Appendix IV
John Brown’s Autobiography
Written to Henry L. Stearns, son of George L. Stearns, and bearing date Red Rock, Iowa, July 7, 1857.515
John was born May 9th, 1800, at Torrington, Litchfield County, Connecticut; of poor but respectable parents: a descendant on the side of his father of one of the company of the Mayflower who landed at Plymouth 1620. His mother was descended from a man who came at an early period to New England from Amsterdam, in Holland. Both his Father’s & Mother’s Fathers served in the war of the revolution: His Father’s Father died in a barn at New York while in the service, in 1776.
I cannot tell you of anything in the first Four years of John’s life worth mentioning save that at that early age he was tempted by Three large Brass Pins belonging to a girl who lived in the family & stole them. In this he was detected by his Mother; & after having a full day to think of the wrong: received from her a thorough whipping. When he was Five years old his Father moved to Ohio; then a wilderness filled with wild beasts, & Indians. During the long journey which was performed in part or mostly with an ox team; he was called on by turns to assist a boy Five years older (who had been adopted by his Father & Mother) & learned to think he could accomplish smart things in driving the cows, and riding the horses. Some times he met with Rattle Snakes which were very large; & which some of the company generally managed to kill. After getting to Ohio in 1805 he was for some time rather afraid of the Indians, & of their Rifles; but this soon wore off; & he used to hang about them quite as much as was consistent with good manners; & learned a trifle of their talk. His Father learned to dress Deer Skins, & at 6 years old John was installed a young Buck Skin—He was perhaps rather observing as he ever after remembered the entire process of Deer Skin dressing; so that he could at any time dress his own leather such as Squirl, Raccoon, Cat, Wolf, or Dog Skin; & also learned to make Whip Lashes: which brought him some change at times; & was of considerable service in many ways. At Six years old John began to be quite a rambler in the wild new country finding birds & Squirels, and sometimes a wild Turkey’s nest. But about this period he was placed in the school of adversity: which my young friend was a most necessary part of his early training. You may laugh when you come to read about it; but these were sore trials to John: whose earthly treasures were very few & small. These were the beginnings of a severe but much needed course of discipline which he afterwards was to pass through; & which it is to be hoped has learned him before this time that the Heavenly Father sees it best to take all the little things out of his hand which he has ever placed in them. When John was in his Sixth year a poor Indian boy gave him a Yellow Marble the first he had ever seen. This he thought a great deal of; & kept it a good while; but at last he lost it beyond recovery. It took years to heal the wound; & I think he cried at times about it. About Five months after this he caught a young Squirrel tearing off his tail in doing it; & getting severely bitten at the same time himself. He however held to the little bob tail Squirrel; & finally got him perfectly tamed, so that he almost idolized his pet. This too he lost; by wandering away; or by getting killed: & for a year or Two John was in mourning; and looking at all the Squirrels he could see to try and discover Bobtail if possible, I must not neglect to tell you of a very bad & foolish habbit to which John was somewhat addicted. I mean telling lies: generally to screen himself from blame; or from punishment. He could not well endure to be reproached; & I now think had he been oftener encouraged to be entirely frank; by making frankness a kind of atonement for some of his faults; he would not have been so often guilty of this fault; nor have been obliged to struggle so long in after life with so mean a habit.
John was never quarrelsome; but was excessively fond of the hardest & roughest kind of plays; & could never get enough [of] them. Indeed when for a short time he was sometimes sent to School the opportunity it afforded to wrestle & Snow ball & run & jump & knock off old seedy wool hats; offered to him almost the only compensation for the confinement & restraints of school. I need not tell you that with such a feeling & but little chance of going to school at all: he did not become much of a schollar. He would always choose to stay at home & work hard rather than be sent to school; & during the warm season might generally be seen barefooted & bareheaded: with Buck skin Breeches suspended often with one leather strap over his shoulder but sometimes with Two. To be sent off through the wilderness alone to very considerable distances was particularly his delight; & in this he was often indulged so that by the time he was Twelve years old he was sent off more than a Hundred Miles with companies of cattle; & he would have thought his character much injured had he been obliged to be helped in any such job. This was a boyish kind of feeling but characteristic however.
