Appendix
Table I — Chronology of Tobacco
A.D.
1496 Romanus Paine published the first account of tobacco, under the name cohoba.
1519 Tobacco discovered by the Spaniards near Tabasco.
1535 Negroes cultivated it on the plantations of their masters.
” It was used at this time in Canada.
1559 Tobacco introduced into Europe by Hernandez de Toledo.
1565 Conrad Gesner became acquainted with tobacco.
” Sir John Hawkins brought tobacco from Florida.
1570 Tobacco smoked in Holland out of tubes of palm-leaves.
1574 Tobacco cultivated in Tuscany.
1575 First figure of plant in André Thevot’s Cosmographie.
1585 Clay pipes noticed by the English in Virginia.
” First clay pipes made in Europe.
1590 Schah Abbas, of Persia, prohibited the use of tobacco in his empire.
1601 Tobacco introduced into Java. Smoking commenced in Egypt about this time.
1604 James I. laid heavy imposts on tobacco.
1610 Tobacco-smoking known at Constantinople.
1615 Tobacco first grown about Amersfort, in Holland.
1616 The colonists cultivated tobacco in Virginia.
1619 James I. wrote his “Counterblast.”
” Sale of tobacco prohibited in England till the custom should be paid, and the royal seal affixed.
1620 Ninety young women sent from England to America, and sold to the planters for tobacco at 120 lbs. each.
1622 Annual import of tobacco into England from America, 142,085 lbs.
1624 The Pope excommunicated all who should take snuff in church. King James restricted the culture of tobacco to Virginia and the Somer Isles.
1631 Tobacco-smoking introduced into Misnia.
1634 A tribunal formed at Moscow to punish smoking.
1639 The Assembly of Virginia ordered that all tobacco planted in that and the succeeding two years should be destroyed.
1653 Smoking commenced at Appenzell (canton) in Switzerland.
1661 The police regulations of Berne made, and divided according to the ten commandments, in which tobacco was prohibited.
1669 Adultery and fornication punished in Virginia by a fine of 500 to 1000 lbs. of tobacco.
1670 Smoking tobacco punished in the canton of Glarus by fines.
1676 Customs on tobacco from Virginia collected in England, £120,000.
” Two Jews attempt the cultivation of tobacco in Brandenburg.
1689 Dr. J. F. Vicarius invented tubes containing pieces of sponge for smoking tobacco.
1691 Pope Innocent XII. excommunicated all who used tobacco in St. Peter’s Church at Rome.
1697 Large quantities of tobacco produced in the palatinate of Hesse.
1709 Exports of tobacco from America, 28,858,666 lbs.
1719 Senate of Strasburg prohibited the culture of tobacco.
1724 Pope Benedict XIV. revoked Pope Innocent’s Bull of excommunication.
1732 Tobacco made a legal tender in Maryland, at one penny per lb.
1747 Annual exports of tobacco to England from the American colonies, 40,000,000 lbs.
1753 The King of Portugal farmed out the tobacco trade for about £500,000.
” The revenue of the King of Spain from tobacco, £1,250,000.
1759 Duties on tobacco in Denmark amounted to £8,000.
1770 Empress of Austria derived an income of £160,000 from tobacco.
1773 Duties on tobacco in the two Sicilies, £80,000.
1775 Annual export of tobacco from the United States 1,000,000 lbs.
1780 King of France derived an income of £1,500,000 from tobacco.
1782 Annual export of tobacco during the seven years revolutionary war, 12,378,504 lbs.
1787 Tobacco imported into Ireland, 1,877,579 lbs.
1789 Exports of tobacco from the United States, 90,000,000 lbs.
” Tobacco first put under the excise in England.
1820 Quantity of tobacco grown in France, 32,887,500 lbs.
1828 Tobacco revenue in the State of Maryland, £5,400.
1830 Revenue from tobacco and snuff in Great Britain was 2¼ millions of pounds.
1834 Value of tobacco used in the United States estimated at £3,000,000.
1838 Annual consumption of tobacco in the United States estimated at 100,000,000 lbs.
1840 It was ascertained that 1,500,000 persons were engaged in the cultivation and manufacture of tobacco in the United States.
