brown, Henry. The History of Illinois from its first Discovery and Settlement to the present Time. New York: J. Winchester, 1844. vi.+492 pp.

The author confesses to having written in haste and to having borrowed stories from other states simply to amuse his readers. Worthless except to furnish a few topics which one may wish to verify. Criticism: Draper MSS., Z No. 2.

Brown, Samuel R. The Western Gazetteer; or, Emigrant’s Directory, (1817) containing a geographical Description of the western States and Territories, viz., the States of Ky., Ind., La., O., Tenn., and Miss., and the Territories of Ill., Mo., Ala., Mich., and N. Western, with an Appendix containing Sketches of some of the western Counties of N. Y., Pa. and Va.; a description of the Gt. Northern Lakes; Indian Annuities, and Directions to Emigrants. Auburn, N. Y.: H. C. Southwick, 1817. 360 pp.

Pages 17-35 give an inaccurate description of Illinois’ population and resources.

Brown, William Hubbard. An historical Sketch of the early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery, read at the annual Meeting of the Chicago Historical Society, Dec. 5, 1864.

Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1876. 31 pp. Fergus hist. Series, No. 4. 8vo. 25 cents.

Especially valuable for the great struggle over slavery in Illinois in 1822-24. First printed in 1865, under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society.

Buckley, James Monroe. A History of Methodists in the United States. (Volume V. of American Church History.) New York: The Christian Literature Co., 1896. xix.+714 pp.

Tells of the founding of Lebanon Seminary, later McKendree College, at Lebanon, Ill., in 1828.

Chicago City Directory, for the Year 1855-56, and Northern Illinois Gazetteer. Chicago: Robert Fergus, 1855. 150+xxxii.+208+128 pp.

Of slight value for our purpose, although the historical introductions to the directories of the various cities and towns have a few usable statements.

Chicago daily Democratic Press. Railroads, History and Commerce of Chicago, three Articles. 2d ed. Chicago: Democratic Press Job and Book Steam Print, 1854. 80 pp.

Of considerable interest, although many statements are of too late a date to be used.

Chicago Magazine. Chicago, Ill.

I., 103-16 (1857), gives an account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812, largely taken from the Kinzie narrative.

Chicago Sunday Tribune, Nov. 28, 1897.

New light thrown on Old Fort Dearborn. An account of the finding of important records in the archives of the U. S. government. The archives contained the original order for building a fort where Fort Dearborn later stood (order of 1803), and sketches of Fort Dearborn as early as January, 1808. The sketches are reproduced.

Clarke, S. C. Prairie State, The. (Atlantic Monthly, VII., 579-595, May, 1861.)

Well written and treats a large number of subjects.

Copeland, Louis Albert, B. L. The Cornish in southwest Wisconsin. Pages 301-334 of Wis. Hist. Coll., XIV. Madison, Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State Printer, 1898.

Gives several facts concerning the early history of the Galena region. Most of the Cornish, however, came after 1830.

Dana, E. Geographical Sketches on the Western Country: designed for Emigrants and Settlers: being the Result of extensive Researches and Remarks. To which is added a Summary of all the most interesting Matters on the Subject, including a particular Description of the unsold public Lands,... also, a List of the principal Roads. Cincinnati: Looker, Reynolds & Co., 1819. 312 pp.

Pages 133-156 are devoted to Illinois. A suggestion of the fraudulent count in the census of 1818 is given.

Gives very few references to settlement and few descriptions of historic sites.

Davidson, Alexander, and Stuvé, Bernard. A complete History of Illinois from 1673 to 1873; embracing the physical Features of the Country; its early Explorations, aboriginal Inhabitants; French and British Occupation; Conquest by Virginia; territorial Condition and the subsequent civil, military and political Events of the State. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. Journal Co., 1874. 944 pp.

Crude, but no specialist in Illinois history should be without it. Not minute in treatment of immigration.

Decatur, Macon County, Illinois, History of. Decatur, Ill.: Compiled and published by Wiggins & Co., Cleveland, O., 1871. 51 pp.

A symposium without historical merit. Almost exclusively of a later period than 1830, but tells of the first settlement of the county in 1820.

A very few pages are devoted to Illinois, and naturally the larger events alone are noted.

A few of the refugees whose escapes are narrated passed through Illinois on the Underground Railroad.

Eames, Charles M. Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville. Jacksonville, Ill.: Daily Journal Steam Job Printing Office, 1885. 336 pp. In Library of Chicago Historical Society.

Of great interest because of its details concerning early methods of travel and concerning the beginnings in Morgan county. Deals with pioneer and slavery history.

Edwards, Ninian Wirt. History of Illinois, from 1778 to 1833; and Life and Times of Ninian Edwards. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. State Journal Co., 1870. 549 + iii. pp.

Written by the son of Gov. Ninian Edwards. Not in good form, but has much authentic material.

Family Magazine: or, Monthly Abstract of general Knowledge. New York, Boston, Cincinnati.

Volumes IV. (1837) and V. (1839) have short articles on Illinois, which are too light to be taken seriously.

Farmer, Silas. The History of Detroit and Michigan, or the Metropolis illustrated. A chronological Cyclopedia of the Past end Present, including a full Record of territorial Days in Michigan and the Annals of Wayne County. Detroit: Silas Farmer & Co., 1884. Revised and enlarged, 1890. 2 vols.

Valuable for information concerning Clark, Hamilton, Vigo, and La Balme.

Flagler, Major D. W. A History of the Rock Island Arsenal from its establishment in 1863 to December, 1876: and of the Island of Rock Island, the Site of the Arsenal, from 1804 to 1863. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1877. 483 pp. 13 plates, 2 pictures.

The first chapter of the book refers to the first white settlement in the region of Rock Island, about 1828.

Ford, Gov. Thomas. A History of Illinois, from its Commencement as a State in 1818 to 1847. Containing a full Account of the Black Hawk War, the Rise, Progress, and Fall of Mormonism, the Alton and Lovejoy Riots, and other important and interesting Events. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co., 1854. 447 pp.

As the title indicates, the book is chiefly valuable for a period later than 1830. It is also largely political. The first one hundred and ten pages will be found useful and deal to some extent with the social life when the state was young. Criticism: Draper MSS., Z 13.

Gerhard, Fred. Illinois as it is; its History, Geography, Statistics, Constitution, Laws, Government, Finances, Climate, Soil, Plants, Animals, State of Health, Prairies, Agriculture, Cattle-breeding, Orcharding, Cultivation of the Grape, Timber-growing, Market-prices, Lands and Land-prices... etc. Philadelphia: Charles Desilver, 1857. 451 pp.

Pages 13-137 are devoted to the history of Illinois. The author is conspicuously accurate and treats a large number of topics. A valuable secondary work.

Glimpses of the Monastery. Scenes from the History of the Ursulines of Quebec during two hundred Years, 1639-1839. By a Member of the Community. Second edition, completed by Reminiscences of the last fifty Years, 1839-1889. Quebec: L. J. Domers & Frère, 1897. ix.+418+184 pp.

Pages 84-93 of the first pagination give a suggestive discussion of the capability of the Indian for civilization.

Green, Thomas Marshall. Historic Families of Kentucky. (First Series.) Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1889. 304 pp.

Gives a few facts concerning John Todd and John Todd Stuart, who were active in Illinois. The latter was a cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln and had much early influence upon Lincoln. The volume deals with McDowells, Logans, and Allens. Well written and valuable.

Haight, Walter C., B. L. The Ordinance of 1787. (pp. 343-402 of Pub. of the Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass’n. II.), 1896, 1897.

A discussion of the binding effect of the Ordinance of 1787. The question has a close connection with slavery in Illinois.

Hall, B. F. The early History of the North Western States, embracing New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa and Wisconsin, with their land Laws, etc., and an Appendix containing the Constitutions of those States. Buffalo: Geo. H. Derby & Co., 1849. Duodecimo. 477 pp.

Statements made in this book must be carefully verified. The rise of conflicting land titles is fairly well treated.

Harris, N. Dwight, Ph. D. The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois and of the slavery Agitation in that State 1719-1864. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1904. 276 pp.

An erudite work, compiled from many sources previously unused.

Hayes, A. A., Jr. The Metropolis of the Prairies. (Harper’s New Monthly Mag., LXI., 711-730, Oct. 1880).

A readable popular article. Chiefly concerned with events later than 1830.

Heaton, John L. The Story of Vermont. Boston: D. Lothrop Co., 1889. 319 pp.

Has an interesting chapter of twenty pages on The Great West. More reliable than so popular a book usually is.

Henderson, John G. Early History of the “Sangamon Country,” being Notes on the first Settlements in the Territory now comprised within the Limits of Morgan, Scott and Cass Counties. Davenport, Iowa: Day, Egbert & Fidlar, 1873. 33 pp.

Of great interest for a study of early troubles with the Indians. Treats of East vs. South in Illinois and of Regulators. Deals almost exclusively with the period before 1830. Compiled largely from interviews with old settlers, hence not wholly reliable.

Hinsdale, Burke Aaron. The Old Northwest with a View of the thirteen Colonies as constituted by the royal Charters. New York: Townsend MacCoun, 1888. 8vo. 440 pp. 2d ed., rev. New York: Silver, Burdett & Co., 1899. $2.50.

In general only the boldest outlines of immigration to Illinois are sketched. The slavery struggle in Illinois (1822-24) is treated with comparative fullness. Criticism: Boston Herald, July 2, 1888.

Hoskins, Nathan. A History of the State of Vermont, from its Discovery and Settlement to the Close of the Year 1830. Vergennes: J. Shedd, 1831. 12 mo. 316 pp.

Tells of the unusually cold summer of 1816.

Howe, Henry. Historical Collections of the great West: containing Narratives of the most important and interesting Events in western History—remarkable individual Adventures—Sketches of frontier Life—Descriptions of natural Curiosities: to which is appended historical and descriptive Sketches of Oregon, New Mexico, Texas, Minnesota, Utah and California. Cincinnati: Henry Howe, 1853. 8vo. 440 pp.

Compiled from a large number of sources, largely secondary.

Hubbard, George D. A Case of geographic Influence upon human Affairs. Pages 145-157 of Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, XXXVI., No. 3, March, 1904. Pub. by the Society, New York.

A scientific discussion of the effect of glaciation upon the character of the people of different portions of Illinois.

Hulbert, Archer Butler. Red-Men’s Roads. The Indian Thoroughfares of the central West. Columbus, Ohio: Fred J. Heer & Co., 1900. 37 pp.

The book has many maps and is a help toward an understanding of the ways by which early settlers reached Illinois.

Hynes, Rev. Thomas W. History of a Century. An Address delivered at Greenville, Bond Co., Ill., on July 4, 1876.

A newspaper clipping, bound, without the name of the paper from which it was taken, in Illinois Local History Pamphlets, V., in Library of the Wisconsin State Historical Society. It contains a valuable historical letter from Mrs. Almira Morse, a resident as early as 1820.

Illinois. Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. Chicago and New York: Munsell Pub. Co., 1900. 608 pp.

Edited by Newton Bateman, LL. D., and Paul Selby, A. M. Much more reliable than many books of the same literary type.

International Monthly. Burlington, Vt., IV., 794-820. See Turner, Frederick Jackson.

James, Edmund Janes, and Loveless, Milo J. A Bibliography of Newspapers published in Illinois prior to 1860. Springfield, Ill., Phillips Bros., State Printers, 1899. 94 pp.

A very valuable work. An appendix gives a list of the Illinois and Missouri papers (1808-1897) in the St. Louis Mercantile Library, while a second appendix enumerates the county histories of Illinois and tells where they may be found.

Johnson, Eric and Peterson, C. F. Svenskarne i Illinois. Chicago: W. Williamson, 1880. 471 pp.

Chiefly valuable for a later period. The salient points of early Illinois history are canvassed.

Pages 61-73 describe Illinois and give some judicious advice to emigrants. Conservative, but not cynical. Entire pages are reprinted from other authors, notably Fearon, without the use of quotation marks.

Kingston, Hon. John T. Early Western Days. (In Wis. Hist. Coll., VII., 297-344). Madison, Wis.: E. B. Bolens, 1876.

Gives a short account of the slavery struggle in Illinois in 1822-24.

—— Slavery in Illinois. Necedah, Wis.: Necedah Republican. 6 pp. Reprinted, without date, in pamphlet form. In Library of State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

A very short sketch of slavery in Illinois from its introduction in 1719-20.

Kirkland, Joseph. The Story of Chicago. Chicago: Dibble Pub. Co., 1892. 470 pp.

The book makes large reference to authorities and is in consequence valuable for reference.

The 12th chapter (pp. 244-81) treats of German settlement in Illinois. Tells of the first German and Swiss settlements in the state. Naturally this chapter and the work as a whole is largely concerned with a period later than 1830.