At Eight years old John was left a Motherless boy which loss was complete & permanent, for notwithstanding his Father again married to a sensible, inteligent, & on many accounts a very estimable woman: yet he never adopted her in feeling: but continued to pine after his own Mother for years. This opperated very unfavorably uppon him: as he was both naturally fond of females; & withall extremely diffident; & deprived him of a suitable link between the different sexes; the want of which might under some circumstances have proved his ruin.
When the war broke out with England, his Father soon commenced furnishing the troops with beef cattle, the collecting & driving of which afforded him some opportunity for the chase (on foot) of wild steers & other cattle through the woods. During this war he had some chance to form his own boyish judgement of men & measures: & to become somewhat familiarly acquainted with some who have figured before the country since that time. The effect of what he saw during the war was to so far disgust him with military affairs that he would neither train, or drill: but paid fines; and got along like a Quaker untill his age had finally cleared him of Military duty.
During the war with England a circumstance occurred that in the end made him a most determined Abolitionist: & led him to declare, or Swear: Eternal war with Slavery. He was staying for a short time with a very gentlemanly landlord once a United States Marshal who held a slave boy near his own age very active, intelligent and good feeling; & to whom John was under considerable obligation for numerous little acts of kindness. The master made a great pet of John: brought him to table with his first company; & friends; called their attention to every little smart thing he said or did: & to the fact of his being more than a hundred miles from home with a company of cattle alone; while the negro boy (who was fully if not more than his equal) was badly clothed, poorly fed: & lodged in cold weather; & beaten before his eyes with Iron Shovels or any other thing that came first to hand. This brought John to reflect on the wretched; hopeless condition, of Fatherless & Motherless slave children: for such children have neither Father nor Mothers to protect, & provide for them. He would sometimes raise the question is God their Father?
At the age of Ten years an old friend induced him to read a little history; & offered him the free use of a good library; by which he acquired some taste for reading: which formed the principle part of his early education: & diverted him in a great measure from bad company, & conversation of old & inteligent persons. He never attempted to dance in his life; nor did he ever learn to know one of a pack of cards from another. He learned nothing of Grammar; nor did he get at school so much knowledge of common Arithmetic as the Four ground rules. This will give you some idea of the first Fifteen years of his life; during which time he became very strong and large of his age and ambitious to perform the full labour of a man; at almost any kind of hard work. By reading the lives of great, wise & good men their sayings, and writings; he grew to a dislike of vain & frivolous conversation & persons; & was often greatly obliged by the kind manner in which older & more intelligent persons treated him at their houses: & in conversation; which was a great relief on account of his extreme bashfulness.
He very early in life became ambitious to excell in doing anything he undertook to perform. This kind of feeling I would recomend to all persons both male & female: as it will certainly tend to secure admission to the company of the more intelligent & better portion of every community. By all means endeavor to excell in some laudable pursuit.
I had like to forgotten to tell you of one of John’s misfortunes which set rather hard on him while a young boy. He had by some means perhaps by gift of his father become the owner of a little Ewe Lamb which did finely till it was about Two Thirds grown; and then sickened & died. This brought another protracted mourning season: not that he felt the pecuniary loss so much: for that was never his disposition: but so strong and earnest were his attachments.
John had been taught from earliest childhood to fear God and keep his commandments; & though quite skeptical he had always by turns felt much serious doubt as to his future well being & about this time became to some extent a convert to Christianity & ever after a firm believer in the divine authenticity of the Bible. With this book he became very familiar, & possessed a most unusual memory of its entire contents.
Now some of the things I have been telling of; were just such as I would recomend to you: & I wd like to know that you had selected these out; & adopted them as part of your own plan of life; & I wish you to have some definite plan. Many seem to have none; & others never stick to any that they do form. This was not the case with John. He followed up with tenacity whatever he set about so long as it answered his general purpose: & hence he rarely failed in some good decree to effect the things he undertook. This was so much the case that he habitually expected to succeed in his undertakings. With this feeling should be coupled; the consciousness that our plans are right in themselves.
During the period I have named John had acquired a kind of ownership to certain animals of some little value but as he had come to understand that the title of minor’s might be a little imperfect: he had recource to various means in order to secure a more independent; & perfect right of property. One of those means was to exchange with his Father for something of far less value. Another was trading with other persons for something his Father had never owned. Older persons have some times found difficulty with titles.
