Chapter 12 Presenting the Sun Fire Company
In the eighteenth century calamities visited Alexandria, and of these nothing was more feared than fire. To prevent and control such catastrophes the gentlemen of the town formed themselves into several companies of fire fighters. How and with what means the raging holocausts were controlled is revealed in an old, mutilated, leather-bound minute book of the Sun Fire Company.135 The first entry in this treasure is part of the damaged record for the March meeting in 1775. The next page is numbered 9 and contains the minutes for the April meeting. This is evidence that the Company was formed in 1774 between August and December.
At this March 1775 meeting it was agreed to limit the number of the Company to forty-five persons. The clerk for this meeting was John Dalton; members served as clerks in rotation. Absent members were fined one shilling three pence. Members were to be provided with two buckets, a brown linen or oznaburg bag containing at least four yards of material, and a wicker basket as soon as possible after admittance. These were to be hung up in good order and always in place. There was a forfeiture of money for any neglect. The Company took some several months to acquire proper ladders and hooks. In April the “propriety of purchasing an Engine” was discussed and at the June meeting it was agreed to postpone the matter. Three ladders were then finished but most of the buckets were at the painters being marked with owners’ names and numbers. By August the ladders had been completed by Thomas Flemming, and John Dalton was ordered to procure locks with proper staples for securing the ladders under the “piazza of the Court House.”
As the Revolutionary War got under way many of the members were excused, “being frequently abroad on the Servis of Their Country.” Among these were Captain Valentine Peirs, Captain John Allison, Colonel John Fitzgerald and J. Windsor Brown.
Unfortunately the clerks took for granted that everybody knew when there had been a fire and rarely are these important events mentioned in the minutes. In January 1777, “William Wilson lost a bucket at the late fire” and he was authorized to purchase another at the Company’s expense; Robert Adam, who was clerk, forgot to “warn the Company and was fined Ten Shillings”; several members neglected to put up lights when the late fire happened at Zael Cooper’s and the fine was two shillings. The next clerk was “desired to Enquire of the several members if they had candles at their windows and to collect Fines from such of them as had not.”
The light begins to break—at the first hint of fire the Company member must, at the fastest possible speed, put lighted candles in the front windows of his dwelling. This was Alexandria’s first alarm system! The member then dashed for four yards of material in an oznaburg bag, two leather fire buckets (they each weighed as much as a saddle) and a wicker basket and, without stopping, he raced to the fire, where he either pumped water, formed spectators in ranks for passing buckets, removed goods from burning houses in his bag or basket, climbed ladders or pulled down adjoining houses when necessary; and last but not least watched to “prevent evil minded persons from plundering sufferers.” The only tranquil occupation was that of the “sentinels” who kept watch over goods removed from the conflagration wherever such goods were deposited.
What a spectacular sight a fire in Alexandria presented when one remembers the elegant dress of the day; short clothes, elaborate jackets or vests, ruffled linen, full skirted coats, perukes, queues braided and beribboned, powdered heads in three-cornered hats, silken and white hose, buckled shoes; and that fires generally occurred in winter upon the coldest days and in the worst weather, often at night, and that these firemen were the élite of the town, the serious, responsible merchants, doctors, masters, ship captains and owners.
There was some reward now and then for their efforts. At the April meeting in 1777, the “Succeeding Clerk is desired to warn the Company to meet next month at the Ball Room and to Desire the Treasurer to purchase Ten Gallons of Spirits, and one Loaf of Sugar Candles etc. The Clerk to have the Ball Room cleaned and put in order.” Alas, the members were either not warned or invited for only six showed up. The next month was worse, again no warning and only four came. The clerk was ordered to warn again and provide what spirit, sugar and candles may be necessary for the next meeting and “that the same be held in the Town House.” The clerk was reimbursed “one pound Two Shillings for white washing and cleaning the Ball Room.”
On February 22, 1779, a resolution was passed to fine the clerk refusing or neglecting his duty forty-two shillings, and absent members three shillings. There was a fine called the “Moreover Fine,” which was increased from five shillings to nine shillings, and the Company voted to dispose of any sum not exceeding £5 “when less than 2⁄3 of the members are met.” Besides funds in cash, the Company had 1,000 pounds of tobacco on hand. The following July the Company ordered the tobacco sold.