Law, Judge John. Address delivered before the Vincennes Historical and Antiquarian Society, February 22, 1839. Louisville, Ky.: Prentice & Weissinger, 1839. 48 pp. Enlarged and reprinted as The colonial History of Vincennes. Vincennes: Harvey, Mason & Co., 1858. 156 pp.

Of great value on account of its description of Clark’s campaign, and its notes on Mermet, Gibault, Hamilton, Tecumseh, La Balme, and on the public lands.

Lawrence, John. The History of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. Dayton, Ohio: W. J. Shuey, 1868. 2 vols. I., vi.+416; II., vii.+431 pp.

The book contains many facts concerning early emigration and settlement. Its bearing on early Illinois history is, however, slight.

Leaton, Rev. James. History of Methodism in Illinois, from 1793 to 1832. Cincinnati: Walden & Stowe, 1883. 410 pp.

Very interesting notes on Peter Cartwright, Jesse Walker, and other pioneers.

Lee, Francis Bagley. New Jersey as a Colony and as a State. New York: The Publishing Soc. of New Jersey, 1902. 4 vols. I., 422; II., 456; III., 400; IV., 402 pp.

The work is superbly printed and illustrated and contains a vast amount of information, but is totally lacking in bibliography or references, except a few indications in the index to the illustrations.

Löher, Franz. Geschichte und Zustände der Deutschen in Amerika. Cincinnati: Eggers & Wulkop, 1847. v.+544 pp.

The chapters of especial interest to us are “Ausströmen der Yankees,” pp. 237-41; “Einwanderung von 1815 bis 1830,” pp. 253-58; “Die Wohnsitze” (Illinois and Missouri), pp. 337-40. The author cites many authorities, and his book is of very great value in the study of the assimilation of an expatriated people.

Lothrop, J. S. J. S. Lothrop’s Champaign County (Ill.) Directory for 1870-1, with History of the same, and of each Township therein. Chicago: J. S. Lothrop, 1871.

Tells a great many things—several of which are false—concerning the early period of Illinois history.

Lusk, D. W. Eighty Years of Illinois Politics and Politicians, Anecdotes and Incidents. A succinct History of the State, 1809-1889. 3d ed. Revised and enlarged. Springfield, Ill.: H. W. Rokker, 1889. 609+109 pp.

The 609 pages are political. The 109 pages have a great interest, dealing as they do with the beginnings of Illinois. Secondary sources are largely quoted. Not exact enough for critical work, yet very suggestive.

M’Afee, Robert B. History of the late War in the Western Country, comprising a full Account of all the Transactions in that Quarter, from the Commencement of Hostilities at Tippecanoe, to the Termination of the Contest at New Orleans on the Return of Peace. Lexington, Ky.: Worsley & Smith, 1816. 8vo. 534 pp.

Very rare. In the Chicago Historical Society Library. A valuable book. Describes the attack on Fort Dearborn in 1812.

Mackenzie, E. An historical, topographical, and descriptive View of the United States of America, and of Upper and Lower Canada... the present State of Mexico and South America, and also of the native Tribes of the New World. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Mackenzie & Dent, 1819. viii. + 432 pp.

The four pages devoted to Illinois are interesting and fairly reliable, though scarcely up to date. The author mentions eighteen works used in compiling his book.

McLaughlin, Andrew C. Lewis Cass. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1891. 363 pp. $1.25.

Describes the expedition of General Cass to northern Illinois during the Sauk outbreak of 1827. Criticism: Nation, LIII., 204.

Marietta, O. Report of the Commissioners of the National Centennial Celebration of the Early Settlement of the Territory North West of the Ohio River,... held at Marietta, O., July 15-19, inclusive, 1888. Columbus, O.: The Westbote Company, State Printers, 1889. 292 pp.

Contains many speeches of varying historical accuracy and importance.

Mason, Edward Gay. Chapters from Illinois History. Chicago: Herbert S. Stone, 1901. 322 pp.

Scholarly and accurate, and rich in citation of sources. Tells of Old Fort Chartres, John Todd’s Record-Book, the march of the Spaniards across Illinois, and the Chicago massacre.

—— March of the Spaniards across Illinois. (In his Chapters of Illinois History, Chicago, 1901; also in Mag. of Am. Hist. N. Y., XV., 457-469, 1886.)

Refers to a number of sources. The march is that of 1781 against St. Joseph.

Mather, Irwin F. The Making of Illinois. Chicago: A. Flanagan, 1900. 292 pp.

The work is strong in the number of subjects which it treats. The Illinois of our period is well covered. The bibliography cites many valuable sources, but no references are given in the body of the work. The date of the founding of the village of Kaskaskia is given as 1695—a confusion of the mission on the Illinois River with the later village of the same name.

Mayo, A. D. Western Emigration and Western Character. (Christian Examiner, N. Y., LXXXII., 265-82, 1867.)

The subject is well treated, but the value of the article for our purpose is not so great as it would have been if confined to the early period.

Meigs, William M. The Life of Thomas Hart Benton. Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1904. 535 pp.

The work throws much light upon the policy of the United States in regard to the sale of public lands, and the attitude of the West towards that policy.

Melish, John. A geographical Description of the United States, with the contiguous British and Spanish Possessions. Philadelphia: John Melish, 1816. 182 pp.

A trifle over one page is devoted to Illinois. Of interest only as showing what was presented to the East at the time concerning Illinois. Melish was a professional map and gazetteer maker. His work typifies that of the geographers of the time, who described the world with marvelous audacity.

—— A geographical Description of the United States, with the contiguous Countries, including Mexico and the West Indies. Philadelphia: John Melish, 1822. v.+491 pp.

Seven pages are devoted to Illinois. The description of several Illinois towns is useful. This was a second and much improved edition of the author’s similar work of 1816.

An entire chapter of twenty six pages is devoted to Birkbeck’s settlement in Illinois. The map shows several routes in Illinois, but it must have been old. The book is a good type of its class.

Moore, Charles. The Northwest under three Flags, 1635-1796. New York: Harper & Bros., 1900. xxiii. + 402 pp.

Many facts concerning the Illinois of the period are given. This work is of considerable historical value. References to sources, although not abundant, are helpful.

Moses, John. Illinois, historical and statistical. Comprising the essential Facts of its Planting and Growth as a Province, County, Territory, and State. Derived from the most authentic Sources, including original Documents and Papers. Together with carefully prepared statistical Tables.... Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1889-93. 2 vols. 1316 pp.

The author was secretary and librarian of the Chicago Historical Society. His work is perhaps the best that has appeared.

Mowry, William Augustus. The territorial Growth of the United States. New York: Silver, Burdett & Co., 1902. 225 pp.

The chapter on the Northwest Territory tells of various cessions of land comprised in the present Illinois.

Murat, Achille. America and the Americans. New York: William H. Graham, 1849. Duodecimo. vii. + 260 pp.

Too late in date to be of much service, although some valuable suggestions as to the social and political development of the frontier can be obtained. The writer was an acute observer. He treats politics, slavery, society, religion, justice, etc. The book was written about 1829. Describes customs and extra legal proceedings in the West.

Nashville, Tennessee, History of, with full Outline of the natural Advantages.... Nashville, Tenn.: Pub. House of the M. E. Church, South, 1890. 656 pp.

Tells of passage of emigrants from North Carolina to Illinois in 1780, of French traders from Illinois to Tennessee in 1779, of Tennesseeans getting head rights from George Rogers Clark.

North American Review, Boston.

Volume LI., 92-140 (July, 1840) has an exhaustive review of Peck’s Gazetteer of Illinois. The review is probably of much more historical interest than the Gazetteer.

Palmer, B. M. Slavery in Illinois. (Dubuque semi-weekly Telegraph, Tues., Sept. 19, 1899.)

Gives the bill of sale, taken from the county records of Jo Daviess County, Ill., and executed in that county in 1830, of a negro mother and child.

Patterson, Robert Wilson. Early Society in southern Illinois. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1879. Pp. 103-131 of Fergus historical Series No. 14.

A characterization, in general terms, of early Illinois society, its manners and its origin. This was a lecture read before the Chicago Historical Society, Oct. 19, 1880.

Peck, Rev. John Mason, Editor. “Father Clark” or the Pioneer Preacher. Sketches and Incidents of Rev. John Clark, by An Old Pioneer. New York: Sheldon, Lamport & Blakeman, 1855. 287 pp.

Gives considerable religious and Indian material for Illinois history from 1790 to 1833, but chiefly on the earlier part of that period.

—— An historical Sketch of the early American Settlements in Illinois, from 1780-1800. Read before the Ill. State Lyceum, at its anniversary, Aug. 16, 1832. (Western monthly Mag., I., 73-83. Feb. 1833.)

Popular, but of some value.

Post, Rev. T. M. [Author of pp. 93-102.] Contributions to the ecclesiastical History of Connecticut; prepared under the Direction of the General Association, to commemorate the Completion of one hundred and fifty Years since its first annual Assembly. New Haven: Wm. L. Kingsley, 1861. xiv. + 562 pp.

A symposium. The article by Rev. Mr. Post is on “The Mission of Congregationalism at the West.” It is suggestive on the moral effects of frontier life.

Powell, J. W., Director. Eighteenth annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1896-97. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899. Part 2. Indian land Cessions in the United States compiled by Charles C. Royce, with an Introduction by Cyrus Thomas. 521-997 pp. and 67 plates.

Valuable. The work was used in preparing the outline maps of Indian cessions contained in this work.

Reid, Harvey. Biographical Sketch of Enoch Long, an Illinois Pioneer. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1884. 134 pp. This is Volume II. of the Chicago Historical Society’s Collections.

Mr. Long visited St. Louis and resided at Alton and Galena before 1827. The book is of great interest on account of its notes on the methods of travel and the extent of Illinois settlements at that date.

Reynolds, John. Belleville in January, 1854. A 12-page pamphlet, printed without place, publisher, or date. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Tells of the laying out of the city in the cornfield of George Blair, in 1814.

—— A biographical Sketch. (Western Journal and Civilian, XV., 100-114).

Gives glimpses of early travel and of pioneer life.

—— The pioneer History of Illinois, containing the Discovery, in 1673, and the History of the Country to the Year 1818. Belleville, Ill.: N. A. Randall, 1852. 2d ed., with portrait, notes and index, Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1887. 459 pp.

Contains much valuable biographical material, and describes the life of the early settlers in a clear way. Criticism: Draper MSS., Z 13, 14.

Roosevelt, Theodore. The Winning of the West. New York: G. W. Putnam’s Sons, 1889-96. Vols. I.-IV.. I., xiv. + 352: II., 427; III., 339: IV., 363 pp.

Valuable, although bearing marks of haste in preparation. Criticism: Am. Hist. Rev., II., 171.

Sanborn, Edwin David. History of New Hampshire, from its Discovery to the Year 1830. Manchester, N. H.: John B. Clarke, 1875. 422 pp.

Describes the unusually cold summer of 1816 and its effect upon western migration. The book is written in an extremely disconnected style, and is without index, references, or bibliography.

Sergeant, Thomas, Esq. View of the land Laws of Pennsylvania. With Notices of its early History and Legislation. Philadelphia: James Kay, Jr., and Brother. Pittsburgh: John I. Kay & Co., 1838. 13 + 203 pp.

Valuable for ascertaining the price at which Pennsylvania public lands, which competed with government lands in the West, were sold.

Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate. Kentucky. A pioneer Commonwealth. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1885. viii. + 433 pp.

Useful as giving an insight into the character of a neighboring state from which many of the early settlers of Illinois came. One of the best of the American Commonwealths series.

Shea, John Gilmary. History of the Catholic Church in the United States, 1808-1843. New York: John G. Shea, 1890. vii. + 731 pp.

References to Illinois are very few, but are important. The volume is the third in the author’s four-volumed History of the Catholic Church in the United States.

Siebert, Wilbur Henry. The Underground Rail Road from Slavery to Freedom; with an Introduction by Albert Bushnell Hart. New York; The Macmillan Co., 1898. viii. + iii. + 478 pp.

Has notes of great interest on the U. G. R. R. in Illinois before 1830. Criticism: Am. Hist. Rev., IV., 557.

Smith, Theodore Clarke. The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1897. vii. + 351 pp. (Harvard Hist. Studies, VI.)

A well-written book, but only the first chapter concerns the period before 1830. This chapter is, however, well worth attention.

Steinhard, S. Deutschland und sein Volk. Gotha: Hugo Scheube, 1856-7. 2 vols. I., x. + 658; II., 826 pp.

Pages 28-46 of volume II. are on the Germans in the United States and contain a few important facts, including statistics, for our period. The Vandalia (Ill.) settlement of 1820 is mentioned.

Stevens, Abel, LL. D. History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States of America. New York: Phillips & Hunt, 1884. 4 vols. I., 423; II., 511; III., 510; IV., 522 pp.

The fourth volume of this history has interesting notes on Benjamin Young and Jesse Walker, respectively. These men came to Illinois as pioneer ministers; the former in 1804, the latter in 1806.