Table II. — Consumption of Tobacco
| COUNTRIES. | Average consump. of male population per head, over 18 years of age. lbs. | Nett Revenue from Tobacco. £ |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | 6·75 | 1,212,530 |
| Zollverein | 9·75 | 296,560 |
| Steurverein, including Hanover and Oldenburg | 12·50 | 12,420 |
| France | 5·50 | 3,058,356 |
| Russia | 2·50 | 284,280 |
| Portugal | 3·50 | 304,140 |
| Spain | 4·75 | 1,268,082 |
| Sardinia | 2·75 | 246,192 |
| Tuscany | 2·50 | 84,860 |
| Papal States | 2·00 | 297,252 |
| Two Sicilies | ... | 168,422 |
| Britain | 4·10 | 5,272,471 |
| Holland | 8·25 | 6,210 |
| Belgium | 9·00 | 28,014 |
| Denmark | 8·00 | 10,488 |
| Sweden | 4·37 | 14,766 |
| Norway | 6·40 | 23,322 |
| United States | 7·60 | ... |
Table III. — Duties on Importation of Tobacco
| per cent. ad valorem. | |
| United States | 30· |
| Belgium | 13·9 |
| Great Britain | 933·3 |
| Hanover | 9·6 |
| Holstein | 10· |
| Holland | 3·5 |
| Russia | 161· |
| Switzerland | 3· |
| Zollverein | 45· |
Table IV
Nett Profits of the French Regie on Tobacco, after paying all expenses of purchase, transportation, manufacture, and sale. Showing the increased consumption, in decennial periods, from 1811 to 1851.
| Years. | Francs. |
|---|---|
| 1811 | 26,000,000 |
| 1821 | 42,219,604 |
| 1831 | 45,920,930 |
| 1841 | 71,989,095 |
| 1851 | 92,233,729 |
| Total gross revenue in 1857 | 185,000,000 |
Table V
Consumption of Tobacco in Britain, with rate of Duty and Revenue therefrom.
| Years. | Consumption. lbs. | Duty. per lb. | Revenue. | Population. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1821 | 15,598,152 | 4s. | £3,122,583 | 21,282,903 | ||
| 1831 | 19,533,841 | 3s. | 2,964,592 | 24,410,459 | ||
| 1841 | 22,309,360 | 3s. | 3,580,163 | 27,019,672 | ||
| 1851 | 28,062,978 | 3s. | 4,485,768 | 27,452,262 | ||
| 1856 | 32,579,166 | 3s. | 5,216,770 | 39 | ||
| 1857 | 32,677,059 | 3s. | 5,231,455 | [39] | ||
| 1858 | 34,110,850 | 3s. | 5,272,471 | [39] | ||
| 39 Owing to extensive emigration, especially from Ireland, the population must be considered as but little above that of 1851. | ||||||
Table VI
Consumption of Tobacco in the Austrian Empire.
| Years. | Quantity consumed. per lb. |
|---|---|
| 1850 | 34,457,513 |
| 1851 | 54,217,578 |
| 1852 | 61,805,697 |
| 1853 | 57,926,925 |
| 1854 | 62,020,333 |
| 1856 | 85,161,030 |
Table VII
Statement exhibiting the quantities of Tobacco exported from the United States into the countries named, during 1855.
| Countries. | Quantities. lbs. |
|---|---|
| Bremen | 38,058,000 |
| Great Britain | 24,203,000 |
| France | 40,866,000 |
| Holland | 17,124,000 |
| Spain | 7,524,000 |
| Belgium | 4,010,000 |
| Sardinia | 3,314,000 |
| Austria | 2,945,000 |
| Sweden and Norway | 1,713,000 |
| Portugal | 336,000 |
Table VIII
Disposition of Tobacco the growth of the United States in 1840 and in 1850, with the Home Consumption at each period.
| Years. | Growth.lbs. | Exports.lbs. | Consumption.lbs. | Rate pr.Head. oz. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1840 | 219,163,319 | 184,965,797 | 34,543,557 | 32½ |
| 1850 | 199,532,494 | 122,408,780 | 81,933,571 | 56 |
Table IX
Statement showing the Exports of Tobacco from America (United States) in decennial periods, from 1820 to 1850, and in 1855.