From fifteen to Twenty years old, he spent most of his time working at the Tanner & Currier’s trade keeping Bachelors hall; & he was acting as Cook; & for most of the time as foreman of the establishment under his father. During this period he found much trouble with some of the bad habits I have mentioned & with some that I have not told you of: his conscience urging him forward with great power in this matter: but his close attention to business; & success in his management; together with the way he got along with a company of men; & boys; made him quite a favorite with the serious & more intelligent portion of older persons. This was so much the case; & secured for him so many little notices from those he esteemed; that his vanity was very much fed by it; & he came forward to manhood quite full of self-conceit; & self-confidence; notwithstanding his extreme bashfulness. A younger brother used sometimes to remind him of this: and to repeat to him this expression which you may somewhere find, ‘A King against whome there is no rising up.’ The habit so early formed of being obeyed rendered him in after life too much disposed to speak in an imperious & dictating way. From Fifteen years & upward he felt a good deal of anxiety to learn; but could only read and study a little; both for want of time; & on account of inflammation of the eyes. He however managed by the help of books to make himself tolerably well acquainted with common arithmetic; & Surveying; which he practiced more or less after he was Twenty years old.
At a little past Twenty years led by his own inclination & prompted also by his Father, he married a remarkably plain; but neat industrious & economical girl; of excellent character; earnest piety; & good practical common sense; about one year younger than himself. This woman, by her mild, frank, & more than all else: by her very consistent conduct; acquired & ever while she lived maintained a most powerful; & good influence over him. Her plain but kind admonitions generally had the right effect; without arousing his hauty obstinate temper. John began early in life to discover a great liking to fine Cattle, Horses, Sheep, & Swine; & as soon as circumstances would enable him he began to be a practical Shepherd: it being a calling for which in early life he had a kind of enthusiastic longing: with the idea that as a business it bid fair to afford him the means of carrying out his greatest or principle object. I have now given you a kind of general idea of the early life of this boy; & if I believed it would be worth the trouble; or afford much interest to any good feeling person: I might be tempted to tell you something of his course in after life; or manhood. I do not say that I will do it.
You will discover that in using up my half sheets to save paper; I have written Two pages, so that one does not follow the other as it should. I have no time to write it over; & but for unavoidable hindrances in traveling I can hardly say when I should have written what I have. With an honest desire for your best good, I subscribe myself,
Your Friend,
J. Brown
P. S. I had like to have forgotten to acknowledge your contribution in aid of the cause in which I serve. God Allmighty bless you; my son.
J. B.
Footnotes
1 Redpath, Roving Editor, 300.
2 Atlantic Monthly. March, 1860.
3 Atlantic Monthly.
4 Panegyrics or eulogies on Brown would more accurately describe these writings.
5 Villard, 170.
6 Sanborn, 236.
7 Villard, vii.
8 Sanborn, 230.
9 Villard, 673.
10 Villard, 148.
11 Ibid.
12 Sanborn, 240.
13 Villard, 335.
14 Hinton, John Brown and His Men, 66.
15 Villard, 10.
16 Villard, 591, note 6.
17 Villard, 26.
18 Ibid.
19 Villard, 28.
20 Villard, 38.
21 For a full account of this, see Villard, 37-41.
22 Sanborn, 69.
23 Villard, 37.
24 Villard, 30.
25 Villard, 30.
26 Sanborn, 55.
27 Sanborn, 56.
28 Villard, 31.
29 Now in Doddridge and Tyler Counties, West Virginia.
30 Villard, 31.
31 Villard, 32-33.
32 Villard, 34.
33 Sanborn, 64.
34 For an interesting account of this transaction, see Sanborn, 67-68.
35 Villard, 63.
36 Villard, 64-66.
37 Sanborn, 78.
38 Villard, 36-37.
39 Villard, 84.
40 Villard, 76.
41 Brown relates: “From fifteen to twenty years old, he spent most of his time at the Tanner & Currier’s trade keeping Bachelor’s hall; & he officiating as Cook; & for most of the time as foreman of the establishment under his Father. During this time he found much trouble with some of the bad habits I have mentioned:... but his close attention to business; & success in its management; together with the way he got along with a company of men & boys made him quite a favorite;... From Fifteen years and upward he felt a good deal of anxiety to learn; but could only read & study a little; both for want of time; & on account of inflamation of the eyes. He however managed by the help of books to make himself tolerably well acquainted with common Arithmetic; & Surveying: which he practiced more or less after he was Twenty years old.”—Appendix. IV.