A valuable book. Its chief interest for us is its sketches of early settlement in the Galena lead region.

Sulte, Benjamin. Histoire des Canadiens-Français, 1608-1880. Montreal: Wilson & Cie., 1882-4. 8 vols. 8vo. About 160 pp. per vol. Montreal: Granger Frères. 40 parts, paper, $10; 4 vols, cloth.

Gives only slight attention to the French of Illinois. A popular work, but quite useful for a study of social institutions.

Summers, Thomas O. Biographical Sketches of eminent itinerant Ministers distinguished, for the most Part, as Pioneers of Methodism within the Bounds of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Nashville, Tenn.: Southern Methodist Publishing House, 1859. 374 pp.

Pages 48-56 give a character sketch of Jesse Walker and an idea of the character of the men to whom he preached in Illinois in 1807.

Swayne, Wager. The Ordinance of 1787; and the War of 1861. An Address delivered before the N. Y. Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. New York: C. G. Burgoyne, [c. 1893]. 90 pp.

Contains interesting notes on George Rogers Clark and on slavery in Illinois.

Thomson, John Lewis. Historical Sketches of the late War between the United States and Great Britain. Philadelphia: Thos. Desilver, 1816. 359 pp. 5th ed., 1818.

Contains one of the earliest accounts of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812. The account is short, but tolerably correct. The work was reprinted in 1887 [Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.], with a short account of the war with Mexico added. 656 pp.

Describes the cold season of 1816-17.

Thwaites, Reuben Gold. Early Lead-mining in Illinois and Wisconsin. Pages 191-196 of Am. Hist. Ass’n. Rep’t., 1893. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1894.

Contains several interesting statements concerning the early history of the Galena region.

The fifty years were 1790-1840. Very useful for material concerning the relative growth of different sections of the country.

Turner, Frederick Jackson. Middle West, The. International Monthly, IV., 794-820 (1901).

The article has a few suggestions that are of value for our period.

—— The Significance of the Frontier in American History. Pages 199-227 of Rep’t. of Am. Hist. Ass’n., 1893.

Contains a valuable characterization of the French as colonizers.

Varney, George Jones. A brief History of Maine. Portland, Me.: McLellan, Mosher & Co., 1888. 336 pp.

Tells of the intense cold of 1816-17 and of the great Western exodus. A “Young People’s History.” Popular. Without references.

Walker, Edwin Sawyer. History of the Springfield (Illinois) Baptist Association. Springfield, Ill.: H. W. Rokker, 1881. 140 pp.

Tells of the organization of the United Baptist Church, of Springfield, on July 17, 1830, with eight members.

Wallace, Joseph. The History of Illinois and Louisiana under the French Rule, embracing a general View of the French Dominion in North America, with some Account of the English Occupation of Illinois. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1893. vi. + 433 pp.

Contains a great deal of material. Usually, though not always, correct.

Pages 43-65 of Volume III. deal with Illinois exclusively. At the close of the chapter the author gives a bibliography for Illinois—five titles and two maps. A useful book.

Wentworth, Hon. John. Early Chicago. Two Lectures delivered April 11, 1875, and May 7, 1876, respectively. 48 and 56 pp. Nos. 8 and 7 of Fergus historical Series. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1876.

The critical supplemental notes are of especial interest.

West, Mary Allen. A MS. Letter in the Illinois State Historical Library.

Tells the story of the coming of James Moore and his party from Virginia in 1781.

Western monthly Magazine. Conducted by James Hall. Cincinnati, I., 73-83. See Peck, Rev. John Mason.

White, Emma Siggins. Genealogy of the Descendants of John Walker of Wigton, Scotland, with Records and some fragmentary Notes pertaining to the History of Virginia, 1600-1902. Tiernan-Dart Printing Co., 1902. xxx. + 722 pp.

Valuable. Has original letters from Western emigrants. Suggests the great influx of people into Illinois in the third decade of the 19th century. Gives a good idea of the westward drift of population in the United States.

Whiton, John Milton. Sketches of the History of New-Hampshire, from its Settlement in 1623 to 1833. Concord: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, 1834. 222 pp.

Describes the great cold of 1816 and the great emigration to the West. An unimportant work, confessedly popular, and without references.

Wilbur, La Fayette. Early History of Vermont. Jericho, Vt.: Roscoe Printing House, 1899-1903. 4 vols. I., 362; II., 419; III., 397; IV., 463 pp.

Pages 162-3 of Volume III. tell of the unusual cold of 1816-17 and quote Governor Galusha’s reference to the impending famine. No references are given.

Williams, George Washington. History of the Negro Race in America from 1619-1880. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1882. 2 vols. I., X. + 481; II., 611 pp. The two volumes are also issued as one.

Gives some statistics concerning slaves in Illinois and notes on Illinois slavery legislation. The author was a negro.

Williamson, William Durkee. The History of the State of Maine: from its first Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820. inclusive. Hallowell: Glazier, Masters & Co., 1832. 2 vols. I., iv. + 696; II., 729 pp.

Tells of the unusual cold of 1816-17 and of the great movement toward the West. Strong in citation of authorities. Much above the average of State histories of its time.

Wilson, Henry. History of the Rise and Fall of the slave Power in America. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1872-7. 3 vols. I., vii. + 670; II., 720: III., 774 pp. Houghton. 3 vols.

Valuable material on slavery in Illinois. A strong work.

Winsor, Justin. The westward Movement: the Colonies and the Republic west of the Alleghanies, 1673-98; with full cartographical Illustrations from contemporary Sources. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1897. 595 pp.

Criticism: Am. Hist. Rev., III., 556.

Withers, Alexander Scott. Chronicles of border Warfare, or A History of the Settlement by the Whites, of North-western Virginia: and of the Indian Wars and Massacres, in that Section of the State. Clarksburg, Va.: Joseph Israel, 1831. 319+iv. pp. Very rare. Same. New ed., edited and annotated by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Cincinnati: Clarke, 1895.

A few references are to events in Illinois. Criticism: Am. Hist. Rev., I., 170.

Young, William T. Life and public Services of General Lewis Cass. 2d ed. Detroit: Markham & Elwood, 1852. 420 pp.

Tells of Gen. Cass’ expedition to Illinois during the trouble with the Sauk Indians in 1827.

Footnotes

1 “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 106-7; “Jour. of Senate,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 52.

Erroneous statements concerning the time of the formation of the County of Illinois have been made by Winsor, “Westward Movement,” 122; Poole, in Winsor, “Narrative and Crit. Hist. of Am.,” VI., 729; Thwaites, “How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest,” 64; Boyd, in “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., 623; Mason, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 286; Pirtle, “Clark’s Campaign in the Ill.,” 5; Moore, “The Northwest Under Three Flags,” 220; Wallace, “Hist, of Ill. and La. Under French Rule,” 402; Butler, “Hist. of Ky.,” 1836 ed., 64; and others. Roosevelt’s indefinite statement that the county was formed “in the fall of 1778”—“Winning of the West,” II., 168—is technically correct. Kate Mason Rowland truthfully says—“George Mason,” I., 307, 308—that a committee was ordered to prepare a bill for the formation of the county, on November 19, 1778, and that such a bill was presented on November 30. Butterfield says—“George Rogers Clark’s Conquest of the Ill.,” 681-6—that the Act was passed between the 10th of November and the 12th of December, 1778. It is true that the bill in its final amended form passed both houses on December 9, was signed by the Speaker of the Senate on December 17, and subsequently, if at all, by the Speaker of the House of Delegates. On the 12th of December, Governor Patrick Henry issued three important sets of instructions in accordance with the provisions of the Act creating the County of Illinois. As the signing of the bill by the Speakers was mandatory after its passage, it is easy to understand the issuance of these instructions previous to the signing. It is almost impossible to conceive that Governor Henry, who showed marked interest in the Western frontier, should first have begun to issue orders at least six weeks after the county was formed, as is implied by the date commonly given for its formation. For the legislative history of the act, see “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 65, 72, 79-80, 91, 96, 106-7; “Jour. of Senate,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 70-1.

2 “Jour. H. of Del.” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 72; “Hening’s Statutes,” IX., 553.

3 “Public Lands,” II., 204, 206-9.

4 The Illinois and Wabash Land companies, which had several members in common, united in 1780. After a long series of memorials to Congress, the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1823, decided that “a title to land, under grant to private individuals, made by Indian tribes or nations, northwest of the river Ohio, in 1773 and 1775, can not be recognized in the courts of the United States”—8 “Wheaton,” 543-605. In general see: “Pub. Lands,” I., 24, 27, 72, 74, 160, 189, 301; II., 108-20, 138, 253; “Sen. Jour.,” 1793-99, 317, 326; Ibid., “2d Cong.,” 165; “Va. Calendar State Papers,” I., 314; “Jour. of Cong.,” III., 676-7, 681; IV., 23; “An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,” 1-55, Phil’a, 1796; “Memorial of the Ill. and Wabash Land Company,” 1-26, Phil’a, 1797; “Memorial of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,” 1802, 1-20; “An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Company,” 1-74, Phil’a, 1803; “Memorial of the United Ill. and Wabash Land Companies,” 1-48, Baltimore, 1816. For a map of the claims, see “Map of the State of Ky. with the Adjoining Territories,” 1794, pub. by H. D. Symonds; also a copy of the same published by Smith, Reid and Wayland, in 1795; and “States of America,” by J. Russell, London, C. Dilly and G. G. & J. Robinson, 1799. The last map gives the claims of the Ill., Wabash, and N. J. companies, respectively, the others, the claims of the last two only. All references here given are to material to be found in the libraries of the Chicago Historical Society and of the State Hist. Soc. of Wis.

5 Mother Mary of the Incarnation, of Quebec, in 1668. In “Glimpses of the Monastery.” “Scenes from the Hist. of the Ursulines of Quebec,” 1639-1839, “by a Member of the Community,” 90. Charlevoix, “Histoire de la Nouvelle-France,” III., 322, expressed a similar opinion in 1721, and Collot, “Journey in N. A.,” I., 232-3, shows that the Illinois French of 1796-7 were a case in point.

6 Pittman, “European Settlements on the Miss.,” 55. See pp. 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, for the settlement in detail.

7 Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” 36-8.

8 “Mandements des Evêques de Quebec,” II., 1741-1806, 205-6.

9 Thwaites, “Early Western Travels,” I., 141, reprint of Croghan’s Jour.

10 “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 165; “Ind. Hist Soc. Pub.,” II., 513-4.

11 “Public Lands,” I., 10.

12 Two of the many maps illustrating this are in “Pub. Lands,” II., facing 183, 195. A number of maps in Hopkins’, “The Home Lots of the Early Settlers of the Providence Plantations,” especially the one following page 17, show that the same form of holdings existed in Providence, R. I. For reasons for this form, see the note by Emma Helen Blair, in Thwaites’, “Jesuit Relations,” IV., 268-9. Stiles, “Ancient Windsor,” I., 149, has a map showing such holdings in Windsor, Conn., 1633-1650.

13 Monroe, “Writings,” I., 117; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 483-92; Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” map facing 41; Collot, “A Journey in N. A.,” I., 239-42, describes the roads in Illinois in 1796, and plate 28 of the accompanying atlas gives an excellent map, q. v. in pocket.

14 “Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,” 99.

15 Harmar to Sec. of War from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 30-1.

16 Collot, “A Journey in N. A.,” I., 233.

17 At the November session of 1738, Virginia had formed the County of Augusta, which technically included the Illinois country—“Hening’s Statutes,” V., 78-80. For a map, see Waddell, “Annals of Augusta Co., Va.,” frontispiece.

18 “Hening’s Statutes,” IX., 117, 552-5; V., 489, 491.

19 Henry, “Life of Patrick Henry,” III., 209-18.

20 “Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 312-14.

Col. John Todd, jr., was born March 27, 1750, in Pennsylvania. He was well educated by his uncle in Virginia, in which state young Todd practised law for some years. In 1775, he was one of the representatives chosen at the call of the proprietors of Transylvania to form an ultra-constitutional government for that new settlement. In 1777, he was one of the first two burgesses from the county of Kentucky. He was killed at the Battle of the Blue Licks, August 19, 1782. For biographical sketches see John Mason Brown, “Oration at the Centennial of the Battle of the Blue Licks,” 27-31; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 285-8; Green, “Historic Families of Ky.,” 211; White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 56; “Filson Club Pub.” VI., 27-8; Morehead, “Settlement of Ky.,” 174. Morehead’s facts were from R. Wickliffe, Todd’s son-in-law, but this fact loses its significance from the circumstance that Todd’s only living child was of posthumous birth.

21 Henry, “Life of Patrick Henry,” III., 216-18.

22 Ibid., 237.

23 “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 43, original MS. in French.

24 “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 295.

25 “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 294-6, 418; “Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 498.