| Years. | Quantity exported. hogsheads |
|---|---|
| 1820 | 66,000 |
| 1830 | 83,810 |
| 1840 | 119,484 |
| 1850 | 145,729 |
| 1855 | 150,213 |
Table X — Analysis of Tobacco by Posselt & Reinmann
| Nicotina | 0·06 |
| Concrete vegetable oil | 0·01 |
| Bitter extractive | 2·87 |
| Gum, with malate of lime | 1·74 |
| Chlorophylle | 0·267 |
| Albumen and gluten | 1·308 |
| Malic acid | 0·51 |
| Lignin and a trace of starch | 4·969 |
| Salts (sulphate, nitrate, and malate of potash, chloride of potassium, phosphate and malate of lime, and malate of ammonia) | 0·734 |
| Silica | 0·088 |
| Water | 88·280 |
| Fresh leaves of tobacco | 100·836 |
Table XI
Return showing the quantity of Chests of Opium exported by the East India Company between 1846 and 1858.
| Years. | No. of Chests.40 |
|---|---|
| 1846-47 | 22,468 |
| 1847-48 | 22,879 |
| 1848-49 | 33,073 |
| 1849-50 | 35,919 |
| 1850-51 | 32,033 |
| 1851-52 | 31,259 |
| 1852-53 | 35,521 |
| 1853-54 | 42,403 |
| 1854-55 | 49,979 |
| 1855-56 | 49,399 |
| 1856-57 | 66,305 |
| 1857-58 | 68,004 |
Table XII
Amount of Income derived by the East India Company from the Opium Monopoly.
| Years. | Amount. |
| 1840-41 | £874,277 |
| 1841-42 | 1,018,765 |
| 1842-43 | 1,577,581 |
| 1843-44 | 2,024,826 |
| 1844-45 | 2,181,288 |
| 1845-46 | 2,803,350 |
| 1846-47 | 2,886,201 |
| 1847-48 | 1,698,252 |
| 1848-49 | 2,845,762 |
| 1849-50 | 3,309,637 |
| 1850-51 | 3,043,135 |
| 1851-52 | 3,139,247 |
| 1852-53 | 3,717,932 |
| 1853-54 | 3,359,019 |
| 1854-55 | 3,333,601 |
| 1855-56 | 3,961,975 |
| 1856-57 | 3,860,390 |
| 1857-58 | 5,918,375 |
Table XIII. — Opium Statistics of Great Britain
| Years. | Imports. lbs. | Consumption. lbs. |
|---|---|---|
| 1826 | 79,829 | 28,329 |
| 1827 | 113,140 | 17,322 |
| 1830 | 209,076 | 22,668 |
| 1833 | 106,846 | 35,407 |
| 1836 | 130,794 | 38,943 |
| 1839 | 196,247 | 41,632 |
| 1842 | 72,373 | 47,432 |
| 1845 | 259,644 | 38,229 |
| 1848 | 200,019 | 61,055 |
| 1849 | 105,724 | 44,177 |
| 1850 | 126,318 | 42,324 |
| 1851 | 118,024 | 50,682 |
| 1852 | 205,780 | 62,521 |
| 1853 | 159,312 | 67,038 |
| 1854 | 97,427 | 61,432 |
| 1855 | 50,143 | 34,473 |
| 1856 | 51,479 | 38,609 |
| 1857 | 136,423 | 56,174 |
| 1858 | 82,085 | 77,639 |
Table XIV. — Analysis of Opium, by Mulder
| Morphia | 10·842 | 4·106 |
| Narcotina | 6·808 | 8·150 |
| Codeia | 0·678 | 0·834 |
| Narceine | 6·662 | 7·506 |
| Meconine | 0·804 | 0·846 |
| Meconic acid | 5·124 | 3·968 |
| Fat | 2·166 | 1·350 |
| Caoutchouc | 6·012 | 5·026 |
| Resin | 3·582 | 2·028 |
| Gummy extractive | 25·200 | 31·470 |
| Gum | 1·042 | 2·896 |
| Mucus | 19·086 | 17·098 |
| Water | 9·846 | 12·226 |
| Loss | 2·148 | 2·496 |
| Total | 100·000 | 100·000 |
Table XV. — Prisoners Sentenced by the Police to the House of Correction at Singapore
| Class. all Chinamen | Quantity of Opium consumed daily. | Number of years habituated. | Trade. | Monthly Wages. | Value of Opium smoked monthly. | Appearances. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grains. | s. d. | £ s. d. | ||||
| 1 | 60 | 10 | Cooly | 16 0 | 1 4 0 | Heavy, listless, but not sleepy. |
| 2 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | Looks well and fat. | ||
| 3 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | Looks well, but not stout. | ||