42 Villard, 299.
43 Sanborn, 614.
44 Sanborn, 46.
45 Villard, 236.
46 Mason Report, 72. Testimony of Wm. F. Arny.
47 Villard, 18, and Sanborn, 35.
48 Villard, 45.
49 Ibid.
50 Villard, 45.
51 Villard, 43-44.
52 Villard, 659-661.
53 Sanborn, 127.
54 Sanborn, 124-125.
55 Sanborn, 132.
56 Villard, 48.
57 Redpath, 64.
58 Sanborn, 134.
59 Villard, 48.
60 Schouler, vol. iv, 251.
61 Burgess, 302.
62 McMaster, vol. vi, 481.
63 Burgess, 290.
64 Twenty Years of Congress, vol. ii, 50.
65 Von Holst, vol. iii, 479.
66 Douglas’s Speech at Cincinnati, September 9, 1859.
67 W. W. Corcoran sent Mr. Webster a check for $10,000 as an expression of thanks and recognition for his speech on this occasion.—Von Holst, vol. iii, 503.
68 Congressional Globe. 31st Cong., 1 Sen., 28.
69 Von Holst, vol. iii, 472.
70 Von Holst, vol. iii, 482.
71 Rhodes, vol. i, 217.
72 Rhodes, vol. ii, 33.
73 Rhodes, vol. ii, 37.
74 Von Holst, vol. iv, 61.
75 Von Holst, vol. iv, 322.
76 The passing off of this obscuration was “hastened and secured” by the initiative of Eli Thayer and Charles Robinson. Under the able leadership of the latter, the political control of Kansas Territory passed into the hands of the Free-State men at the elections in October, 1857.
77 Thayer, Kansas Crusade, 232.
78 Burgess, Middle Period, 471-472.
79 Sanborn, 248.
80 New York Weekly Tribune, February 22, 1856.
81 De Bow’s Review, August, 1856.
82 South Carolina Courier, July 5, 1856.
83 Charleston (S. C.) Mercury. August 5, 1856.
84 Ibid., January, 1858.
85 New York Herald, January, 1858.
86 Kansas Crusade, 110.
87 Sanborn, 157.
88 Villard, 83.
89 Villard, 83-84.
90 Villard, 85.
91 Villard, 88.
92 Villard, 108.
93 Redpath, 81-82.
94 Villard, 77.
95 Sanborn, 198.
96 Sanborn’s Recollections of Seventy Years, 152.
97 Mason Report, 86. Testimony of Wm. F. Arny.
98 Mason Report, 225. Testimony of Augustus Wattles.
99 Mason Report, 75.
100 Sanborn, 397.
101 Sanborn, 203.
102 Sanborn, 217.
103 Villard, 123.
104 Copy in possession of Mr. Paul Brooks, Lawrence, Kansas.
105 Redpath, 103.
106 Redpath, 104.
107 Herald of Freedom, December 15, 1855.
108 Villard, 127.
109 Ibid.
110 Sanborn, 222.
111 Villard, 31.
112 Villard, 136.
113 Sanborn, 237, note 3.
114 Villard, 158.
115 Villard, 159.
116 Villard, 545.
117 L. W. Spring in his History of Kansas says of him on page 138: “Whatever else may be laid to his charge—whatever rashness, unwisdom, equivocation, bloodiness—no faintest trace of self-seeking stains his Kansas life.”
118 Howard Report, 1175.
119 Howard Report, 1179.
120 Howard Report, 1177.
121 Villard, 171.
122 Sanborn, 373, and Redpath, 184.
123 Von Holst, 301.
124 Sanborn, 236.
125 Italicised by the author.
126 “In the original something has been effaced and this note seems to have been appended: ‘There are but very few who wish the real facts about these matters to go out.’ Then is inserted the date ‘June 26’ as below.”—Sanborn, 237.