On Monday, October 27, 1783, nine years after the founding of the Company, the succeeding clerk is ordered to give notice that at the next meeting a proposal will be made to dispose of the money in stock in the purchase of an engine. Two months later, undaunted by the recent unpleasantness, the treasurer was requested to “Import from London on account of this Company a fire engine value from seventy to eighty pounds sterling.” It took two years for the engine to arrive. Preparatory to its reception, officers were appointed for its direction. Nine stalwart members were chosen, and they were ordered to serve nine months. Six shillings each was collected from the members to help make up the deficiency, and a committee was appointed to wait upon the county court with a petition requesting ground sufficient for building an enginehouse upon the courthouse lot. This was granted and the enginehouse was built on Fairfax Street “adjoining the school House.” The members were called on for a dollar each for this purpose and it was later necessary to borrow another dollar. Two keys were ordered labeled “Sun Fire Company.”
The April minutes in 1786 contain the invoice for the engine:
| To a Fire Engine Imported from London with 2 dozen buckets Amt p. invoice | £ 72. | 14. | |
| Commission on shipping Do—5% | 3. | 12. | 8 |
| Insurance on £76 @ 2½pc | 1. | 18. | |
| Freight from London | 6. | 6. | |
| ——— | ——— | ——— | |
| £ 84. | 10. | 8 | |
| Exchange 40 pc1 | 33. | 16. | 2 |
| ——— | ——— | ——— | |
| 118. | 6. | 10 | |
| Freight from Baltimore | 1. | 4. | |
| ——— | ——— | ——— | |
| £119. | 10. | 10 |
It was incorporated into the articles that the engine was to be worked for two hours every Monday of the meeting, and anyone neglecting to attend and work the engine was penalized nine pence. Moreover William Herbert, Dennis Ramsay and Isaac Roberdeau were charged with getting the engine to fires.
About this time (1788) the Virginia Assembly passed an act authorizing the different towns in the state to elect fire companies.
In May 1789, Dr. William Brown was elected treasurer to succeed William Hartshorne.
The first mention by the Sun of other fire companies in Alexandria is in the minutes of February 28, 1791. In July specific reference is made to the Friendship Fire Company and the Relief Fire Company.
In May 1793, the Sun Company was dissatisfied with the English engine, and they began correspondence with a Mr. Mason of Philadelphia with the intention of selling the old engine and acquiring a new one. Mason manufactured three engines. They contained 190, 170 and 160 gallons of water, respectively, which they discharged in one minute and a half and they were worked by twenty-four, twenty-two and eighteen or twenty men, respectively, and varied in price accordingly. The Sun Fire Company purchased the smallest engine for £125. It seems to have arrived in April 1794. Later the old engine “with the suction pipe” was thoroughly repaired by Mason and returned to the Sun Fire Company.
By 1796 such confusion reigned at fires that the three companies associated themselves together to make and sustain certain plans and rules for the management of fires. It was decided to have three directors or commanders, one chosen from each company, only one of whom was to act at a time, who were to have control of the engines, fire hooks, ladders and to be the judges of the expediency of pulling down adjacent buildings. In order that these gentlemen be more conspicuous (distinguished was the word) it was decided to “elevate their voices above the ordinary clamour on such occasions,” each of them in action was ordered to carry in his hand a “speaking trumpet, painted white, and not less than three feet long.” Each company was to keep such an affair in the enginehouse.
There were then chosen three subordinate directors who had immediate charge of the engine under the commander, then four persons from each Company, to be called regulators, who were to “be diligent in searching for the most convenient source of water, in forming lanes for the supply of the engines, and preventing the use of dirty puddle water.” Upon these gentlemen fell the unpleasant task of “noticing remisness in the members and others and being obliged to give information to their respective companies whenever such shameful instances occured to their observation.” Trustees were responsible for the removal of property, and the entire company was obliged to wear “at times of fire” by way of distinction, black caps with white fronts with letters thereon designating their company. Moreover these companies pledged themselves to “respect” the other companies when their property was in danger from fire, “in preference to persons who are members of neither.”
Doctor Dick stated that he lost his fire bucket at the fire at William Herbert’s house, then occupied by Edmund Edmunds, and the treasurer reimbursed the good Doctor eighteen shillings on October 24, 1796.
In July 1797, Dennis Ramsay was ordered to lower and enlarge the engine house to receive the old engine; the floor had given way in 1793. He presented his bills the following February for a total of £43 9s. 9d.
In 1799 it was decided to hold meetings at the courthouse, from May to October at half after seven o’clock, and from November to April at six o’clock.
One of the last mentions of the engines was in 1800. The engines were both worked at the January meeting, found to be in good order, except that the old one leaked a little.
Governed by a set of “articles” framed by themselves, to which they faithfully adhered, these firemen fined themselves and paid their fines, cheerfully or otherwise (they were mostly Scotsmen) when neglectful of their duty. A roster was kept each year, month by month, marking the members present or absent. The A’s predominate. It was from these fines, plus others for neglect of duty that the Company’s funds were formed. Many of these rosters have been destroyed, but enough remain to give an idea of the citizens who were members of the Sun Fire Company and lived near each other within a certain radius of the water front.