| 4 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | Looks well. | ||
| 5 | 180 | 10 | Planter | ... | 3 12 0 | Looks well; given up smoking; drinks Tinco in arrack. |
| 6 | 90 | 12 | ... | ... | 1 10 0 | Sickly, with cough. |
| 7 | 60 | 20 | Cooly | 16 0 | 1 4 0 | Sickly, thin, and miserable looking. |
| 8 | 180 | 7 | Planter | 12 0 | 3 12 0 | Sick and herpetic. |
| 9 | 90 | 6 | ... | 20 0 | 1 10 0 | Sickly looking, and complains. |
| 10 | 60 | 20 | Cooly | 16 0 | 1 4 0 | Thin, sickly; complains of pain in the stomach. |
| 11 | 48 | 4 | Cooly | 16 0 | 0 16 4 | Yellow, sickly; pain in the abdomen. |
| 12 | 300 to 350 | 16 | Planter | ... | £6 to £7 | Thin, sickly; complains of cough. |
| 13 | 30 | 10 | Cooly | 16 0 | 0 12 0 | Complains of pain in abdomen. |
| 14 | 90 | 6 | ... | 16 0 | 1 10 0 | Thin, but not sickly. |
| 15 | 60 | 16 | Cooly | 16 0 | 1 4 0 | Thin, cough, and sickly. |
| 16 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | |||
| 17 | 24 | 9 | Cooly | 16 0 | 0 10 0 | Complains of pain in abdomen; does not look sickly. |
| 18 | 60 to 180 | 30 | ... | 20 0 | 24s. to £3 12 0 | Sickly looking; does not complain. |
| 19 | 36 | 5 | ... | 24s. to 30s. | 0 12 0 | Diarrhœa, and complains. |
| 20 | 30 | 5 | ... | 16 0 | 0 8 0 | Complains, but does not look sickly. |
| 21 | 60 | 12 | ... | 16 0 | 1 4 0 | Complains, but does not look sickly. |
| 22 | 48 | 5 | Cooly | 12 0 | 1 0 0 | Looks sickly, and complains. |
| 23 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | Looks sickly. | ||
| 24 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | Looks well. | ||
| 25 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | Looks well. | ||
| 26 | 60 | 15 | ... | 16 0 | 1 4 0 | Complains much, being without chandu. |
| 27 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | Looks well. | ||
| 28 | 36 | 6 | ... | 12 0 | 0 15 0 | Pale, sickly looking; complains much. |
| 29 | 48 | 5 | Shopkeeper | ... | 1 0 0 | Thin and sickly. |
Besides which, there were 15 men in the hospital, of whom all smoked but one.
Table XVI. — Opium Consumed by Fifteen Persons From the Pauper Hospital, Singapore
| Quantity of Opium consumed daily. | Years habituated. | Monthly Wages. | Excess of expenditure over income. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grains. | s. d. | s. d. | ||
| 1 | 36 | 7 | 11 6 | 5 8 excess |
| 2 | 36 | 3 | 8 0 | 6 6” |
| 3 | 24 | 5 | 8 0 | 1 8 ″ |
| 4 | 36 | 8 | 12 0 | 2 6 ″ |
| 5 | 42 | 20 | 16 0 | 0 10 ″ |
| 6 | 30 | 10 | 10 0 | 2 1 ″ |
| 7 | 24 | 7 | 8 0 | 1 8 ″ |
| 8 | 30 | 10 | 12 0 | Income and expenditure equal |
| 9 | 24 | 5 | 8 0 | 1 8 excess |
| 10 | 30 | 10 | 8 0 | 4 0 ″ |
| 11 | 30 | 8 | 12 0 | Income and expenditure equal |
| 12 | 36 | 10 | 12 0 | 2 6 excess |
| 13 | 30 | 15 | 12 0 | Income and expenditure equal |
| 14 | 30 | 25 | 12 0 | Income and expenditure equal |
| 15 | 42 | 22 | 12 0 | 4 10 excess |
Table XVII. — Reports of Opium-Smoking in China
In the Chung-wan (centre bazaar) there are about 5,800 inhabitants.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 2,600.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 300.
In the Hah-wan (Canton bazaar) there are upwards of 1,200 inhabitants.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 600.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 100.