A Mr. Winston, probably Richard, was in Illinois in 1770, and was regarded as an authority on the prices of cattle, as is shown by the court records. In 1773, upon the occasion of the purchase of land from the Kaskaskia Indians, by the Illinois Land Company, Richard Winston was at Kaskaskia, and interpreted in French to the illiterate Indian interpreter of His Majesty what the company desired to say to the Indians—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 435; “An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,” 1796, 14. Richard Winston was one of the original Indiana Company—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” VI., 18, 35.

26 “Hening’s Statutes,” X., 26, 32, 43, 161.

27 “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 301; “Pub. Lands,” I., 16.

28 Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 302; Todd to Judges at Kaskaskia, July 31, 1779—Ibid., 304; McCarty to Todd, from Cahokia, July 18, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 72, original MS.; McCarty to Montgomery, from Cahokia, Sept. 19, 1779,—Ibid., XLIX., 71, original MS.

Richard McCarty had been a resident of Cahokia under British rule and had warned the British against American encroachments. He was licensed to trade by the county government upon the recommendation of the court of the District of Cahokia, June 5, 1779—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 368, 383; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 296-7-8.

29 Capt. John Williams to G. R. Clark, from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia, Sept. 25, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 73, original MS.

30 Todd to Col. Will Fleming, senator from Botetourt, from Kaskaskia, Aug. 18, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXIII, 103, original MS.

31 Todd to Gov. of Va., from Kaskaskia, Aug. 18, 1779—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 319.

32 Capt. John Williams to Col. Wm. Preston, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Sept. 20, 1779—“Draper Coll., Preston Papers.” V., 9, original MS.

Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, 1779—Ibid., “Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 78, original MS.

33 Shelby to Clark, from Vincennes, Oct. 10, 1779—Ibid., XLIX., 79, original MS.; Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Nov. 15, 1779—Ibid., XLIX., 85, original MS.

34 Montgomery to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Feb. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll. Clark MSS.,” L., 9, original MS.; Clark to Todd, from Louisville, March, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 338-9; John McArthur from Ste. Genevieve, Mo., Oct. 22, 1883—“Draper Coll. Clark MSS.,” VIII., 27.

I have been unable to determine just when Col. Todd left Illinois, whether he resigned as county-lieutenant, and whether he again returned. Boyd in his article in the “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., says that he left in 1780, resigned in the same year, and apparently did not return. Mason, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 287, says that he seems to have left in 1779, seems not to have resigned, and not to have returned. Wickliffe, in Morehead, “Settlement of Ky.,” 174, implies that he did not resign, and says that he several times revisited the county. No one of these writers gives any authority for his statement and I have found none. It is certain that Todd was at the Falls of Ohio on December 23, 1779; that he then wrote to the governor of Virginia expressing his intention of resigning; that the governor, Jefferson, strongly opposed his resigning—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 359; that he left some peltry in the joint care of his subordinates, Montgomery and Winston, in November, 1779; that goods were said to be consigned to him as county-lieutenant of Illinois in November, 1780; that he wrote “I still receive complaints from the Illinois,” on April 15, 1781; that on April 29, 1781, Winston was referred to as “Deputy County-Lieutenant for the Illinois County;” and that Thimothé Demunbrunt signed as “Lt. Comd. par interim, &c.” in February and again in March, 1782—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 315-16, 335, 343, 359; “Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 40-4.

35 Edward Murray to ——, from Kaskaskia, Apr. 19, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLVI., 52, original MS. John Dodge had been an Indian trader between Detroit and Pittsburg. He was captured by the British, but escaped on Oct. 9, 1778, after thirty-three months detention. Washington recommended him to Congress as a man who would be useful because of his knowledge of the country—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 153-5.

36 Unsigned and unaddressed, from “Williamsburg, Jan. 28, 1780”—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” I., 5, original MS.

37 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 13, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 386-7.

38 Clark to Todd from Louisville, Mar., 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 338-9; see also pp. 358, 360.

Unsigned and unaddressed official letter, from Williamsburg, Jan. 28, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 5, original MS.

39 Dodge to Gov. of Va., from Ft. Jefferson, Aug. 1, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 368.

40 Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Richmond, June 2, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 358; Address from the people of Cahokia to G. R. Clark, April 11, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 27, original MS. in French.

41 Legras to Clark, from Vincennes, Aug. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 54, original MS. in French.

42 “Hening’s Statutes,” X., 303, 388-9.

43 Extract from McCarty’s journal, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 66; McCarty to Col. Slaughter, Jan. 27, 1781—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 1, 2; incomplete in “Cal. of Va. State Papers.” I., 465; Montgomery to McCarty, between Aug. 27 and Aug. 30, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 66, 68; Ibid., L., 70, original MS.

44 McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” L., 380.

45 Winston to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 380-2.

46 Winston to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 71, original MS.; “Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” II., 136-40; Helm to Slaughter, from Fort Jefferson, Oct. 29, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 383; Williams to Clark, from Camp Jefferson, Oct. 28, 1780—Ibid., I., 383.

47 Montgomery to Jefferson, from New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 424-5.

48 “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” VIII., 78.

49 Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Jan. 24, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 460.

50 “Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” II., 158.

51 Rogers to Gov. Jefferson, from Harrodsburg, Apr. 29, 1781—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 40-4; incomplete in “Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 76-7. Rogers refers to Winston as “Deputy County Lieutenant for the Illinois County.” Who was county-lieutenant?

52 Slaughter to Gov. Jefferson, from Louisville, Jan. 14, 1781—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LI., 12, original MS.; Maj. Williams’s orders, endorsed “pretended orders,” from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia, Feb. 12, 1781.

53 Clark to Gov. of Va., from “Yough,” Mar. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 597.

54 Montgomery to Gov. of Va., from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 313; Montgomery to the Board of Commissioners for the Settlement of Western Accounts, from New Holland, Feb. 22, 1783—Ibid., III., 441-4.

55 Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Apr. 15, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 44-5.

56 “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LX., 17, No. 2; Maj. de Peyster to Brig.-Gen. Powell, from Detroit, July 12, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 646.

57 “Can. Archives,” Series B., Vol. 182, 489; “Rept. on Can. Archives,” 1888, 882.

58 Montgomery to Gov. Nelson, from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 313; Same to same, same date—Ibid., II., 315.

59 Capt. Bailey to Col. Slaughter, from “Port Vincennes,” Aug. 6, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 338.

60 “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1781, 13-39.

61 Ibid., 72, 73, 74. Boyd states in “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., 632, 635, that the county ceased to exist in 1781. This is erroneous. Mr. Boyd’s article is the most scholarly treatment of the County of Illinois which has been published. Aside from the errors as to the time of the beginning and the ending of the county, and doubtful statements as to Todd’s leaving Illinois and subsequently resigning, no errors of fact have been noted. A more complete, but unpublished, article on the subject is by Dr. Edith Lyle.

62 Sinclair to Haldim, from Michilimackinac, Feb. 17, 1780—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 546; Same to same, May 29, 1780—Ibid., IX., 548-9; Same to De Peyster, Feb. 15, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 500-1; Same to Lt.-Col. Bolton, June 4, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 529; De Peyster to Lt.-Col. Bolton, from Detroit, June 8, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 531-2; McKee to De Peyster, June 4, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 530-1; Bird to De Peyster, from “a day’s march from the Ohio,” June 3, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 527-9.

63 Sinclair to Bolton, from Michilimackinac, July 4, 1780—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 529-30; Same to Haldimand, July 8, 1780—Ibid., IX., 558-9; Same to same, May 29, 1780—Ibid., IX., 548-9; Same to De Peyster, July 30, 1780—Ibid., IX., 586; “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVIII., No. 117, p. 6; Scharf to Lyman C. Draper, from Baltimore, Dec. 16, 1882—Ibid., p. 7; Capt. John Rogers’ account—Ibid., p. 3; Capt. John Murphy’s account—Ibid., VIII., 66-78; See also Ibid., XXVI., 18.

64 “Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, p. 904; “Mag. of Am. Hist.,” III., 366.

65 Bentley to Clark, from Vincennes, July 30, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 51. A copy, incomplete and not exact, is in Ibid., XXVI., 85.

66 Extracts from Capt. McCarty’s Journal, at Kaskaskia—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 85-6; McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 380; Winston to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—Ibid., I., 381-2; Auguste St. Jemme, son of an inhabitant of Kaskaskia, to Lyman C. Draper—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1851,” I., 48-9—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 82.

67 De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Nov. 13, 1780—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 581; Same to Haldimand, Nov. 16, 1780—Ibid., X., 448-9; Linctot to Slaughter, “O’Post,” Jan. 11, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 429; J. L. William to Lyman C. Draper, from Fort Wayne, Ind., Oct. 1, 1881—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 92; McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers” I., 465; Col. Brodhead to Washington, from Fort Pitt, Mar. 10, 1781, “Olden Time,” II., 391; Col. Levin Powell, from Harrodsburg, Jan. 21, 1781—“Pa. Archives,” VIII., 768; De Peyster to Haldimand, from Detroit, Nov. 13, 1780, Farmer, “Hist. of Detroit and Michigan,” 257; Letter from J. M. P. Legras, from Vincennes, Dec. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 77, original corrected draft; “Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, 904-5; extract from “Scot’s Magazine,” May, 1781, in “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 82. Whether La Balme had any countenance from either the French government or its representatives is an unsettled question. That France should regain her hold in America was desired by many Frenchmen, but on the other hand, the French government was pledged by its treaty of alliance to make no acquisitions of territory in America. The following references raise the question, but I know of none which settle it: Kingsford, “Canada,” VI., 342-3; Sparks, “Washington,” VI., 106 ff., 113; Stevens, “Facsimiles,” XVII., No. 1609; “Secret Jour. of Cong.,” II., 111-117, 125.

68 Haldimand to De Peyster, from Quebec, Jan. 6, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 641.

69 This amounts to but sixteen men. De Peyster says that the party was one of sixteen; McCarty says there were seventeen.

70 McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 465; Sinclair to Mathews, from Michilimackinac, Feb. 23, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 629; De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Jan. 8, 1781—Ibid., XIX., 591-2; Same to Haldimand, same date—Ibid., X., 450-1; Same to McKee, from Detroit, Feb. 1, 1781—De Peyster, “Miscellanies,” p. xxvi.; Linctot to commanding officer at the Falls of Ohio, “Opost Vincennes,” Jan. 13, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 432; Draper on date of the expedition, “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 88; De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Mar. 17, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 600; Sinclair to Powell, from Michilimackinac Id., May 1, 1781—Ibid., XIX., 632; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 216.

71 Jay to Livingston, from Madrid, Apr. 28, 1782—“Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 64; or Wharton, “Dipl. Corr. of the Am. Rev.,” V., 363-4; or Sparks, Ibid., VIII., 76-8; McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 1-2; incomplete copy in “Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 465; Linctot to commanding officer at Falls of Ohio, from Vincennes, Jan. 13, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 432; Franklin to Livingston, from Passy, Apr. 12, 1782—Sparks, “Dipl. Corr. of the Am. Rev.,” III., 339. See also Ibid., VIII., 150; Sparks, “Franklin’s Works,” IX., 206, Boston, 1856.

72 Linctot to ——, from St. Louis, July 31, 1781—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LI., 75, original MS. in French; Gratiot to Clark, from St. Louis, Aug. 1, 1781—Ibid., LI., 77, original MS. in French.

73 This chapter was read, by request, before the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, on February 8, 1906.

74 In Council, Jan. 29, 1782—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLVI., 69, original MS.

75 Demunbrunt to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 5, 1782—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 70; LI., 25, original MS. Demunbrunt, whose name also appears as Demunbrun and De Munbrun, was prominent in early Illinois history. Records signed by him as Lieutenant Commandant par interim appear in “John Todd’s Record-Book” under the dates June 14, 1779, Feb’y, 1782, and March 22, 1782. In 1783, 1784, and probably at other dates he made grants of land in the Illinois country. He served under Clark. From the time Winston was appointed to the command of the County of Illinois, until the coming of St. Clair, Demunbrunt was “commandant of the village of Kaskaskia and its dependencies.” He had important dealings with an embassy from the Cherokee Indians. He was allowed land under the Virginia grants. In his memorial to the General Assembly, he said: “Your memorialist, little acquainted with the mode of doing business in this State, never kept a regular account, depending altogether on the justice and generosity of the Legislature”—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” V., 15-18; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 315-16; “Pub. Lands,” II., 146.

76 Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 302; Legras to Clark, from Vincennes, Dec. 31, 1782—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LII., 67, original MS.; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 289.

77 Letter from Capt. Dodge, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 6, 1783—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LX., No. 3, p. 48.

78 Dodge to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 3, 1783—Ibid., LII., 78.

79 Officers to Clark, from Ft. Nelson, Falls of Ohio, March 30, 1783—Ibid., LII., 80.

80 Montgomery to Board of Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. 22, 1783—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” III., 441-4.