List of members of the Sun Fire Company of Alexandria for January 1777—being the first intact roster in the minutes:
| William Ramsay | James Kirk | |
| John Dalton | Patrick Murray | |
| Robert H. Harrison | Mathew Campbell | |
| James Hendricks | James Buchannan | |
| Thomas Fleming | William Hunter | |
| Richard Conway | David Jackson (Doctor) | |
| William Hartshorne | John Mills | |
| John Carlyle | William Herbert | |
| John Harper (Capt.) | Robert Mease | |
| George Gilpin | John Finley | |
| Robert Mease McCrea | William Brown (Dr.) | |
| William Rumney | William Hepburn | |
| Richard Harrison | Cyrus Capper | |
| William Wilson | Robert Allison | |
| Thomas Kirkpatrick | James Muir | |
| Andrew Steward | Robert Adam | |
| James Stewart | George Hunter | |
| Josiah Watson | Edward Owens | |
| Added 1778 | ||
| Dennis Ramsay (Col.) | David Arrell | |
| John Fitzgerald (Col.) | Valentine Piers (Maj.) | |
| Added 1780 | ||
| James Adam | David Steward (Doctor) | |
| William Hunter, Jr. | Peter Dow | |
| Colin MacIver | Daniel Roberdeau (Gen.) | |
| Added 1783 [Pages from 48 to 72 missing] | ||
| William Bird | Samuel Montgomery Brown | |
| R. Hooe (Col. Robert T. Hooe) | Joseph White Harrison | |
| William Lyles | Jesse Taylor | |
| (Col. Committee of Safety) | Charles Simms | |
| Dr. Elisha Cullen Dick | ||
| Added 1784 | ||
| John Sutton | John Oliphant | |
| Henry Lyles | Michael Ryan (Col.) | |
| John Hendricks (Col.) | John Allison | |
| George Richards | John Hawkins | |
| Daniel McPherson | ||
| Added 1785 | ||
| Thomas Williams | William Lowry | |
| Jonathan Swift | Michael Madden | |
| Randle Mitchel | William Ramsay (Doctor) | |
| William Baker (Doctor) | Edward Harper | |
| Jonah Thompson | ||
| Added 1786 | ||
| James Woodward (Capt.) | W.H. Vowel | |
| Philip Marsteller | Cleon Moore | |
| Joseph Greenway | John Rumney | |
| William H. Powell | John Potts | |
| Robert Donaldson | ||
| Added 1787 | ||
| Baldwin Dade | John Long | |
| Francis Peyton | John Love | |
| George Deneale | ||
| Added 1789 | ||
| Joseph M. Perrin | John Gill | |
| Richard Harrison | John Forster | |
| Added 1790 | ||
| Jonathan Mandeville | James Lawrason | |
| John Carson Seton | Gustavus Brown Campbell (Doc.) | |
| Bernard Ghequiere | Joseph Riddle | |
| Added 1793-4-6 | ||
| James Douglas | James McRea | |
| John D. Orr (Doc.) | Augustine J. Smith (Doc.) | |
| Stephen Cook (Doc.) | Jesse Wherry | |
| Robert Young | Robert Hamilton | |
| Henry Rose (Doc.) | John Dunlap | |
| Leven Powell, Jr. | Charles R. Scott | |
| Abraham Faw | ||
| Added 1798 | ||
| William S. Thompson | Joseph Mandeville | |
| Joseph Saul | Guy Atkinson | |
| James Russell | Jacob Hoofman | |
| William Hodgson | Antony Vanhavre | |
| Nicholas Voss | Peter Wise, Jr. (Doctor) | |
| Amos Allison, Jr. | Thomas Magruder | |
| Charles I. Stur | James Bacon | |
| John T. Ricketts | John Watts | |
| Cuthbert Powell | Alexander Kerr | |
| John Ramsay | Walter Jones | |
| William Byrd Page | Thomas Swann | |
| Added 1799 | ||
| William Groverman | John Dunlap | |
| Added 1800 | ||
| Michael Flannery | ||
| (Note: Not all members at the same time.) | ||
By the turn of the century, the city of Alexandria boasted three fire companies whose membership rosters included the most responsible citizens. The year 1774, marking the formation of the Sun Fire Company, also saw the organization of the better-known Friendship Fire Company, claiming Washington as honorary member. The Star Fire Company was founded in 1799.