The number that died for cause of smoking opium very few.
(Signed) Chung-wan & Hah-wan Teapoa’s Report.
Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day
(December 29th, 1855).
The number of male residents at Sheong-wan are estimated as following:——
This year have ascertained the number of male residents are 13,000.
There are 3,000 opium-smokers; 300 smoke 8 mace a-day; 700 smoke 5 mace each day; 1,000 smoke 3 mace each day; the rest smoke 1 mace, more or less.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 4,000.
The number that got sick for cause of opium-smoking went home, and did not die here.
(Signed) Teapoa of Sheong-wan Tong Chew’s Report.
Dated December 29th, 1855.
By order, have ascertained the number of inhabitants of Tai-ping-Shan.
There are upwards of 5,300 men.
The number that smoke opium because they like it are upwards of 1,200.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 600.
The number that died for cause of opium-smoking very few.
(Signed) Tai-ping-Shan Teapoa’s Report.
Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day
(December 29th, 1855).
By order, have ascertained that in Wan-tsai there are upwards of 1,600 inhabitants.
Those that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 500 men.
Those that smoke opium are upwards of 200 men.
Those that died for cause of smoking opium, none.
(Signed) Wan-tsai Teapoa’s Report.
Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day
(December 29th, 1855).
By order, have ascertained that in Wang-nai-choon there are upwards of 200 men.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 10 men.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are few only.
The number that died for cause of smoking opium, very few.
(Signed) Wang-nai-choon Teapoa’s Report.
Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day
(December 29th, 1855).
By order, have ascertained the number of inhabitants of Ting-loong-chow (east point).
There are upwards of 2,500 inhabitants.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 300.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 100.
(Signed) Ting-loong-chow Teapoa’s Report.
Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day
(December 29th, 1855).
Table XVIII
Professor Johnston’s estimate of the number of persons indulging in the Seven principal Narcotics of the world.
| Tobacco | 800,000,000 |
| Opium | 400,000,000 |
| Hemp | 200,000,000 to 300,000,000 |
| Betel | 100,000,000 |
| Coca | 10,000,000 |
| Thorn-Apple (no estimate) | Less than Coca. |
| Amanita (no estimate) | Less than Coca. |
Table XIX. — Synopsis of Narcotics, With Their Substitutes
| I.——Tobacco. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Vulgar Name. | Botanical Name. | Where used or cultivated. | How used. |
| Virginian tobacco | Nicotiana tabacum | U. States | Smoked & chewed |
| Orinoko” | ”macrophylla | ... | ″ |
| European” | ”rustica | Europe | ″ |
| Javanese” | ”” var | Java | Smoked. |
| Billah” | ”” var Asiatica | Malwa | ″ |
| Guzerat” | ”” var | Guzerat | ″ |
| Chinese” | ”” var Chinensis | China | ″ |
| Thibetian” | ”” var | Thibet | ″ |
| Persian” | ”Persica | Persia | ″ |
| Latakia” | ”” var | Syria | ″ |
| Djiddar” | ”crispa | ″ | ″ |
| Indian” | ”quadrivalvis | N. America | ″ |
| Indian” | ”multivalvis | ″ | ″ |
| Indian” | ”nana | Rocky Mts. | ″ |
| Cuban” | ”repanda | Cuba | ″ |
| Columbian” | ”loxensis | America | ″ |
| Brazilian” | ”glauca | Brazil | ″ |
| Peruvian” | ”andicola | Andes | ″ |
| Coltsfoot leaves | Tussilago farfar | Europe | Smok’d for tobacco |
| Yarrow” | Achillœa millefolium | ″ | ″ |
| Rhubarb” | Rheum emodi, &c. | Himalayas | ″ |
| Bogbean” | Menyanthes trifoliata | Britain | ″ |
| Sage” | Salvia officinalis | Europe | ″ |