81 Board of Commissioners to Gov. Benjamin Harrison, from Jefferson county, Feb. 17, 1783—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 350-1.

82 Walker Daniel to Board of Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. 3, 1783—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” III., 430-2.

83 “Jour. of Cong.,” III., 383-5.

84 “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., May Sess., 1780, 25, 69, 70.

85 Law, “The Colonial Hist. of Vincennes,” 1858, 117-8, gives a copy of the deed. For claims under such deeds see “Pub. Lands,” I., 294-8.

86 “Pub. Lands,” I., 301.

87 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 342-4.

88 Ibid., IV., 379-80; Thwaites, “The Boundaries of Wisconsin,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” XI., 452, gives a map of Jefferson’s proposed states.

89 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 473, 477.

90 John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 214-5.

91 Petition to Clark, from Vincennes, Mar. 16, 1786—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 23.

92 Petition to Congress, from Vincennes, June 1, 1786—Ibid., LIII., 31.

93 Clark to Richard H. Lee, pres. of Cong., from Louisville, received June 8, 1786—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 208-9.

94 Moses Henry to Clark, from Vincennes, June 12, 1786—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 32.

95 Daniel Sullivan to Clark, from Vincennes, June 23, 1786—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 35; John Small to Clark, same place and day—Ibid., LIII., 36.

96 John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, 1786—Ibid., LIII., 56.

97 Clark to people of Vincennes—Ibid., LIII., 52.

98 Letter from a man at Falls of Ohio to a friend in N. England, Dec. 4, 1786—“Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 321.

99 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 688-9.

100 Harmar to Sec’y of War, from Fort Harmar, May 14, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 20-1; Maj. Wyllys to Harmar, from Fort Finney, Rapids of Ohio, Feb. 6, 1787—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 281-2; Knox to Harmar, June 19, 1787—Ibid., I., 303. See also Ibid., I., 290; Sec’y of War to Harmar, Apr. 26, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 22.

101 Harmar to Sec’y of War, from Vincennes, Aug. 7, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 27-9; Address of Am. settlers at Vincennes to Harmar, transmitted to the War Office, Aug. 7, 1787—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 337-9; Address of French at Vincennes to Harmar, July 28, 1787—Ibid., I., 331-3.

102 Harmar to Sec’y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 30-2.

103 Harmar to the Sec’y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 34.

104 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 3, 1787—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 352.

105 Harmar to Sec’y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 35.

106 “Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 170-3.

107 “Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 301-29.

108 St. Clair to the President, 1790—“St. Clair Papers” II., 175.

109 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Oct. 13, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 479; extract in “St. Clair Papers,” II., 105.

110 Tardiveau to St. Clair, from Danville, June 30, 1789—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 117-19.

111 Extract from above letter.—Ibid., II., 119-20, note.

112 George Morgan was much engaged in large land purchases. In 1763, some Shawanese and other Indians carried off the property of certain whites to the value of £85,916 10s., 8d. The offenders being tributary to the Six Nations, the latter granted to King George III., for the exclusive use of the sufferers, on November 3, 1768, at Fort Stanwix, the tract of some two million five hundred thousand acres, later known as the claim of the Indiana Company. The land lay southeast of the Ohio, and was claimed in part by both Virginia and Pennsylvania. For map see “States of America,” by J. Russell, London, E. Dilly and G. G. and J. Robinson, 1799; Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” etc., French ed., Paris, 1781; Winsor, “Westward Movement,” 17. Morgan, who was a large shareholder in the company, was for years its agent. The claim was finally denied. Morgan was also the founder of New Madrid, in what is now Missouri, but he was unfortunate in assuming powers denied by the Spanish government. His experience in Illinois was likewise a failure—“Cal. of Va. State Papers” I., 273, 297, 320; VI., 1-36 (a history of the Indiana purchase), 261, 679, 301; “Jour. of Cong.,” III., 359, 373; IV., 23; “Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, p. 939; “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 78; Gayerré, “Hist. of La.,” index under Morgan refers to passages giving several quotations from sources; Kate Mason Rowland, “George Mason,” I., 230, 324-8, 289, 308, 333, 341-4; II., 21, 26, 239, 244, 262, 341-5, 406, 440-1. George Mason was manager for the commonwealth when, in 1791, the final effort was made by the Indiana Company to overthrow the Virginia settlement of its claim. Some original sources of importance are given in this work—“Plain Facts: being an Examination into the Rights of the Indian Nations of America, to their respective Countries, and a Vindication of the Grant, from the Six United Nations of Indians, to the Proprietors of Indiana, against the decision of Virginia, together with authentic documents, proving that the territory, westward of the Alleghany Mountain, never belonged to Virginia, etc., Philadelphia...: M.DCC.LXXXI.” The work gives a resumé of the proceedings of the company to 1779, 164 pp. “View of the Title to Indiana, a tract of country on the River Ohio,” 24 pp., printed about 1775.

113 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 341-2, 823-5.

114 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 823-5. The location of the ridge of rocks is clearly shown in Hutchins’ “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” 1778, on a map opposite p. 41. French edition of 1781, facing p. 16; Winsor, “Nar. and Crit. Hist. of Am.,” VI., 700; Collot, “Atlas of America,” 1826.

115 Throughout the period covered by this work, the term squatter denoted one who illegally settled on public land, without a title. Later laws permitted settling before securing a title, but in the early period, no squatting was legal.

116 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 857-9.

117 “John Todd’s Record-Book,” “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 308-14.

118 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, April 13, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 386-7. At the time fees as above were being charged, prices current in Vincennes were:
Corn, per bu. $ 2.00
Flour, per cwt. 7.00
Pork, per lb..30
Beef, per lb..15
Bordeaux wine, per bottle 2.00
Spirits, per gal. 12.00
Whisky, per gal. $ 8.00
Butter, per lb. 1.00
Eggs, per doz. 1.00
Loaf sugar, per lb. 1.00
Brown sugar, per lb..60
Coffee, per lb. 1.45
A dunghill fowl $ 1.00
Potatoes, per bu. 2.00
Onions, per bu. 5.00
Cabbage, per head.15
Turnips, per bu. 1.00

See Ibid., 388-9.

Beef was probably buffalo beef, as that was then the common meat for garrisons and settlers in the West.

119 “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 389-92.

120 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, May 21, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 396. “Mr. Henry, of this place, who is very much connected with the Indians, particularly his wife,” implies that Henry’s wife was an Indian—Ibid., 3-4.

121 Same to same, Aug. 31, 1788—Ibid., I., 450.

122 Same to same, July 29, 1789—Ibid., II., 70-1.

123 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 11, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 130-2.

124 Same to same, June 24, 1790—Ibid., II., 254.

125 Same to ——, Jan. 1, 1788—Ibid., I., 371.

126 Morgan’s proclamation, Oct. 3, 1788—Ibid., “Clark MSS.,” LIII., 78, incomplete.

127 From Vincennes, Aug. 26, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 455-61.

128 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Mar. 28, 1789—Ibid., II., 17-18.

129 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 11, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 27-28.

130 Harmar to St. Clair, from Fort Harmar, May 8, 1789—Ibid., II., 51. Harmar to Knox, same date and of similar tenor—Ibid., II., 53.

131 Hamtramck to Wyllys, from Vincennes, May 27, 1789—Ibid., II., 39.

132 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Fort Knox, Vincennes, Jan. 19, 1789—Ibid., II., 1.

133 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Aug. 14, 1798—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 90-1.

134 Inclosed in Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 2, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 124-7.

135 Offer dated Oct. 3, 1789. Inclosed in Hamtramck to Harmar, Nov. 2, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 127-8.

136 Hamtramck’s reply of Oct. 14, 1789, to petition of Sept. 14, preceding, inclosed as above—Ibid., II., 128-30; “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 128-130.

137 Edgar to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 132-6.

138 Jones to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 29, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 136-41.

139 Ibid., II., 182; “St. Clair Papers,” II., 164.

140 Tardiveau to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Aug. 1, 1790—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 302.

141 “St. Clair Papers,” II., 165.

142 Harmar to Hamtramck, Sept. 3, 1790—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 332.

143 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 823.

144 Pittman, “European Settlements on the Miss.,” 55.

145 Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.” 36-8.

146 “St. Clair Papers,” II. 122-3.

147 “Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 301-29.

148 “St. Clair Papers,” I., 150.

149 “Pub. Lands,” I., 20.

150 “Statutes at Large,” I., 221-2.

151 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 14, 1791—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 410.

152 “Draper MSS., Translation of Spanish Documents,” 49-60.

153 Carondolet to Duke of Alcudia, from New Orleans, Sept. 27, 1793—“Draper MSS., Translation of Spanish Documents.” 24, second pagination of typewritten matter.

154 Carondolet to ——,—Ibid., 33, first pagination of matter in long hand.

155 “Pub. Lands,” I., 69.

156 “St. Clair Papers,” II., 398-9.

157 John Edgar, for years the wealthiest citizen of Illinois, was born in Ireland, came to Kaskaskia in 1784, and soon became a large landholder by purchasing French donation-rights. Wm. Morrison, a native of Bucks county, Pa., came from Philadelphia to Kaskaskia in 1790 and became a leading merchant and shipper. Wm. St. Clair, a son of James St. Clair, once captain in the Irish Brigade in the service of France, was the first clerk of the court of St. Clair county. John Dumoulin (or De Moulin) was a Swiss. In 1790, he was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas in the Cahokia district of St. Clair county.

158 St. Clair county had been formed in 1790 and Randolph county in 1795. In 1796, they were the only counties lying wholly within the present State of Illinois. A strip of the eastern part of Illinois lay in Knox county. The line between St. Clair and Randolph was an east-and-west line, a little south of New Design, Randolph lying to the south—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 165, 166, 345.

159 “Pub. Lands,” I., 68-9; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 447-52, 452-55.

160 “Pub. Lands,” I., 68; Poore, “Desc. Catalogue of Govt. Publications,” 43; “Laws of U. S. Relating to Pub. Lands,” 420-5.

161 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 455-61; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 735.

162 “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 537-538; Poore, “Desc. Catalogue of Govt. Publications,” 43; “Statutes at Large,” II., 73-8.

163 “Statutes at Large,” II., 58-9; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 507, 699, 701.

164 According to the Act of May 10, 1800, public land was to be sold in tracts, not smaller than one-half sections, and for a minimum price of two dollars per acre. One-twentieth of the purchase-money should be paid at the time of sale, the remainder of one-fourth of the price within forty days, one-fourth in two years, one-fourth in three years, and one-fourth in four years. On the last three payments, interest should be paid at six per cent from the date of sale, and on the same three payments a discount of eight per cent per year should be granted for prepayment. Land unpaid for reverted to the United States—“Statutes at Large,” II., 73-8.

165 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 461-70; “Annals of Cong.,” 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 1023-4; 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293-4, 466-8.

166 A western tributary of the lower part of the Kaskaskia.

167 “Pub. Lands,” I., 591.

168 “Statutes at Large,” II., 469; Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” 821, 832, 964, 973; McMaster, “Acquisition of the... Rights of Man in Am.,” 111-22; “Proceedings and Debates of the Va. State Conv. of 1829-30,” passim; Mowry, “The Dorr War,” passim.

169 “Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,” 37, 39, 43, 54, 57, 58, 67, 102, 104, 107, 108, 113; “Pub. Lands,” I., 20; “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VII., 300; “‘Father Clark;’ or, The Pioneer Preacher,” 181 et seq.

170 “Indian Aff.,” I., 562; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 656-7, Plates CXXIV., CXXV.; see map of Indian cessions, 1795-1809.

171 “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 656-7; Plates CXXIV., CXXV.; “Indian Aff.,” I., 688; see map of Indian cessions.

172 “Indian Aff.,” I., 687; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 664-5, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

173 “Statutes at Large,” II., 277-83, 343-5, 446-8, 517, 590-1.

174 “Indian Aff.,” I., 693-4; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 666-7, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

175 “Indian Aff.,” I., 704-5; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 672-3, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

176 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 339; see map in the “Hist. of Randolph, Monroe, and Perry Counties, Ill.,” frontispiece.

177 St. Clair to Judge Turner, from Marietta, May 2, 1795—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 348-9.

178 Edwards, “Great West,” 271, 274-5; figures from the official census.

179 See map of Illinois country.

180 “St. Clair Papers,” I., 193; II., 345.

181 “Laws of N.-W. Ter.,” 1800, I., 47-51.

182 Ibid., 1800, I., 58-61.

183 Ibid., 1800, I., 178.

184 Ibid., 1800, I., 61-71.

185 Ibid., 1800, I., 119-21.

186 Ibid., 1800, I., 197.

187 “Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800,” I., 226-7; “Laws of Ill. Ter., 1815-16;” Ibid., 1816-17, 4; Ibid., 17-19.