127 Sanborn, 275.
128 Sanborn, 271.
129 Villard, 175.
130 Sanborn, 241.
131 Villard, 338.
132 Sanborn, 296, note 2.
133 Salmon Brown died in California during the fall of 1912.
134 Villard, 158.
135 Sanborn, 272.
136 Kansas farmers usually own from twelve to forty head of horse stock.
137 Villard, 168.
138 Villard, 610, note, 54.
139 Kansas Historical Collections, vol. xii, 345.
140 Villard, 156.
141 Ante, note 90.
142 Post, page 138.
143 Sanborn, 261.
144 Villard, 170.
145 Villard, 176.
146 Sanborn, 237.
147 Villard, 153.
148 Villard, 152.
149 Villard, 151.
150 Ibid.
151 It has heretofore been supposed that John Brown’s career of violence began with the tragedies on the Pottawatomie.
152 Villard, 153.
153 Villard, 165.
154 Villard, 185-188.
155 Sanborn, 388.
156 Kansas Historical Society, Hinton Papers.
157 Sanborn, 293.
158 Sanborn, 298.
159 Howard Report. Testimony of Thomas S. Hamilton.
160 Howard Report, 1178.
161 Redpath received the information, probably, from either John E. Cook or Charles Lenhart.
162 Redpath, 112.
163 The character of Salmon’s wound and the nature of the exploit on which he was engaged when he received it, have not been made public.