| Mountain tobacco | Arnica montana | Switzerland | ″ |
| Black holly | Ilex vomitoria | N. America | ″ |
| Stag’s horn sumach | Rhus typhina | Mississippi | ″ |
| Copal sumach | Rhus copallina | ″ | ″ |
| Water lily leaves | Nelumbium speciosum | China | Mix’d with tobacco |
| Pucha-pat | Marrubium odoratissimum | India | Mix’d with tobacco |
| Tombeki | Lobelia sp. | E. Asia | Smoked as tobacco |
| Indian tobacco | Lobelia inflata | N. America | ″ |
| Maize husks | Zea Mays | U. States | Patented for cigars |
| Birch bark | Betula excelsa | N. Brunswck | Mix’d with tobacco |
| Willow leaves | Salix sp. | N. America | Smoked as tobacco |
| Bearberry leaves | Arctostasphylus uva-ursi | Chenook Ind. | Mix’d with tobacco |
| Pimento berries | Eugenia pimento | W. Indies | Smoked |
| Cascarilla bark | Croton eleuteria | ″ | Mix’d with tobacco |
| Polygonum leaves | Polygonum hispida | S. America | Smoked |
| Camphor leaves | Tarchonanthus camphoratus | Cape | ″ |
| Wild dagga | Leonotis leonurus | ″ | ″ |
| ... | Leonotis ovata | ″ | ″ |
| Culen | Psoralea glandulosa | Mauritius | ″ |
| Purphiok | Tupistra sp. | Sikkim | Mix’d with tobacco |
| Camomile flowers | Anthemis nobilis | Britain | ″ |
| Beet leaves | Beta vulgaris | France | {Recommended as substitute |
| Akel | ... | Algeria | Mix’d with tobacco |
| Trouna | ... | ″ | ″ |
| Kauw goed | Mesembryanthemum tortuosum | Cape | Chewed |
| Angelica root | Archangelica officinalis | Lapland | ″ |
| Monkey bread leaves | Adansonia digitata | W. Africa | Snuffed. |
| Rhododendron leaves | Rhododendron campanulatum | India | Snuffed. |
| Brown dust of} | Kalmia sp. | }N. America | ″ |
| petioles of} | Rhododendron sp. | } | |
| Asarabacca | Asarum Europœum | Europe | ″ |
| Grimstone’s eye snuff | Various plants | Britain | ″ |
| Various indigenous plants | Erzegebirge | ″ | |
| Woodruff | Asperula odorata | Britain | Mixed with snuff. |
| Amadou ashes | Polyporus igniarius | Kamtschatka | Snuffed. |
| II.——Opium. | |||
| Smyrna opium | Papaver somniferum. | Levant | Smoked, &c. |
| Constantinople do. | ″ | Turkey | ″ |
| Egyptian do. | ″ | Egypt | ″ |
| Trebizond do. | ″ | Persia | ″ |
| Bengal do. | ″ | India | ″ |
| Garden Patna do. | ″ | ″ | ″ |
| Malwa do. | ″ | ″ | ″ |
| Cutch do. | ″ | ″ | ″ |
| Kandeish do. | ″ | ″ | ″ |
| English do. | ″ | England | ″ |
| French do. | ″ | France | ″ |
| German do. | ″ | Germany | ″ |
| Lactucarium | Lactuca sativa | Britain | Subs. for opium. |
| ″ | ”virosa | ″ | ″ |
| ″ | ”scariola | ″ | ″ |
| ″ | ”altissima | ″ | ″ |
| ″ | ”sylvestris | ″ | ″ |
| ″ | ”elongata | ″ | ″ |
| ″ | ”taraxacifolia | Guiana | ″ |
| Dutchman’s laudanum | Murucuja ocellata | Jamaica | ″ |
| Ditto | ”orbiculata | Barbadoes | ″ |
| Syrian rue seeds | Peganum harmala | Turkey | To produce intoxication. |
| Seeds of | Sterculia alata | Silhet | Subs. for opium. |
| Seeds of | Scopolia mutica | Arabia | To produce intoxication. |
| Juice of | Chondrilla juncea | Lemnos | Subs. for opium. |
| III.——Hemp. | |||
| Gunjah and Bang | Cannabis indica | India, Africa | Smoked, &c. |
| Churrus (resin) | ″ | Nepaul, &c. | ″ |
| Powdered dacca and aloes | ″ | S. W. Africa. | Snuffed. |
| IV.——Betel. | |||
| Betel nuts | Areca catechu | Malay Penin. | Chewed. |
| ″ | Areca laxa | Andaman Is. | ″ |
| ″ | Areca Nagonsis | E. Bengal | ″ |
| ″ | Areca Dicksoni | Malabar | ″ |
| Kassu (extract) | Areca catechu | India | ″ |
| Cowry (extract) | Areca catechu | Mysore | ″ |
| Kutt or catechu | Acacia catechu | India | ″ |
| Gambir | Uncaria gambir | Singapore &c. | Chewed. |
| ″ | Uncaria sp. | ″ | ″ |
| Betel pepper leaves | Chavica betle | Malay Penin. | Chewed with betel leaves |
| ″ | Chavica siraboa | ″ | ″ |
| Blk. pepper leaves | Piper nigrum | Singapore | ″ |