188 “Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800,” I., 157-61; McMaster, “Acquisition of the Pol., Social and Industrial Rights of Man in Am.,” 64-66; 16th Cong., 2d Sess., “Rept. of Com. No. 63.”

189 “Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800,” I., 184-5.

190 “Statutes at Large,” II., 58-9; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 1007; Ibid., 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 275.

191 “Misc.,” I., 206-7.

192 “St. Clair Papers,” II., 533-4.

193 “Annals of Cong.,” 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 489, 1659-60.

194 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 486-7.

195 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 483-92; original among the House files at Washington.

196 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 476-83.

197 “Laws of Ind. Ter.,” 1807, pp. 12-13.

198 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 498-506.

199 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Session, 469.

200 Ibid., 466-8; “Misc.,” I., 450; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 494-7.

201 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 505-10.

202 “H. J.,” 8th and 9th Cong., 611.

203 “Annals of Cong.,” 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 1976, 2067.

204 Ibid., 10th Cong., 2d Sess., 971-3, 1093; “Stat. at Large,” II., 514-16.

205 “Annals of Cong.,” 10th Cong., 2d Sess., 1093-4.

206 “St. Clair Papers,” II., 318.

207 Cutler, “Life of Manasseh Cutler,” II., 382.

208 “‘Father Clark,’ or the Pioneer Preacher,” 202; Moses, “Illinois,” I., 228.

209 “Pub. Lands,” I., 256.

210 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 469. The land bought in Kentucky was probably near Eddyville, which the purchaser founded.

211 Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 275-7, 687; Speed, “The Wilderness Road,” passim.

212 Schultz, “Travels on an Inland Voyage,” I., 129-32.

213 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew Lyon of Kentucky.

214 Schultz, “Travels on an Inland Voyage,” I., 132.

215 For vivid accounts of journeys between the East and Ohio, giving an excellent idea of the difficulties of transit, in the period 1795-1809, see Cutler, “Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler,” 17-22, 38-41, 90-103; also, many passages in Cutler, “Life, Journals and Corr. of Rev. Manasseh Cutler.” A similar journey made in 1790 is described in “St. Clair Papers,” II., 164.

216 Collot, “Journey in N. A.,” I., 192-3, 239.

217 “‘Father Clark,’ or The Pioneer Preacher,” 193.

218 Schultz, “Travels on an Inland Voyage,” II., 38.

219 Cuming, “Sketches of a Tour,” 245; Schultz, “Travels on an Inland Voyage,” I., 199; Moses, “Illinois,” I., 265.

220 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew Lyon of Kentucky.

221 “Pub. Lands,” I., 69; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 448.

222 Ethelbert Stewart, “A Few Notes for an Industrial Hist. of Ill.,” in “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” 120.

223 “Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,” 73, 74. Original accounts of Wm. Biggs, high sheriff of the county of St. Clair in the N.-W. Ter.

224 Hamilton, “Writings of James Monroe,” I., 117.

225 “Statutes at Large,” II., 607.

226 “Pub. Lands,” II., 123.

227 “Statutes at Large,” II., 677; “Pub. Lands,” II., 254-5, 257-8, 210-41.

228 “Territorial Records of Ill.,” (“Pub. of Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 109-10).

229 “Pub. Lands,” II., 157-81, 210-41.

230 “Territorial Records of Ill.,” (“Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 118-20); “Statutes at Large,” II., 175; “Annals of Cong.” (ed. 1853), 12th Cong., III., 883, 1011, 1015.

231 “State Papers,” 15th Cong., 1st Sess., III., No. 61, p. 6; Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” Pt. I., 436, 438, 445; “Statutes at Large,” III., 318.

232 “Statutes at Large,” II., 797.

233 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 156.

234 Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 430; “Acts of 1811” (Ky.), 213-15; “Acts of 1816” (Ky.), 107; “Acts of 1817” (Ky.), 326.

235 “Pub. Lands,” III., 2.

236 Ibid., II., 873-4.

237 “Statutes at Large,” III., 125.

238 “State Papers,” II., 14th Cong., 2d Sess., folio. Other volumes of the same number and session are quarto.

239 “Statutes at Large,” II., 591; III., 113; “Pub. Lands,” II., 873-4.

240 Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 395-7, 456.

241 Ibid., I., 430.

242 O’Callaghan, “Doc. Hist. of N. Y.,” III., 1069-83, quarto; 649-57, folio.

243 Agnew, “Settlement and Land Titles of N.-W. Pa.,” 118-19. See also “Jour. of H. of R.” (Pa.), 1792-1794, first page of second appendix to record of 1st Sess. of 3d House; ibid., first page of second appendix to record of 1st Sess. of 4th House; Sergeant, “View of the Land Laws of Pa., with Notices of Its Early Hist. and Legislation,” passim.

244 Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 516.

245 Ibid., II., 420-2; “Acts of 1811” (Ky.), 213-15; “Acts of 1817” (Ky.), 554; “Acts of 1819” (Ky.), 832.

246 “Acts of 1816” (Ky.), 107; “Acts of 1817” (Ky.), 326.

247 Phelan, “Hist. of Tenn.,” 303. Quoted from Jones, “The Chickasaw Country Lately Ceded to the U. S.” (1819).

248 “Statutes at Large,” III., 307; “Pub. Lands,” II., 741; III., 1-5, 384-5.

249 Brown, “Western Gazetteer, or Emigrants’ Directory” (1817), 33.

250 White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 458-9, 461.

251 A land-office was established at Edwardsville by an act of Apr. 29, 1816.

252 “State Papers,” No. 52, 15th Cong., 2d Sess., IV. Hundredths of acres and cents are omitted from the tables. The figures for Shawneetown cover the periods from Jan. 1 to Sept. 30; those for the other offices, from Jan. 1 to Aug. 31.

253 “Pub. Lands,” III., 405.

254 “Indian Aff.,” I., 761-2; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 678; Nos. 73, 74. Plate CXXIV. See map of Indian cessions.

255 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 81-4.

256 Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” 301.

257 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 82.

258 Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” 329.

259 Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” 335.

260 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 86-7.

261 Ibid., 102.

262 “Indian Aff.,” II., 99.

263 “Indian Aff.,” II., 95-6; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 680-3, No. 77, Plate CXXV., and No. 78, Plate CXXIV. See map of Indian cessions.

264 “Indian Aff.,” II., 167; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 692-3; No. 96a, Plate CXXIV. See also No. 48 on the same plate, and No. 77, Plate CXXV. See map of Indian cessions.

265 “Territorial Records of Ill.,” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 3, 6, 7).

266 “Territorial Records of Ill.” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 10-19). Of the thirty-eight laws selected by the Governor and judges in the Northwest Territory, three were from the codes of southern states; of the fifteen so selected in Indiana Territory, thirteen were from southern codes—“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pamphlets,” No. I., 16; contained in Vol. 2 of “Publications.” Illinois was thus most southern of the three.

267 “Territorial Records of Ill.” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 23, 26-7).

268 “Statutes at Large,” II., 741-2.

269 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 461-70.

270 Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards.” 296, 306.

271 “Territorial Records of Ill.” (“Pub. of Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 62, 86).

(For each of the following officials, their Nativity and County are listed.)

Legislative Council.

Pierre Menard, Canada, Randolph.
Wm. Biggs, Md. St. Clair.
Sam’l Judy, Swiss or Md., Madison.
Thos. Ferguson, Johnson.
Benjamin Talbott, Gallatin.

House of Reps.

Dr. George Fisher, Va., Randolph.
Rev. Joshua Oglesby, St. Clair.
Jacob Short, St. Clair.
Rev. Wm. Jones, N. C., Madison.
Philip Trammell, Gallatin.
Alex. Wilson, Va., Gallatin.
John Grammar, Johnson.

Territorial Judges.

Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland.
Alexander Stuart, Virginia.
William Sprigg, Maryland.

Territorial Secretaries.

Nathaniel Pope, Kentucky.
Joseph Philips, Tennessee.

Delegates in Congress and Term.

Shadrach Bond, Md, Dec. 3, 1812-14.
Benj. Stephenson, Ky, Nov. 14, 1814-16.
Nathan’l Pope, Ky, Dec. 2, 1816-18.

Governor.

Ninian Edwards, Md., 1809-1818.

Officers other than members are added to the above in order to emphasize the southern origin of Illinois territorial officials. New England was not yet a factor in Illinois politics.

272 “Territorial Records of Illinois” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 62-170).

273 “Laws of Ill. Ter., 1817-18,” pp. 72-82; Ibid., 1815-16, p. 44.

274 “Laws of Ill. Ter., 1817-18,” pp. 57-64.

275 “Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 1st Sess., 1677, 1738; “H. J.,” 15th Cong., 1st Sess., 151, 174; Benton, “Abridgment of Debates in Cong.,” VI., 173; “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” XI., 494-501.

276 “Statutes at Large,” III., 428; “Laws of Ill. Ter.,” 1817-18. pp. 42-5; Dana, “Sketches of Western Country,” 1819, 153; “Niles’ Register,” XIV., 359 (July 18, 1818); Babcock, “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 99.

277 Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” Pt. I., 442, 445. Of the members of the Constitutional Convention of Illinois whose nativity has been learned, ten were natives of the South, two were natives of Illinois born of southern parents, two were Irishmen from the South, and five were natives of the North. New England was represented by one man, John Messinger, a son-in-law of Matthew Lyon.

278 “Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 38, 305-11; “Statutes at Large,” III., 536.

279 “Niles’ Register,” XIII., 1817, 224.

280 Kingdom, “America and the British Colonies,” 1816, 17.

281 Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 25, 29.

282 Wright, “Letters from the West, or, A Caution to Emigrants,” 1818, 1.

283 Harding, “Tour through the Western Country,” 1818-19, 5.

284 “Am. Mag. and Review,” III., 1818, 152; I., 1817, 473.

285 Goodrich, “Recollections of a Life Time,” II., 78 ff.; Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 25; “Va. Patriot,” Sept. 7, 21, 1816; Varney, “A Brief Hist. of Me.,” 239; Abbott, “Hist. of Me.,” 424; Williamson, “Hist. of Me.,” II., 664-6; Sanborn, “Hist. of N. H.,” 265; Whiton, “Hist. of N. H.,” 188; Barstow, “Hist. of N. H.,” 392; Thompson, “Hist. of the State of Vt.,” 1833, 222; same, 1853, Pt. I., 20; Hoskins, “Hist. of the State of Vt.,” 232; Wilbur, “Early Hist. of Vt.,” III., 162-3; Heaton, “Story of Vt.,” 136; Beckley, “Hist. of Vt.,” 171-2; “Gov. and Council-Vt.,” VI., 429-31.

286 “Va. Patriot,” Sept. 11, 1816.

287 White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 425, 453, 461.

288 Bassett, “Anti-Slavery Leaders of N. C.” (J. H. U. Studies, XVI., 267-71).

289 De Bow, “Industrial Resources of the U. S.,” I., 122-3. Millions of pounds of cotton raised in the U. S.:
1808, 75.
1809, 82.
1810, 85.
1811, 80.
1812, 75.
1813, 75.
1814, 70.
1815, 100.
1816, 124.
1817, 130.
1818, 125.
1819, 167.
1820, 160.
1821, 180.
1822, 210.
In Ga. 1811, 20, 1821, 45.
In Tenn. 1811, 3., 1821, 20.

290 “Statutes at Large,” S. C., VII., 451-66; “Laws of Tenn., revision of 1831,” I., 314-30; “Acts of 1818,” Ky., 623, 787; “Acts of 1815,” Ky., Feb. 8, 1815.

291 J. L. Watkins, in “U. S. Dept. of Agric., Div. of Statistics, Misc. Ser., Bulletin No. 9,” p. 8.

292 “National Intelligencer,” Washington, D. C., Apr. 18, 1812.

293 “Rambler in N. A.,” I., 104-11; “Am. Register,” II., 1817, 202-3.

294 “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 81.

295 “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 156.

296 Morris Birkbeck and George Flower, from England, founded in 1817, in Edwards County, Illinois, what was the most famous of the English settlements in Illinois. Birkbeck was an educated man and his writings are among the important sources for the early history of Illinois. He was at one time Secretary of State of Illinois. George Flower became the historian of the settlement.

297 Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 56.

298 Flower, “Hist. of the Eng. Settlement in Edwards Co., Ill.,” “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 95-99.

299 “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 71, 74.

300 Ibid., 74-81. The disparity in dates in the latter part of the quotation suggests that “23d of October” should probably read “3d of October.”

301 Fearon, “Sketches of America,” 258; William Tell Harris, “Remarks Made During a Tour through the U. S. of America in the Years 1817, 1818, 1819.”

302 Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 128.

303 Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 1817, 260. In Fearon’s work 2s. 3d. is equal to 50 cents, p. 5.

304 Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 2.

305 Hecke, “Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika,” 1818-19, I., 34.

306 Warden, “Acct. of the U. S. of N. A.,” 1819, III., 62.

307 “State Papers,” 13th Cong., 3d Sess.