164 Villard, 210.
165 Villard, 167.
166 Villard, 210.
167 Villard, 220.
168 Villard, 222.
169 Villard, 222.
170 Villard, 673.
171 Villard, 222.
172 Villard, 616, note 68.
173 Sanborn, 336.
174 Villard, 228.
175 Villard, 235.
176 Villard, 616, note 64.
177 Sanborn, 336.
178 Sanborn, 314.
179 Villard, 673.
180 Villard, 231.
181 Sanborn, 308.
182 Villard, 231.
183 Villard, 235.
184 Redpath, 285, and Sanborn, 569, but omitted by Mr. Villard from his narrative.
185 Villard, 235.
186 Villard, 622.
187 Villard, 235.
188 Villard, 235.
189 Villard, 622.
190 Villard, 238.
191 Villard, 238.
192 Villard, 239.
193 Villard, 246.
194 Letter to the author, date, June 29, 1912.
195 Villard, 243.
196 Sanborn, 317.
197 Sanborn, 318.
198 Sanborn, 291.
199 Villard, 239.
200 Sanborn, 322.
201 Villard, 246.
202 Villard, 247.
203 Villard, 234.
204 Villard, 242.
205 Villard, 224.
206 Villard, 246.
207 Villard, 235.
208 Hinton, John Brown and His Men, 696.
209 Villard, 254.
210 Villard, 756.
211 Villard, 260.
212 Villard, 254.
213 Villard, 258.
214 Villard, 257.
215 Villard, 673.
216 Sanborn, 330.
217 Villard, 262.
218 Villard, 261.
219 Sanborn, 241.
220 Villard, 271.
221 Ibid.
222 Villard, 272.
223 Mason Report, 245. Testimony of H. B. Hurd.
224 Original in files of Kansas Historical Society.
225 Villard, 276.
226 Ibid.
227 Sanborn, 370.
228 Redpath, 177-184.
229 Sanborn, 386.
230 Villard, 274.
231 Sanborn, 503.
232 Sanborn, 501.
233 Mason Report, 229.
234 Villard, 614.
235 Sanborn, 379.
236 Sanborn, 379.
237 Villard, 279.
238 Villard, 281.
239 Villard, 282.
240 Villard, 287.
241 Sanborn, 512.
242 Ibid.
243 Villard, 86.
244 Villard, 630, note 20.
245 Sanborn, 509-510.
246 Sanborn, 508.
247 Sanborn, 418.
248 See Appendix IV.
249 Sanborn, 392.
250 Ibid.
251 Sanborn, 396.
252 Sanborn, 411.
253 His son Owen was the teamster herein referred to.
254 Sanborn, 411.
255 Sanborn, 412.
256 Sanborn, 414.
257 Villard, 303.
258 Sanborn, 400.
259 Villard, 202.
260 Villard, 303.
261 Sanborn, 412-414.
262 Ante, note 226.
263 Villard, 300.
264 Sanborn, 401.
265 Sanborn, 402.
266 Sanborn, 404.
267 Villard, 304.
268 Villard, 306.
269 Mason Report, 123-125. Testimony of Charles Blair.
270 Villard, 674.
271 Villard, 285.
272 Sanborn, 398.
273 Villard, 303.
274 Hinton, John Brown and His Men, 615.
275 Villard, 297.
276 Villard, 297.
277 Villard, 298.
278 Sanborn, 448.
279 Sanborn, 422.
280 Villard, 308.
281 Ibid.
282 Mason Report, 23.
283 Villard, 310.
284 Villard, 315.
285 Sanborn, 443.
286 Sanborn, 431.
287 Mason Report, 176.
288 Sanborn, 434.
289 Sanborn, 434.
290 Sanborn, 439.
291 Sanborn, 439.
292 Villard, 287.
293 Sanborn, 444-445.
294 Mr. Morton was Mr. Smith’s secretary. He and Mr. Sanborn had been classmates at Harvard.
295 Sanborn, 451.
296 Mason Report, 96.
297 Redpath, 251.
298 Mason Report, 48. See Appendix III.
299 Villard, 335-336.
300 Mason Report, 59-60.
301 Villard, 330.
302 Ibid.
303 Sanborn, 470; also Villard, 338.
304 Sanborn, 458.
305 Ibid.
306 Mason Report, 176.
307 Ibid.
308 Ibid.
309 Rear Admiral Chadwick, Causes of the Civil War, 75-76.
310 Sanborn, 456.
311 Mason Report, 231.
312 Sanborn, 465-466.
313 Sanborn, 464.
314 Redpath, 237.
315 Villard, 353.
316 Villard, 349.
317 Villard, 357.
318 Villard, 354.
319 Sanborn, 478.
320 Villard, 363.
321 Villard, 634, note 98.
322 Ante, note 156.
323 Villard, 354.
324 Villard, 360.
325 Villard, 363.
326 Villard, 364.
327 Villard, 666.
328 Sanborn, 477.
329 Sanborn, 479.
330 Villard, 365.
331 Villard, 366.
332 Villard, 369.
333 Villard, 368.
334 Ibid.
335 Villard, 372.
336 Ibid.
337 Ibid.
338 Kansas Conflict, 408.
339 Sanborn, 476.
340 Villard, 377.
341 Kansas Conflict, 405-407.
342 Villard, 379.
343 Villard, 378.
344 Villard, 382.
345 Ibid.
346 Villard, 383.
347 Villard, 384.
348 Villard, 385.
349 Villard, 385.
350 Ibid.
351 Villard, 387.
352 Villard, 386.
353 It is the personal opinion of the writer that Jennison got the “long end” of the loot taken in this raid; an opinion that will not be challenged by anyone who knew him.
354 Villard, 389-390.
355 Villard, 391.
356 Villard, 393.
357 Ibid.
358 Sanborn, 504.
359 Villard, 396.
360 Sanborn, 423.
361 Villard, 406.
362 Villard, 407.
363 Ibid.
364 Villard, 408.
365 Mason Report, 250. Testimony of Hon. John B. Floyd.
366 Gue. History of Iowa, vol. ii., 26-30; Villard, 411.
367 Villard, 421.
368 Villard, 424.
369 Villard, 416-420.
370 Villard, 338.
371 The writer knew Jennison personally, but the acquaintance with him was made “after the War”; after the “Red Legs” had gone out of commission. Jennison had reformed by that time and was running a gambling house at Leavenworth, Kansas, in a very orderly manner.
372 Villard, 678.
373 Ante, note 191.
374 Mason Report, 22.
375 Mason Report, 22.
376 Villard, 431.
377 Mason Report, 29-40. Testimony of Lewis T. Washington.
378 Villard, 432.
379 Villard, 434.
380 Villard, 435.
381 Villard, 435.
382 Sanborn, 557.
383 Villard, 443-444.
384 Villard, 447.
385 Mason Report, 43.
386 Major Russell was in citizen’s clothes and unarmed.
387 North American Review, December, 1885.
388 Report of Colonel Lee to Secretary of War, Mason Report, 40. An excellent account of what occurred under Brown’s immediate direction during the 17th and 18th, was given out by Mr. J. E. P. Dangerfield and published in the Century Magazine, June, 1885.
