Postscript
Listen to the Winds, O God the Reader, that wail across the whip-cords stretched taut on broken human hearts; listen to the Bones, the bare bleached bones of slaves, that line the lanes of Seven Seas and beat eternal tom-toms in the forests of the laboring deep; listen to the Blood, the cold thick blood that spills its filth across the fields and flowers of the Free; listen to the Souls that wing and thrill and weep and scream and sob and sing above it all. What shall these things mean, O God the Reader? You know. You know.
Footnotes
1 In the fifties it was customary for the merchants, etc., to have posted at their door a list of help wanted. Many of these help wanted signs were accompanied by another which read “No Irish need apply.” During the Civil War there was an Anti-Draft song with a refrain to the effect that when it came to drafting they did not practice “No Irish need apply.”
2 “Americans only” in a real estate advertisement today usually means “No Jews need apply.” It sometimes means Irish (i. e., Catholic) also.
3 Wm. J. Bromwell, History of Immigration to United States, p. 96.
4 Ibid., p. 100.
5 Ibid., p. 116.
6 Ibid., p. 124.
7 Commercial Relations of the United States, 1885-1886, Appendix III, p. 1967.
8 “The Commissioners for Ireland gave them orders upon the governors of garrisons, to deliver to them prisoners of war; upon the keepers of gaols, for offenders in custody; upon masters of workhouses, for the destitute in their care ‘who were of an age to labor, or if women were marriageable and not past breeding’; and gave directions to all in authority to seize those who had no visible means of livelihood, and deliver them to these agents of the Bristol sugar merchants, in execution of which latter direction Ireland must have exhibited scenes in every part like the slave hunts in Africa. How many girls of gentle birth have been caught and hurried to the private prisons of these man-catchers none can tell. Messrs. Sellick and Leader, Mr. Robert Yeomans, Mr. Joseph Lawrence, and others, all of Bristol, were active agents. As one instance out of many: Captain John Vernon was employed by the Commissioners for Ireland, into England, and contracted in their behalf with Mr. David Sellick and Mr. Leader under his hand, bearing date the 14th September, 1653, to supply them with two hundred and fifty women of the Irish nation above twelve years, and under the age of forty-five, also three hundred men above twelve years of age, and under fifty, to be found in the country within twenty miles of Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale, Waterford and Wexford, to transport them into New England.” J. P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, London, 1865. 2d. ed., pp. 89-90.
9 “It is calculated that in four years (1653-1657) English firms of slave-dealers shipped 6,400 Irish men and women, boys and maidens, to the British colonies of North America.” A. J. Thebaud, The Irish Race in the Past and Present, N. Y., 1893, p. 385.
10 Rev. T. A. Spencer, History of the United States, Vol. I, p. 305.
11 Henry Pratt Fairchild, Immigration: A world movement, and its American significance, N. Y., 1913, p. 47. See also Archives of Maryland, Vol. 22, p. 497.
12 Charles A. and Mary R. Beard, History of the United States, N. Y., 1921, p. 11.
13 Fairchild, p. 35.
14 Henry Cabot Lodge, A Short History of the English Colonies in America, N. Y., 1881, p. 70.
15 Beard, p. 15.
16 Beard, p. 16.
17 W. E. Burghardt DuBois, Suppression of the Slave Trade, Harvard Historical Studies, No. 1, p. 5.
18 John R. Commons, Races and Immigrants in America, N. Y., 1907, p. 53.
19 Adam Seybert, Statistical Annals of the United States, Phila., 1818, p. 29.
20 Young, Special Report on Immigration, Phila., 1871, p. 5.
21 Bromwell, p. 145.
22 Ibid., p. 16.
23 Ibid., p. 18.
24 Ibid., pp. 16-17.
25 Young, p. 6.
26 Ibid., p. 6.
27 Special Consular Reports, Vol. 30, p. 8.
28 Immigration and Emigration, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, 1915, p. 1099.
29 Ibid.
30 Reports of Department of Labor, Washington, 1915.
31 Ibid.
32 Reports of Department of Labor, Washington, 1918, p. 208.
33 Reports of Department of Labor, Washington, 1920, p. 400.
34 Reports of Department of Labor, Washington, 1921, p. 365.
35 From a Spanish Romance called La Sergas de Espladian, by Garcia de Montalvo, published in 1510; translated in Beasley’s The Negro Trail Blazers of California, p. 18.