Alexandria property owners were quick to realize the advantages of membership in the Mutual Assurance Society, established in December 1794 and offering protection “Against FIRE on BUILDINGS in the State of Virginia.” At the Alexandria office, leading citizens enthusiastically subscribed to a plan so soundly conceived and efficiently administered that the company which pioneered it is in operation to this day. The archives of the Mutual Assurance Society of Virginia constitute a mine of valuable information for the researcher. From General Washington’s own files derives a broadside listing early subscribers throughout the state.136 The Alexandria section includes a number of citizens whom we know to have been conscious of the ever-present danger of fire:
| Name | Number Buildings Insured | Value | Name | Number Buildings Insured | Value | |
| Wm. Hartshorne | 3 | 7000 | Wm. Brown | 3 | 5500 | |
| John Potts | 4 | 10000 | Henry Stroman | 1 | 300 | |
| Isaac McPherson | 8 | 17700 | Diedrich Schekle | 2 | 3400 | |
| Rob. Hamilton | 4 | 6000 | E. Deneale | 1 | 2000 | |
| J. B. Nickols | 6 | 2000 | Korn & Wisemiller | 3 | 6000 | |
| Ch. Simms | 4 | 3000 | Rob. Lyle | 4 | 7300 | |
| Lemuel Bent | 1 | 400 | Wm. Ramsay | 2 | 2000 | |
| Thomas Rogerson | 2 | 1000 | Henry McCue | 3 | 4000 | |
| R. T. Hooe | 7 | 23500 | Philip Wanton | 1 | 800 | |
| John Dunlap | 1 | 2000 | Ephriam Evans | 2 | 1600 | |
| Wm. Hodgson | 3 | 10000 | Dennis Foley | 2 | 2000 | |
| Rob’t Young & Co. | 2 | 8000 | Wm. Hartshorne | 1 | 4000 | |
| Tho’s Patten & Co. | 12 | 14600 | Philip G. Martsteller | 2 | 3300 | |
| John R. Wheaton | 2 | 3000 | Joseph Thornton | 1 | 2000 | |
| John Mandeville | 10 | 15000 | Stump, Ricketts & Co. | 3 | 10000 | |
| Charles Lee | 2 | 6000 | Samual Davis | 1 | 2000 | |
| Wm. Herbert | 6 | 16000 | Thomas Richards | 5 | 15000 | |
| John Longden | 3 | 3000 | Adam Lynn | 2 | 2000 | |
| Richard Weightman | 4 | 4000 | Mathew Robinson & Co. | 2 | 3000 | |
| R. Weightman for the heirs | Wm. Hoye | 1 | 1600 | |||
| of Ray’s Estate | 3 | 1000 | John Harper | 4 | 8000 | |
| Wm. Summers | 5 | 8000 | Benjamin Shreve | 3 | 9000 | |
| John Dundas | 2 | 7000 | John Fitzgerald | 3 | 6000 | |
| Henry Walker | 1 | 800 | Thomas Forrell | 1 | 800 | |
| John & Tho’s Vowell | 2 | 3000 | Wm. Wright | 3 | 2700 | |
| Ricketts & Newton | 2 | 5000 | James Kennedy | 2 | 6000 | |
| George M. Munn | 2 | 5000 | Joseph Riddle & Co. | 2 | 3500 | |
| Jonah Thompson | 5 | 14000 | Guy Atkinson | 1 | 3000 | |
| Adam S. Swoope | 1 | 2000 | James Patton | 2 | 6000 | |
| Mordecai Miller | 1 | 3000 | James Lawrason | 1 | 1500 | |
| Wm. Bushby | 2 | 4500 | Shreve & Lawrason | 7 | 12000 | |
| Philip Richard Fendall | 7 | 10000 | Geo. Hunter | 3 | 3000 | |
| Wm. Hepburn | 9 | 13500 | Jacob Cox | 4 | 3000 | |
| Tho’s White | 2 | 1600 | Geo. Gilpin | 3 | 6000 | |
| Richard Conway | 8 | 15000 | Isaac McPherson for N. | |||
| Wm. M. McKnight | 1 | 3000 | Elliot | 4 | 12000 | |
| Charles McKnight | 1 | 2000 | George Slacum | 3 | 3000 | |
| P. Marsteller | 1 | 2000 | Geo. Slacum for Gabriel | |||
| Adam Faw | 1 | 2000 | Slacum | 1 | 2000 | |
| Wm. Halley | 1 | 3000 | Samuel Harper | 1 | 1200 | |
| Jacob Schuch | 3 | 1000 | Jamieson | 1 | 400 | |
| Peter Wise | 3 | 9000 | Chapin | 2 | 2600 |