389 Sanborn, 562-569.
390 Sanborn, 571, note 1.
391 Villard, 456.
392 Ibid.
393 Mason Report. Testimony of Andrew Hunter.
394 Mason Report, 63-66.
395 Redpath, 269.
396 Redpath, 243-246.
397 Redpath, 8.
398 Sanborn, 556.
399 Sanborn, 450.
400 Ante, note 281.
401 Villard, 427, 430.
402 Villard, 469.
403 Villard, 427.
404 Villard, 510.
405 The Underground Railroad, 167.
406 Mason Report, 63-66. Testimony of Andrew Hunter.
407 Mason Report, 1-12.
408 Mason Report, 56.
409 Villard, 438.
410 Redpath, 244.
411 Sanborn, 545.
412 Ante, note 290.
413 Chadwick, Causes of the Civil War, 87.
414 Villard, 415.
415 Sanborn, 557.
416 Mansfield had been killed and Crawford wounded, on the 17th, at Antietam.
417 A recollection of the scene at the top of Maryland Heights by a survivor of Knipe’s column, is of a mound of stones raised over a shallow grave. It was located near where the Confederate line of battle had been formed. Upon a piece of cracker-box, that was held in place by the stones marking the grave, a comrade’s hand had cut in rude letters this tribute to a gallant soul who had met a soldier’s death upon these rugged heights. It read:
“SERGT.—[Name forgotten]
CO. H. 7th. S. C.
THE BRAVE DIE
BUT ONCE.”
418 Mason Report, 66-67.
419 Redpath, 8.
420 Sanborn, 122.
421 Villard, 436.
422 Williams, History of Negro Race in America, 59.
423 Villard, 314.
424 Villard, 682.
425 Hinton Papers, Kansas Historical Society.
426 Villard, 424.
427 Villard, 406.
428 Sanborn, 539.
429 Sanborn, 545.
430 Mason Report, 59-60.
431 Mason Report, 60.
432 Frothingham, Parker, 475.
433 Sanborn, 491, note 2.
434 Two paintings of Brown were made by Nathan B. Onthank; the other one is in the Boston Athenaeum. Villard, xiii.
435 Henry Adams, History of the United States, vol. i. 380.
436 Frothingham, Gerrit Smith, 249.
437 Villard, 468.
438 Redpath, 285.
439 Williams, History of the Negro Race in America, 84.
440 Atlantic Monthly, vol. x. 339.
441 Atlantic Monthly, vol. vii, 737.
442 Williams, History of the Negro Race in America, vol. ii, 88.
443 Richmond Inquirer, August 26, 1831.
444 Villard, 560.
445 Villard, 480.
446 Villard, 478.
447 Ibid.
448 Ibid.
449 Redpath, 292.
450 Villard, 485.
451 Villard, 484.
452 Ibid.
453 Villard, 485.
454 Sanborn, 588.
455 Mason Report, 138.
456 Villard, 506.
457 Redpath, 509.
458 Villard, 507.
459 Ibid.
460 Villard, 509.
461 Redpath, 325.
462 Villard, 492.
463 Ibid.
464 Redpath, 331-339.
465 Redpath, 334.
466 Redpath, 340-342.
467 Villard, 500.
468 Villard, 497.
469 Redpath, 340.
470 Mason Report. Testimony of Andrew Hunter.
471 Sanborn, 584.
472 Villard, 646, note 81.
473 Ante, note 436.
474 Villard, 502.
475 Villard, 513.
476 Ibid.
477 Sanborn, 586.
478 Villard, 514.
479 Villard, 537.
480 See Appendix II. Recollection of Hon. Alexander R. Boteler of Virginia.
481 Sanborn, 611.
482 Villard, 537.
483 Villard, 540.
484 Sanborn, 603.
485 Sanborn, 581.
486 Sanborn, 582.
487 Sanborn, 610.
488 Sanborn, 620.
489 Villard, 523.
490 Villard, 527.
491 Villard, 549.
492 Villard, 669.
493 Mason Report, 47.
494 Villard, 554.
495 Sanborn, 506.
496 Sanborn, Recollections of Seventy Years, 75.
497 Villard, 545.
498 The Chicago Reminder, vol. x, no. 5.
499 Villard, 457.
500 Ante, note 281.
501 Villard, 42.
502 Sanborn, 562.
503 Mr. Villard omits this question and answer from his account of the interview.
504 Ante, note 340.
505 Autobiography, 433.
506 Villard, 69-70.
507 Villard, 56.
508 Ante, note 281.
509 Villard, 50.
510 Mason Report, 220. Testimony of Augustus Wattles; letter of April 8, 1857.
511 Letter to Mrs. E. B., November 1st, ante, note 473.
512 Ante, note 233.
513 Sanborn to Higginson, ante, note 248.
514 Original in possession of the author.
515 Ante p. 165.