36 Cf. Wiener, Africa and the Discovery of America, Vol. 1, pp. 169-70, 172, 174-5; Vol. 3, p. 322; Thurston, Antiquities of Tennessee, etc., 1890, p. 105; De Charnay, Ancient Cities of the New World (trans. by Gonino and Conant, 1887), pp. 132ff.; Kabell, America för Columbus, 1892, p. 235.
37 J. B. Thacher, Christopher Columbus, 1903, Vol. 2, pp. 379-80; Raccolta di documenti e studi publicati dalla R. Commissione Colombiana pel quarto centenario dalla scoperta dell’ America, parte I, Rome, 1892, Vol. 1, p. 96.
38 i. e., Negro Traders.
39 Thacher, Vol. 2, pp. 379, 380; Wiener, Vol. 2, pp. 116-17.
40 Wiener, Vol. 3, p. 365.
41 Memoir of Hernando de Essalante Fontanedo, respecting Florida, translated from the Spanish by Buckingham Smith, Washington, 1854.
42 Oviedo y Valdes, Historia general, etc., Vol. 1, p. 286.
43 Wiener, Vol. 3, p. 365.
44 Wiener, Vol. 1, p. 190.
45 Helps, Spanish Conquest in America, Vol. 4, p. 401.
46 J. F. Rippy in Journal of Negro History, Vol. 6, p. 183.
47 Helps, Vol. 1, p. 421.
48 Rippy, loc. cit.
49 The following narrative is based on: H. O. Flipper, Did a Negro discover Arizona and New Mexico (contains a translation of parts of the narrative of Pedro de Castaneda de Majera); Pedro de Castaneda, “Account of the Expedition to Cibola which took place in the year 1540....” translated in Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States (J. F. Jameson Ed.); Beasley, Trail Blazers of California, Chapter 2; Rippy, in Journal of Negro History, Vol. 6, pp. 183ff.; American Anthropologist, Vol. 4.
50 A fifth survivor, a Spaniard, stayed with the Indians and was afterward found by DeSoto.
51 Another story is that Estevanico and the Monks did not get on well together.
52 The story that Estevanico was killed because of his greed is evidently apocryphal.
53 Legends of the Zuni Pueblos of New Mexico quoted in Lowery Spanish Settlements in the United States, 1513-1561, pp. 281-82.
54 Cf. Beasley, Chapter 10.
55 Cf. Du Bois, Suppression of the Slave Trade; Du Bois, The Negro (Home University Library).
56 United States Census, Negro Population 1790-1915; Fourteenth Census, Vol. 3.
57 Du Bois, Suppression of the Slave Trade, Chapter 4.
58 Cf. Du Bois, The Philadelphia Negro, Chapter 4.
59 Cf. Woodson, A Century of Negro Migration; E. J. Scott: Negro Migration During the War.
60 Journal of Negro History, Vol. 1, p. 163.
61 Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. 2, pp. 405-6.
62 Atlanta University Publications: Cf. The Negro Artisan, 1902-1912, and Economic Cooperation among Negro Americans, 1907.
63 Alice Dunbar Nelson in Journal of Negro History, Vol. 2, p. 52.
64 Alice Dunbar Nelson, in the Journal of Negro History, Vol. 1, p. 375.
65 Olmsted, A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, Journey through Texas, and Journey in the Back Country.
66 Prior to the Matzeliger machine the McKay machine was patented, designed for making the heaviest and cheapest kind of men’s shoes. The Matzeliger machine was designed for light work, women’s shoes, etc., and was the most important invention necessary to the formation of the United Shoe Machinery Company.