| Ava pepper | Macropiper methysticum | S. Seas | ″ |
| Roots of | Derris pinnata | ″ | Subs. for betel |
| Roots of | Cocos nucifera | Ceylon | ″ |
| Guayabo bark | Psidium guayaba | Phillippines | ″ |
| Antipolo bark | ″ | ″ | ″ |
| V.——Coca. | |||
| Coca leaves | Erythroxylon coca | Peru | Masticatory |
| VI.——Thorn-Apple. | |||
| Florispondio seeds | Datura sanguinea | N. Granada. | Drank in infusion. |
| ″ | ”stramonium | Europe | Smoked. |
| ”seeds | ”arborea | Peru | ″ |
| ″ | ”fatuosa | Egypt | ″ |
| ″ | ”ferox | China | ″ |
| ″ | ”tatula | Asia | {By the Delphic oracle. |
| ″ | ”metel | W. Asia | As an opiate. |
| Belladonna leaves | Atropa belladonna | Europe | Smoked. |
| Henbane leaves | Hyoscyamus niger | India | Mixed with haschish. |
| Leaves of | Rhododendron chrysanthum | Siberia | Chewed. |
| Flowers of | Rhododendron arboreum | India | ″ |
| Foxglove leaves | Digitalis purpurea | ″ | Mixed with haschisch. |
| VII.——Amanita. | |||
| Fly agaric | Amanita muscaria | Siberia | Swallowed. |
M’CORQUODALE & CO., PRINTERS, LONDON—WORKS, NEWTON.
Footnotes
1 The learned in the lore of ancient Rome may charge us, if they will, with a grievous wrong in considering Sleep as one of the softer sex, inasmuch as Somnus was one of the elder of the “lords of the creation.” We confess to an inclination towards the “ladies of the creation;” and in this matter especially
“We have a vision of our own,
And why should we undo it?”
2 A correspondent of the Medical Times having asked for authentic instances of the hair becoming grey within the space of one night, Mr. D. F. Parry, Staff-Surgeon at Aldershott, transmitted the following account, of which he made memorandum shortly after its occurrence. “On February 19, 1858, the column under General Franks, in the south of Oude, was engaged with a rebel force at the village of Chamda, and several prisoners were taken. One of them, a sepoy of the Bengal army, was brought before the authorities for examination, and I, being present, had an opportunity of watching from the commencement the fact I am about to record. Divested of his uniform, and stripped completely naked, he was surrounded by the soldiers, and then first apparently became alive to the danger of his position; he trembled violently, intense horror and despair were depicted in his countenance, and although he answered all the questions addressed to him, he seemed almost stupified with fear; while actually under observation, within the space of half-an-hour, his hair became grey on every portion of his head, it having been, when first seen by me, the glossy jet black of the Bengalee, aged about twenty-four. The attention of the bystanders was first attracted by the serjeant, whose prisoner he was, exclaiming, ‘He is turning grey;’ and I, with several other persons, watched its progress. Gradually, but decidedly, the change went on, and a uniform greyish colour was completed within the period above named.”
3 Herod., lib. iv. cap. 74-75.
4 Ib., lib. i. cap. 202.
5 The Ansayrii and the Assassins, by the Hon. F. Walpole.
6 “Ex illo sane tempore [tabacum] usu cepit esse creberrimo in Angliâ, et magno pretio dum quam plurimi graveolentem illius fumum per tubulum testaceum hauriunt et mox e naribus effiant; adeo ut Anglorum corporum in barbarorum naturam degenerasse videantur quum iidem ac barbari delectentur.”——Camden, Annal. Elizab., p. 143. (1585.)
7 Squier’s “Nicaragua.”
8 Edwards’ “Voyage up the Amazon.”
9 Bentley’s Magazine.
10 For the art of making tobacco pipes of clay, the Dutch are indebted to this country, in proof of which, Mr. Hollis, who passed through the Netherlands in 1748, states that the master of the Gouda Pipe Works informed him, that, to that day, the principal working tools bore English names.