308 “State Papers,” 14th Cong., 2d Sess., II., folio. Another volume with the same number is a quarto.

309 Ibid., 14th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

310 Ross, “Early Pioneers and Pioneer Events,” 65.

311 Kingston, “Early Western Days,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VII., 313.

312 Shaw, “Personal Narrative,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II., 225.

313 Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 1817, 258; Brown, “Western Gazetteer; or, Emigrant’s Directory,” 1817, 20.

314 Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 137.

315 Burnham in “Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. VIII., 181.

316 Harding, “Tour through the Western Country,” 8. This passage is practically plagiarized in Ogden, “Letters from the West,” and in Thwaites, “Early Western Travels,” XIX., 56.

317 Palmer, “U. S. and Canada,” 1818, 417; “Statutes at Large,” II., 584; “Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard,” 38.

318 “State Papers,” 13th Cong., 3d Sess.

319 Ibid., 13th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

320 “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 178; Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 128.

321 James and Loveless, “Newspapers in Ill. Prior to 1860,” “Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. I., 41, 42, 64, 73, 74; Palmer, “U. S. and Canada,” 1818, 416.

322 Burnham, “An Early Ill. Newspaper,” “Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. VIII., 182.

323 Col. Daniel M. Parkison, “Pioneer Life in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II., 326-7, cf. “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 76, 87.

324 “Indian Aff.,” II., 196-7; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 696-9, Plate CXXV.; Dana, “Sketches of Western Country,” 1819, 147. See map of Indian cessions.

325 “State Papers,” No. 64, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., IV.

326 Ibid., No. 118, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., VI.

327 Ibid., No. 96, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; “Ex. Doc.,” No. 140, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV.

328 “Senate Doc.,” No. 47, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

329 Ibid., No. 72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

330 “Senate Doc.,” No. 72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.; see also ibid., No. 27.

331 “State Papers,” No. 24, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., II.; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 722-5, Plate CXXV.

332 Ibid., Pt. 2, 736-7, 738-9, 750-1, Plates CXXIV. and CXXV.

333 Tenney, “Early Times in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 96.

334 McLaughlin, “Lewis Cass,” 125; Young, “Life of Gen. Lewis Cass,” 93.

335 “State Papers,” Senate, No. 87, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

336 Ibid., No. 57, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., V.

337 “Statutes at Large,” III., 566-7.

338 Donaldson, “Public Domain,” 200 ff.

339 “State Papers,” No. 35, 10th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

340 “Pub. Lands,” III., 533. It is interesting to note that for the five years ending in 1822, the Pulteney estate of 380,000 acres of land in Steuben and Alleghany counties, New York, had sold an average of 10,000 acres per year, at an average price of $3.37 per acre—“Columbian Sentinel,” Boston, Oct. 2, 1822.

341 “Illinois Intelligencer,” Oct. 30, 1821.

342 “Pub. Lands,” IV.. 145; “Repts. and S. Doc.,” No. 25, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

343 “Pub. Lands,” IV., 871; “S. Doc.,” No. 17, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

344 “H. J.,” Ill., 1826-27, p. 54.

345 “Repts. of Com.,” No. 125, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

346 “Senate Doc.,” No. 58, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I. For the long and futile effort made in Congress to secure a law graduating the price of public lands, see Meigs, “Life of Thomas Hart Benton,” ch. xi., with the foot references thereto.

347 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 246, 254.

348 “Statutes at Large,” IV., 420-1.

349 “Pub. Lands,” VI., 240.

350 “Statutes at Large,” III., 786; “Repts. of Com.,” No. 58, 17th Cong., 1st Sess., I.; “Pub. Lands,” III., 406, 412-3, 421, 462-3; VI., 23-5; “S. Doc.,” No. 10, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

351 “Illinois Intelligencer,” Vandalia, Ill., Apr. 24, 1821.

352 “Niles’ Register,” XXV., 117.

353 “Washington (D. C.) Republican,” Sept. 27, 1823.

354 “Illinois Intelligencer,” Oct. 3, 1829.

355 “Senate Jour.,” Ill., 1830-31, 8-51. The message was delivered on Dec. 7, 1830, and Edwards’ successor was inaugurated the following day.

356 “State Papers,” No. 17, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

357 “Statutes at Large,” III., 659-60; “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 59.

358 “Pub. Lands,” IV., 437-8; “Repts. of Com.,” No. 147, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., II.; ibid., No. 53, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., I.; “S. Doc.,” No. 49, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

359 Ibid., No. 46, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.; “State Papers,” No. 81, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., V.

360 “Pub. Lands,” VI., 27; “Statutes at Large,” IV., 234.

361 “S. Doc.,” No. 11, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

362 “Pub. Lands,” IV., 888, 921; V., 33, 35, 620; “Statutes at Large,” IV., 305.

363 “Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, 39-45; 1824-25, 72.

364 Ibid., 1820-21, 153-4.

365 The total receipts from sales of 1829 is erroneously given as $256,124.54 in the original.

366 “Pub. Lands,” VI., 158-9.

367 Ibid., VI., 219; “H. Ex. Doc.,” No. 19, 21st Cong., 2d Sess., I.

368 “Rept. of a Meeting of Workingmen in the City of Wheeling, Va., on Forming a Settlement in the State of Ill.,” Oct. 4, 1830, 1-12.

369 “Information for Emigrants,” London, 1848, 33, first pagination. The hogs were sold in 1829.

370 Senators from Illinois:
Ninian Edwards, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 4, 1824
Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1829
John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 20, 1824-Mar. 3, 1825
and Dec. 7, 1829-Oct. 14, 1830
Elias K. Kane, New York, Dec. 5, 1825-Dec. 11, 1835
David J. Baker, Connecticut, Dec. 6, 1830-Jan. 4, 1831

Representatives from Illinois:

John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1819
Daniel P. Cook, Kentucky, Dec. 6, 1819-Mar. 3, 1827
Joseph Duncan, Kentucky, Dec. 3, 1827-Nov. 1834

Governors of Illinois:

1809-1818: Ninian Edwards, Maryland
1818-1822: Shadrach Bond, Maryland
1822-1826: Edward Coles, Virginia
1826-1830: Ninian Edwards, Maryland
1830-1834: John Reynolds, Pennsylvania

The governors from 1834-1842 were from Kentucky, 1842-1861 from the North, 1861-1873 from Kentucky. During the period 1846-1853, Illinois had a Democratic governor (Augustus C. French), from New Hampshire, this being the only instance of an Illinois governor from New England.

371 Sulte, “Histoire des Canadiens-Français,” VIII., 53.

372 “Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 436, 704; “H. J.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 100, 136-7, 273, 308; “S. J.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 239, 240, 278-85, 322; 16th Cong., 1st Sess., 107, 201-2, 245; “Annals of Cong.,” 16th Cong., 1st Sess., I., 450-2, 482-5; II., 1331-3; “S. J.,” 21st Cong., 2d Sess., 38, 48, 51.

373 “S. J.,” 18th Cong., 1st Sess., 401; “H. J.,” 18th Cong., 1st Sess., 428; “Cong. Debates,” 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV. 786, 2471.

374 “Cong. Debates,” 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV., 90.

375 “Ohio Republican,” April 19, 1823.

376 Eames, “Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville,” 22. A letter from the son of Mr. Eames, now deceased, says that search has failed to recover the constitution of the Regulators of the Valley. Regulators were also useful in preventing speculators from entering the claims of squatters, even when the squatter was too poor to enter his own claim—Henderson, “Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 21. For another instance, see Blaney, “Excursion through the U. S.,” 233-6; also, Reynolds, “My Own Times,” 1879, 113.

377 “Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, pp. 45-6; 1822-23, p. 109; Henderson, “Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 21.

378 “Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, p. 86 ff.; 1824-25, p. 116.

379 “Miners’ Journal,” Galena, Dec. 22, 1829; “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1829, 57; “H. J.,” (Ill.), 1828-29, p. 57.

380 “Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, pp. 149-51.

381 Ibid., 1824-25, pp. 121-8; “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1829, 149.

382 “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1829, p. 100; McMaster, “Rights of Man in Am.,” 97.

383 “Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, pp. 229-30.

384 “H. J.,” Ill., 1828-29, p. 8.

385 Tenney, “Early Times in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 97; “Niles’ Register,” XXXVII., 53; “State Papers,” No. 35, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

386 “Repts. of Com.,” No. 177, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VI., 278-9.

387 “State Papers,” No. 66, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

388 “Statutes at Large,” IV., 334.

389 “Galena Advertiser,” Sept. 14, 1829.

390 Bonner, “Life and Adventures of Beckwourth,” 20, 21. Written from Beckwourth’s dictation.

391 Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 48.

392 Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VI., 276-9.

393 Blaney, “Excursion through the U. S. and Canada,” 159.

394 “Niles’ Register,” XXVIII., 168; Dana, “Sketches of Western Country,” 1819, 154; “Laws of Ill. Ter.,” 1817-18, pp. 57-64.

395 Henderson, “Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 13.

396 Reid, “Sketch of Enoch Long,” “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” Il., 61-2.

397 “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 156; Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 200-1; Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 310.

398 “Reminiscences of Levi Coffin,” 89-99.

399 Ibid., 76.

400 Ibid., 94-5; Mrs. Delilah Mullin-Evans, in “Trans. of the McLean Co. (Ill.) Hist. Soc.,” II., 17; Hecke, “Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten,” I., 37-8.

401 Loomis, “Notes of a Journey to the Great West,” pages unnumbered; “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 320.

402 “Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” MS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.

403 Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 120.

404 Melish, “Information and Advice to Emigrants,” 1819, 108.

405 Woods, “Residence in Ill.,” 140.

406 “Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, pp. 94-6.

407 Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 54.

408 Hamilton, “Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard,” 136.

409 Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 81; Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 250.

410 “State Papers,” No. 77, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., III.

411 “S. Doc.,” No. 28, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

412 Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VI., 278-9.

413 Reid, “Sketch of Enoch Long,” Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll., II., 67-8. See also Owen, in “Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblatter,” Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, 42.

414 Chetlain, “Recollections of Seventy Years,” 10.

415 Hulme, in Cobbett. “Year’s Residence in the U. S.,” 279, 302.

416 Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 113; Birkbeck, “Jour. from Va. to Ill.,” 133-4.

417 Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 260, repeated in Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 63. In the works of Fearon and Kingdom 4s. 6d. are equal to $1.00.

418 Cobbett, “A Year’s Residence in the U. S.,” 337.

419 Birkbeck, “Extracts,” 4.

420 Woods, “Residence in Illinois,” 33, 74, 111, 131, 133, 143-4.

421 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 315.

422 Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 2.

423 “Niles’ Register,” XXV., 95.

424 “Cincinnati Emporium,” Feb. 3, 1825.

425 “Cincinnati Gazette,” Apr. 1, 1825.

426 “Niles’ Register,” XXXI., 58.

427 Ibid., XXXI., 38.

428 “Cincinnati Christian Journal and Intelligencer,” July 27, 1830.

429 “Niles’ Register,” XXXVIII., 97.

430 Ibid., XLIV., 36.

431 “Cincinnati Christian Journal and Intelligencer,” July 27, 1830.

432 Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 217, 260. Reprinted in Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 55, 62.

433 “Niles’ Register,” XXIX., 165; “The Intelligencer” Petersburg, Va., Mar. 11, 1825; “Charleston (S. C.) Mercury,” May 25, 1825; “Nashville (Tenn.) Republican,” Apr. 16, 1825.

434 “Niles’ Register,” XXXI., 52.

435 “Miners’ Journal,” Galena, Oct. 4, 1829.

436 Ibid., Nov. 3, 1829; Dec. 15, 1829; Aug. 14, 1830.

437 “Twelfth Census of the U. S., Occupations,” p. xxx.

438 Duden, “Nordamerika,” 61.

439 Hecke, “Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten,” II., 134-5.

440 The following describes a ditch and bank fence: “I very much admire Mr. Birkbeck’s mode of fencing. He makes a ditch 4 ft. wide at top, sloping to 1 ft. wide at bottom, and 4 ft. deep. With the earth that comes out of the ditch he makes a bank on one side, which is turfed towards the ditch. Then a long pole is put up from the bottom of the ditch to 2 ft. above the bank; this is crossed by a short pole from the other side, and then a rail is laid along between the forks. The banks were growing beautifully, and looked altogether very neat as well as formidable, though a live hedge (which he intends to have) instead of dead poles and rails, upon top, would make the fence far more effectual as well as handsomer.”—Hulme, in Cobbett, “Year’s Residence in the U. S.,” 282.

441 Ernst in “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 156; “Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal,” Apr. 18, 1877 (in “Ill. Local Hist.,” III., in Wis. Hist. Soc. Lib.)

442 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 213.

443 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 244.

444 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 273.

445 Ernst, in “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 155.

446 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 254.