67 H. E. Baker, in Journal of Negro History, Vol. 2, pp. 21ff.
68 Baker: The Colored Inventor, p. 7.
69 U. S. Census of 1920. Wilcox-Du Bois, Negroes in the United States (U. S. Census bulletin No. 8, 1904).
70 Olivier, White Capital and Coloured Labor, Chapter 8, London, 1906.
71 Alice Dunbar Nelson, Journal of Negro History, Vol. 1, pp. 369, 370, 371.
72 Cf. Livermore, Opinion of the Founders of the Republic, etc., part 2; Journal of Negro History, Vol. 1, p. 198ff.
73 G. H. Moore, Historical Notes, etc., N. Y., 1862.
74 Livermore, pp. 115-16.
75 Cf. Livermore and Moore as above; also Journal of Negro History, Vol. 1, pp. 114-20.
76 Livermore, p. 122. See also the account of Peter Salem, do., pp. 118-21.
77 T. G. Steward, in Publications American Negro Academy, No. 5, p. 12.
78 W. B. Hartgrove, Journal of Negro History, Vol. 1, pp. 125-9.
79 Wilson, Black Phalanx, p. 71.
80 Journal of Negro History, Vol. 1, pp. 373-4; Gayarre’s History of Louisiana, Vol. 3, p. 108.
81 Niles’ Register, Feb. 26, 1814.
82 Wilson, Black Phalanx, p. 88.
83 Alice Dunbar-Nelson in Journal of Negro History, Vol. 2, p. 58.
84 Niles’ Register, Vol. 7, p. 205.
85 Niles’ Register, Vol. 7, pp. 345-6.
86 Dunbar-Nelson in Journal of Negro History, Vol. 2, pp. 59-60.
87 Williams, Negro Race in America, Vol. 2, pp. 244ff.
88 Williams, Negro Race in America, Vol. 2, pp. 280-82.
89 New York Tribune, Aug. 19, 1862.
90 Williams, Vol. 2, p. 271.
91 Wilson, p. 123.
92 Wilson, p. 132.
93 Wesley, in Journal of Negro History, Vol. 4, pp. 239ff.
94 New York Tribune, Nov. 14, 1863; Williams, Vol. 2, p. 347.
95 Williams, Vol. 2, p. 360.
96 New York Times, June 13, 1863.
97 Wilson, pp. 250-54.
98 Williams, Vol. 2, p. 338.
99 John Temple Graves in Review of Reviews.
100 MS. Copies of orders.
101 MS. Copies of orders.
102 At least this was the opinion of Abraham Lincoln—cf. Wilson’s Black Phalanx, p. 108.
103 Thomas, Attitude of Friends toward Slavery, p. 267 and Appendix.
104 Jefferson’s Writings, Vol. 8, pp. 403-4.
105 George Livermore, Opinions of the Founders of the Republic on Negroes as Slaves, as Citizens, and as Soldiers, Boston, 1862, p. 61.
106 Jefferson’s Works, Vol. 1, pp. 23-4.
107 Howard’s Reports, Vol. 19.
108 Howard’s Reports, pp. 536-8.
109 Howard’s Reports, pp. 572-3, 582.
110 Niles’ Register, Vol. 16, May 22, 1819.
111 Benjamin Brawley, A Social History of the American Negro, New York, 1921, p. 90.
112 Hening’s Statutes.
113 John C. Hurd, The Law of Freedom and Bondage, Boston, 1858-1862.
114 Wiener, Africa and the Discovery of America, Vol. 1, pp. 155-8.
115 C. E. Chapman in Journal of Negro History, Vol. 3, p. 29.
116 J. Kunst, Negroes in Guatemala, Journal of Negro History, Vol. 1, pp. 392-8.
117 Cf. Bryan Edward’s West Indies, 4th Edition, Vol. 1, pp. 337-98.
118 Gayarre, History of Louisiana, Vol. 1, pp. 435, 440.
119 Du Bois’ Slave Trade, pp. 6, 10, 22, 206; J. Coppin, Slave Insurrections, 1860; Brawley, Social History, pp. 39, 86, 132.