11 Catlin’s North American Indians, vol. ii., p. 160.
12 Tooke says “Snuff is the past participle of to sniff, that which is sniffed.”
13 Lord Stanhope makes the following curious estimate:——“Every professed, inveterate, and incurable snuff-taker, at a moderate computation, takes one pinch in ten minutes. Every pinch, with the agreeable ceremony of blowing and wiping the nose, and other incidental circumstances, consumes a minute and a half. One minute and a half out of every ten, allowing sixteen hours to a snuff-taking day, amounts to two hours and twenty minutes out of every natural day, or one day out of every ten. One day out of every ten amounts to thirty-six days and a half in the year; hence, if we suppose the practice to be persisted in for forty years, two entire years of the snuff-taker’s life will be dedicated to tickling his nose, and two more to blowing it.” The expense of snuff, snuff-boxes, and handkerchiefs, is also alluded to; and it is calculated that “by a proper application of the time and money thus lost to the public, a fund might be constituted for the discharge of the national debt.”
14 Curiosities of Food, by P. L. Simmonds. Bentley, 1859.
15 Tobacco entered for home consumption—
1856 1857 1858
32,579,166 lbs. 32,851,365 lbs. 34,110,850 lbs.
Total 99,541,381 lbs.—or 44,438 tons.
16 Tea entered for home consumption in—
1856 1857 1858
63,295,643 lbs. 69,159,640 lbs. 73,217,483 lbs.
17 Mesembryanthemum tortuosum, Linn.
18 Rhus typhina.
19 “The tree Tooba that stands in Paradise, in the palace of Mahomet.”——Sale. “Tooba signifies beatitude or eternal happiness.”——D’Herbelot.
20 See Table XV. in the Appendix.
21 Dr. Hobson states, in an official communication to the Government, “I do not know of any mortal disease from opium corresponding to delirium tremens from alcohol. I have never been called to attend to any accidents resulting from opium similar to those occurring so frequently from habits of intoxication from liquor. The opium-smoker, when under the full influence of his delicious drug, brawls and swaggers not in the public streets, like a drunkard, to the annoyance of bystanders, but reposes quietly on his couch, without molesting those around him.”
Also Dr. Traill, of Singapore, from his own experience, has not found opium-smoking in any way so powerful a promoter of disease as the habitual use of intoxicating liquors.
22 Dr. Doran says that a salad was so scarce an article during the early part of the last century, that George I. was obliged also to send to Holland to procure a lettuce for his queen. These vegetables must, therefore, have become unpopular before that time, or the cultivation had been for some cause discontinued, otherwise we cannot reconcile this with the fact that lettuces were common enough a century before a George sate upon the English throne.
23 Von Hammer’s History of the Assassins.
24 “Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science.”
25 Dr. Daniell in “Pharmaceutical Journal.”
26
1850—1,734 candies.
1851—1,983 candies.
1852—2,953 candies.
1853—2,073 candies.
1854—1,954 candies.
The candy is 433½ lbs.
27 There is a stick of this kind in the Museum of Economic Botany at Kew Gardens.
28 The stem and roots of long pepper, cut in pieces and dried under the name of Pipula moola, are exposed for sale in all the bazaars of India, but these are not used with the areca nut, nor are the leaves applied to that purpose.
29 From cate a tree, and chu juice.
30 Neale’s Residence in Siam.
31 Why are ladies who indulge in this habit universally described as elderly ladies?
32 This name, derived from the Greek, indicates strong, powerful.
33 “Edinburgh Medical Journal,” 1857.
34 The potato, the tomato, and egg plant possess, when uncooked, in a mild degree, the properties of the nightshade, the stramonium, and the henbane, confirming the remark of De Candolle “that all our aliments contain a small proportion of an exciting principle, which, should it occur in a much greater quantity, might become injurious, but which is necessary as a natural condiment.” In fact, when food does not contain some stimulating principle, we add it in the form of spices.
35 Another fanciful origin for the name, which signifies “beautiful woman,” is, that it was bestowed in consequence of the use once made of its berries by the Italian ladies as a cosmetic.
36 “Similia similibus curantur.”
37 “Journ. de Chim. Méd.,” 1839, p. 322.
38 “Archives Gén. de Méd.,” t. xi., p. 94.
40 Each Chest of Opium contains about 140 lbs.