447 Chapman, Lyde Grove, in “Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” in MSS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.

448 “Niles’ Register,” XXIX., 37; “Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I., 127.

449 “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 2, 67, 245, 386; “Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I., 129; Loomis, “Journey to the Great West in 1825,” ch. iv., pages unnumbered.

450 “Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” in MSS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.

451 “Niles’ Register,” XXX., 287; “Ill. Intelligencer,” May 18, 1826.

452 “Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I., 129.

453 Ibid., I., 128-9

454 Fearon, “Sketches of America,” 1817, 261, reprinted in Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 63; Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.” 22, 32-3, 51-2, 69, 78, 85; Birkbeck, “Extracts,” 24-5, shows that a honey-locust hedge could be made (1819) for less than 12 cents per rod.

455 Birkbeck, “Jour. from Va. to Ill.,” 36; Duden, “Nordamerika,” 319.

456 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 315.

457 Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 35-6.

458 Mackenzie, “View of the U. S.,” 1819, 298.

459 “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 112.

460 Ibid., XXV., 272.

461 Loomis, “Notes of a Journey to the Great West in 1825,” ch. iv, pages unnumbered.

462 “H. J.” (Ill.), 1828-29, 63.

463 “State Papers,” No. 55, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.; “Niles’ Register,” XXVIII., 161.

464 “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 226.

465 Parkison, “Pioneer Life in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II., 328-9.

466 Owen, “Ums Jahr 1819 und 1829,” in “Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblatter,” Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, S. 42.

467 Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VI., 280.

468 “Pub. Lands,” IV, 800.

469 “Narrative of Morgan L. Martin,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” XL, 398.

470 Chetlain, “Recollections of Seventy Years,” 6; Mrs. Adile Gratiot, in “Early Ill. Towns,” Lib. of Chicago Hist. Soc.

471 Parkison, “Pioneer Life in Wis,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II., 329.

472 “Ex. Doc.,” No. 277, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. VII.

473 “Shattuck Memorials,” 233-4.

474 “Niles’ Register,” XXXIV., 344.

475 “Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal,” Apr. 18, 1877.

476 Babcock, “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 123.

477 Peck, “‘Father Clark’; or, The Pioneer Preacher,” 240.

478 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 59.

479 Babcock, “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 229.

480 “Trans. of the McLean Co. (Ill.) Hist. Soc,” II., 19.

481 “Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal,” Apr. 18, 1877.

482 Peck, in Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,” 259.

483 Ibid., 272-3.

484 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 386-7.

485 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 254.

486 Babcock, “Memoir of John M. Peck,” 96-7.

487 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 128.

488 Ibid., 116-7.

489 Babcock, “Memoir of John M. Peck,” 94-5.

490 Ibid., 183, et seq., 203, 209.

In general, on the subject of religion in early Illinois, see: Peck, in Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,” 253-75, and the above mentioned works.

491 Harris, “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 116-9, note 3, p. 118.

492 “Public Laws” (Ill.). 1865, 105.

493 The question of the binding effect of the Ordinance received much attention, especially from state courts, but early petitions show that the discussion was not early important. In general, see Haight, “Ordinance of 1787,” in “Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass’n Pub.,” II., 343-402; Cooley, “Michigan,” 137-9; Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 67-71.

494 “Pub. Lands,” I., 68-9; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 447-52, 452-5.

495 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 455-61; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 735.

496 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 461-70; “A. S. P. Misc.,” I., 387; “Annals of Cong.,” 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 1023-4; ibid., 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 466-8.

497 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 476-83, 498-506.

498 Ibid., II., 494-7; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 450; “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293, 466-8.

499 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 507-10; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 467, 477; “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 2d Sess., 375, 482.

500 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 515-21; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 484; “Annals of Cong.,” 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 23, et seq., 816.

501 Harris, “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 11, note 3.

502 Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” Pt. I., 445-6.

503 “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1833, 457-62.

504 “Ninth Census of U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 5, 7, 24-5; Melish, “Geog. Desc. of the U. S.,” 1822, 359.

505 “Ninth Census of U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 3, 7.

506 J. Q. Adams, “Memoirs,” V., 9.

507 “Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Apr. 24, 1821.

508 “Ninth Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 3.

509 The vote for governor given by W. H. Brown, “Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,” (“Fergus Hist. Ser.,” No. 4, p. 15), differs from that by Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 58, and Bonham, “Fifty Years Recollections,” 22, while neither gives Coles a plurality of 46 votes, as Harris in “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 31, says the official returns show him to have received. For the purposes of this work the differences are so slight as to be negligible.

510 “House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 25-7; “Senate Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 29-30.

511 “Senate Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 43-6; “House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 68, 134, 147-8.

512 “House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 44, 45.

513 Davidson and Stuvé, “Hist. of Ill.,” 320.

514 “House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 272.

515 Ibid., 1822-23, P. 276; “Senate Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 252.

516 Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” passim.

517 “Edwardsville Spectator,” Jan. 27, 1824; Nov. 29, 1823.

518 Eames, “Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville,” 12.

519 “House Journal” (Ill.), 1824-25, p. 64. The corrected official vote (Aug. 2, 1824), by counties, is as follows:
For. Against.
Alexander, 75, 51
Bond, 63, 240
Clark, 31, 116
Crawford, 134, 262
Edgar, 3, 234
Edwards, 189, 391
Fayette, 125, 121
Franklin, 170, 113
Fulton, 5, 60
Gallatin, 597, 133
Greene, 164, 379
Hamilton, 173, 85
Jackson, 180, 93
Jefferson, 99, 43
Johnson, 74, 74
Lawrence, 158, 261
Madison, 351, 563
Marion, 45, 52
Montgomery, 74, 90
Monroe, 141, 196
Morgan, 42, 432
Pike, 19, 165
Pope, 273, 124
Randolph, 357, 284
Sangamon, 153, 722
St. Clair, 408, 506
Union, 213, 240
Washington, 112, 173
Wayne, 189, 111
White, 355, 326

Totals, 4972, 6640

The vote as here given is from Moses, “Illinois,” I., 324. It is also given in Harris, “Negro Servitude in Illinois,” 48. It differs to a slight degree from that given by William H. Brown in his “Historical Sketch of the Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,” read at the annual meeting of the Chicago Hist. Soc., Dec. 5, 1864 (“Fergus Hist. Ser.,” No. 4), and in Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 191. Brown was one of the leaders in the struggle and his work is of especial value. It is probable that the vote appended to his address was prepared by some one else. The work of Moses is of later date and his figures correspond to the official report in respect to the majority against the convention, as the others do not.

520 Brown, “Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,” in “Fergus Hist. Series,” No. 4, pp. 16-17.

521 “Niles’ Register,” XXV., 39; “The Columbian Star” (Washington, D. C.), Feb. 21, 1824.

522 “H. J.” (Ill.), 1824-25, p. 13; on kidnapping see Harris, “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 53 ff.

523 Ibid., 1824-25, pp. 26, 27, 151.

524 Ibid., 1826-27, pp. 9-10.

525 “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1833, 180-1.

526 “Laws of Ill.,” 1824-25, p. 50.

527 “Revised Laws of Ill.” 1833, 463-65.

528 “Ninth Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” p. 7.

529 Ibid., 3; “H. J.” (Ill.), 1826, 11.

530 “H. J.” (Ill.), 1826, 11.

531 “Edwardsville (Ill.) Spectator,” Oct. 5, 1824.

532 “Niles’ Register,” XXIX., 208.

533 Ibid., XXIX., 422.

534 Shaler, “Kentucky,” 176-85.

535 “Nashville (Tenn.) Republican,” Apr. 16, 1825.

536 “Niles’ Register,” XXX., 449.

537 “Galena Advertiser,” July 20, Aug. 10, Sept. 21, 1829.

538 “Niles’ Register,” XXXVI., 222.

539 “Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Oct. 31, 1829.

540 “Niles’ Register,” XXXVI., 271.

541 “Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Nov. 27, 1830.

542 “Niles’ Register,” XXXVII., 195.

543 “Galena Advertiser,” July 20, 1829; “Niles’ Register,” XXXVII., 230.

544 “Niles’ Register,” XXVIII., 161.

545 “State Papers,” No. 69, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.

546 Thomas S. Hinde, writing over the signature of “Theophilus Arminius,” in “Methodist Magazine,” XI., 1828, 154-8. The identity of the writer is shown by a note on p. 33 of the same volume.

Among the many writings concerning Peter Cartwright, the best are Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright”; Cartwright, “Fifty Years as a Presiding Elder,” and the obituary notice in “Minutes of the Annual Conferences of the M. E. Church,” 1873, 115-7. See also Moses, “Illinois,” I., 348, 379, 395, 506, 1166.

For the character of John M. Peck, also a noted pioneer preacher and founder of Rock Spring Seminary in Illinois, see “Memoir of John Mason Peck, D. D.,” edited by Rufus Babcock.

547 “Pub. Lands,” I., 69-70; II., 203-4; “Early Chicago and Illinois,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 145, 159, 167, 169-70, 178-9, 209; Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,” 110, 116-8, 180, 215; John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785, in “Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 214-5; Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, 1786, “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 56; Petition from Kaskaskia, Sept. 14, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 124-7; Offer of John Edgar, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 3, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 127-8; Hamtramck’s reply to the Kaskaskia petition of Sept. 14, 1789, from Vincennes, Oct. 14, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 128-30; Edgar to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789, ibid., II., 132-6; “DraperColl., Kenton MSS.,” Edgar Papers.

548 Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,” 170-2; W. A. Burt Jones, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 230-70; Jones to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 29, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 136-41.

549 “Methodist Magazine,” XI., 1828, 154-8. The remarks of Hinde recall the difficulty which was experienced by the men who governed the Northwest Territory under the Ordinance of 1787 when they attempted to use only such laws as had been adopted by some state. The attempt was early and finally abandoned. Hinde gives the following in a foot-note: “A gentleman, a Virginian, a physician of eminence who was educated in Paris, visited a western state many years ago [written in 1827], and lost all his money by gambling, (playing at cards). Meeting a friend on the mountains on his return, he was thus addressed: ‘Well, doctor, you have been to see the new country.’ ‘Yes,’ replied the doctor, biting his lips, ‘it is a new country, it is true; but there are some of the oldest people in it that I ever saw.’”—See above reference, p. 155.

On Mt. Carmel and its founders, in general, see: “Articles of Association for the City of Mount Carmel”; Bangs, “Hist. of the M. E. Church,” IV., appendix, 3, 25; III., 230, 308-14; “Minutes of Conferences” Annual, M. E., I., 347, 474, 516; “American Pioneer,” I., 327; II., 363-8; “Laws of Ill., 1824-25,” 72-5; Simpson, “Cyclopedia of Methodism,” 97-S; “Methodist Magazine,” VIII., 17, 49, 86. Less reliable data is given in “Hist. of Edwards, Lawrence, and Wabash Counties, Ill.,” 85, 162, 189-90, 236, 238, 239. Mount Carmel is now (1908) the county seat of Wabash county. The “Hinde MSS.” in the “Draper Coll.” are large in volume, but have slight historic value, being chiefly musings of the author’s later years.

550 Bay, “Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar of Mo.,” 78-91; “Pub. Lands,” II., index under Easton, Rufus; Easton, “Descendants of Joseph Easton, Hartford, Conn.,” I, 37, 65; Moses, “Illinois,” I., 272; “Laws of Ill., 1820-21,” 39-45; ibid., 1822-23, 147.

551 For information concerning Iles, see: “Reminiscences of Elijah Iles,” in “Hist. of Sangamon County, Ill.,” 580-3; Power, “Hist. of the Early Settlers of Sangamon Co., Ill.,” 397-400 (practically a short autobiography of Iles, written in 1876); Moses, “Illinois,” I., 344; II., 1174. Concerning Enos, see: Stiles, “Ancient Windsor,” (Conn.), II., 245, 246; “Executive Journal,” Senate, 1815-29, pp. 325, 328, 551, 553, 555; ibid., 1829-37, pp. 50, 391; “Edwards Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” III., 205, 391. Concerning Cox, see: Moses, “Illinois,” II., 1168; “Executive Journal,” Senate, 1815-29, pp. 216-7, 325, 328, 551, 553, 555; Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 128-30; “Edwards Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” III., 76, 211, 336-7; Gue, “Hist. of Iowa,” I., 205, 211; Fairall, “Manual of Iowa Politics,” 107; “Hist. of Jackson County,” Iowa, 360-403. On Springfield, see: Peck, “Gazetteer of Illinois,” 1834, 337.

552 Moses, “Illinois,” I., 287, 289-90; Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,” 291-4, 323-7.

553 Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 16 et seq., 54-7. Washburne, the writer, came to Galena, Illinois, when it still had many frontier characteristics, and for seventeen years represented his district in Congress.

554 Moses, “Illinois,” L., 242-3, 336, 340-1, 351; Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 54-7; and for a general view of Edwards, see: N. W. Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” and “The Edwards Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” III.