120 Cf. T. G. Steward, The Haitian Revolution.
121 DeWitt Talmadge in the Christian Herald, Nov. 28, 1906; Du Bois’ Slave Trade, Chapter 7.
122 Cf. Dunbar-Nelson in the Journal of Negro History, Vol. 1.
123 Du Bois, John Brown, p. 81.
124 A. H. Grimke, Right on the Scaffold in Occasional Papers, No. 7, American Negro Academy.
125 Brawley, p. 140; T. W. Higginson, Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 8, p. 173.
126 I. W. Cromwell, in Journal of Negro History, Vol. 5, pp. 208ff.
127 Cf. Du Bois’ Philadelphia Negro, Chapter 4; Woodson’s Negro in our History, pp. 140-1.
128 Brawley, pp. 123-4; Journal of Negro History, Vol. 2, pp. 209-28.
129 Brawley, p. 71.
130 Williams’ Negro Race, Vol. 2, p. 126.
131 Du Bois’ John Brown, pp. 82ff.
132 Cf. Joshua R. Giddings, Exiles of Florida, Columbus, Ohio, 1858.
133 Among the first subscribers to Garrison’s Liberator were free Negroes and one report is that the very first paid subscriber was a colored Philadelphia caterer.
134 Livermore, p. 170.
135 Livermore, pp. 125-6.
136 Force’s Archives, 4th series, Vol. 3, p. 1387.
137 Works of John Adams, Vol. 2, p. 428.
138 Livermore, pp. 183, 184.
139 Wilson, pp. 491-92.
140 J. T. Wilson, The History of the Black Phalanx, Hartford, 1897, p. 490.
141 Cf. Cromwell, Negro In American History, Chapter 2.
142 J. W. Loguen, As a Slave and as a Freeman, p. 344.
143 George W. Williams, History of the Negro Race in America, New York, 1882, Vol. 1, Chapter 15.
144 Williams, Vol. 1, pp. 250-1.
145 Williams, Vol. 2, pp. 255-7.
146 Williams, Vol. 1, pp. 257-9.
147 Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, Sept. 22, 1862.
148 Atlanta University Publications, Atlanta, Ga., 1906, No. 8, p. 23.
149 John Eaton, Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen, New York, 1907, p. 134.
150 Eaton, 165.
151 Walter L. Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruction, Cleveland, Ohio, 1907, Vol. 1, p. 112.
152 Fleming, Vol. 1, pp. 350-1.
153 Fleming, Vol. 2, p. 382.
154 Report of Carl Schurz to President Johnson, in Senate Exec. Doc. No. 2, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.
155 Brewster, Sketches of Southern Mystery, Treason and Murder, p. 116.
156 McPherson, Reconstruction, p. 19.
157 Atlanta University Publications, Atlanta, Ga., 1901, No. 6, p. 36.
158 October 7, 1865.
159 McPherson, pp. 52, 56.
160 A. U. Publications, No. 12, p. 38; Cf. also Fleming, Vol. 1, P. 355.
161 Schurz’ Report.
162 House Reports, No. 30, 39th Congress, 1st Session.
163 Schurz’ Report.
164 Journal of Negro History, Vol. 5, p. 238.
165 Journal of Negro History, Vol. 7, pp. 127ff.
166 Journal of Negro History, Vol. 7, p. 424.
167 Jackson, Miss., Clarion, April 24, 1873.
168 Walter Allen, Governor Chamberlain’s Administration in South Carolina, New York, 1888, p. 82.
169 Journal of Negro History, Vol. 7, pp. 127ff.
170 Blaine, Twenty Years in Congress, Vol. 2, p. 515.
171 Blaine, Twenty Years in Congress, pp. 513-14.
172 Fleming, Vol. 1, pp. 450-1.
173 J. W. Garner, Reconstruction in Mississippi, New York, 1901, p. 322.
174 Warley in Brewster’s Sketches, p. 150.
175 A Liberal Republican’s description of the S. C. Legislature in 1871, Fleming, Vol. 2, pp. 53-4.
176 Fleming, Vol. 1, pp. 382ff.
177 Some of the Reconstruction Constitutions preceding Negro Suffrage showed tendencies toward democratization among the whites.
178 Chicago Weekly Inter-Ocean, Dec. 26, 1890.
179 Cf. Atlanta University Pub. No. 6 and No. 16.
180 This speech was made in the South Carolina Constitutional Convention of 1890 which disfranchised the Negro, by the Hon. Thomas E. Miller, ex-congressman and one of the six Negro members of the Convention. The Convention did not have the courage to publish it in their proceedings but it may be found in the Occasional Papers of the American Negro Academy No. 6, pp. 11-13.
181 Cf. W. E. B. Du Bois, Reconstruction (American Historical Review, XV, No. 4, p. 871).
W. E. B. Du Bois, Economics of Negro Emancipation (Sociological Review, Oct., 1911, p. 303).
182 O. O. Howard, Autobiography, New York, 1907, Vol. 2, pp. 361-7, 371-2.
183 Testimony of the presiding officer, Mrs. Frances D. Gage, in “Narrative of Sojourner Truth,” 1884, pp. 134-5.
184 Goodell, Slave Code, p. 111.
185 Robertson, Louisiana under the Rule of Spain, Vol. 1, pp. 67, 103, 111; Dunbar-Nelson, in Journal of Negro History, Vol. 2, p. 56.
186 Dunbar-Nelson, loc. cit.
187 Dunbar-Nelson, op. cit., p. 62; Martineau, Society in America, p. 326ff.
188 Brownie’s Book, March, 1921.
189 Beasley, Negro Trail Blazers, pp. 95-7.
190 Cf. Annual Reports National Association of Colored Women; Atlanta University Publications, No. 14.
191 Du Bois, Souls of Black Folk, Chapter No. 14.
192 W. F. Allen and others, Slave Songs of the United States, New York, 1867.
193 G. D. Pike, The Jubilee Singers, New York, 1873.
194 James Weldon Johnson, Book of American Negro Poetry, New York, 1922.
195 H. E. Krehbiel, Afro-American Folksongs, New York, 1914; cf. also John W. Work, Folksong of the American Negro, Nashville, Tenn., 1915.
196 Natalie Curtis-Burlin, Negro Folksongs, 4 books, 1918-19; Songs and Tales from the Dark Continent, 1920.
197 Benjamin Brawley, Negro in Literature and Art.
[198] Alice Dunbar-Nelson in Journal of Negro History, Vol. 2, p. 55.
199 Washington, Story of the Negro, Vol. 2, pp. 276-7.
200 Cf. Benjamin Brawley, The Negro in Literature and Art, New York, 1921.
201 Cf. Preface to James Weldon Johnson’s The Book of American Negro Poetry, New York, 1922.
202 T. W. Talley, Negro Folk Rhymes.
203 Cf. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Negro in Literature and Art (Annals American Academy, Sept., 1913).
204 A. A. Schomberg, A Bibliographical Checklist of American Negro Poetry, New York, 1916.
205 Preface to Claud McKay’s Harlem Shadows.
206 Cf. Freeman H. M. Murray, Emancipation and the Freed in American Sculpture, Washington, D. C., 1916.
207 Journal of Negro History, Vol. 3, p. 99ff. Later, Jefferson writing to an American thought Banneker had “a mind of very common stature indeed”.
208 Charles C. Jones, Religious Instruction of the Negroes, Savannah, 1842.
209 M. H. Kingsley, West African Studies.
210 Atlanta University Publications, The Negro Church, 1903.
211 Richard Allen, Life, Experience and Gospel Labors, Philadelphia, 1880.
212 Cf. Carter G. Woodson, The History of the Negro Church, Washington, D. C., 1921; Atlanta University Publications, The Negro Church; and J. E. Bassett, Slavery in North Carolina.
213 Bassett, pp. 58-9.