List of the More Important Authorities Consulted
ALIBERT, J. L.: Éloges Historiques, etc., Paris, 1806.
BAGLIVI: The Practice of Physic Reduced to the Ancient Way of Observations, translated from the Latin, London, 1704.
BARON, JOHN: The Life of Edward Jenner, 2 vols., London, 1838.
BARTHEZ, P. J.: Nouveaux Elémens de la Science De l’Homme, Montpellier, 1778; Paris, 1806.
—— Consultations de Médecine (ouvrage posthume), Paris, 1820.
BAUDELOCQUE, JEAN-LOUIS: L’Art des Accouchemens, 2 vols., Paris, 1807.
BAYLE, A. L. J.: Bibliothèque de Thérapeutique, 4 vols., Paris, 1828–1837.
BAYLE, G. L.: Traité des Maladies Cancéreuses; ouvrage posthume, Vol. I., Paris, 1833.
BÉCLARD, P. A.: Additions to the General Anatomy of Xavier Bichat, Translated from the French by George Hayward, M.D., Boston, 1823.
BELL, SIR CHARLES: Institutes of Surgery, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1838.
BERNARD, CLAUDE: Leçons sur les Phénomènes de la Vie Communs aux Animaux et aux Végétaux, Paris, 1878.
BONNET, THÉOPHILE: Sepulchretum, 3 vols., Lyons, 1700.—A still earlier edition (1675) exists.
BORDEU: (See under RICHERAND.)
BOUILLAUD, J.: Clinique Médicale de l’Hôpital de la Charité, 2 vols., Paris, 1837.
BOUILLET, J.: Précis d’Histoire de la Médecine, Paris, 1883.
BRETONNEAU ET SES CORRESPONDANTS, 2 vols., Paris, 1891. (Review in the Revue Scientifique of July 23, 1892.)
BROUSSAIS, F. J. V.: Examen des Doctrines Médicales, troisième edition, 4 vols., Paris, 1829–1834.
BUDD: Typhoid Fever, its Nature, Mode of Spreading, and Prevention, London, 1873.
BUISSON, F. R.: Précis Historique sur Bichat, in Vol. I. of this Author’s Anatomie Générale, Paris, 1801.
CABANIS, P. J. G.: Du Degré de Certitude de la Médecine, 3d edition, Paris, 1819. (Also contains Richerand’s eulogy of Cabanis.)
CARTER, H. W.: A Short Account of Some of the Principal Hospitals of France, Italy, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, London, 1819.
CHEREAU, ACHILLE: Notice sur les Anciennes Écoles de Médecine de la Rue de la Bûcherie, Paris, 1866.
CHOMEL: Leçons sur la Fièvre Typhoïde, 1834. At a still earlier date (1821) Chomel published a general treatise on Fevers.
CORRY: Life of Joseph Priestley, 1804.
CROSS, JOHN: Sketches of the Medical Schools of Paris, London, 1815.
CUVIER: Éloges Historiques lus dans les Séances Publiques de l’Institut Royal de France, 3 vols., Strassbourg, 1819.
DAREMBERG, CHARLES: Histoire des Sciences Médicales, Vol. 2, Paris, 1870.
DEZEIMERIS, OLLIVIER ET RAIGE-DELORME: Dict. Historique de la Méd. Anc. et Mod., 3 vols., Paris, 1828–1837.
DUJARDIN-BEAUMETZ: “Leçons de Clinique Thérapeutique,” Paris, 1883.
DUPUYTREN, see under PAILLARD ET MARX.
EYNARD, THÉODORE: Essai sur la Vie de Tissot, Lausanne, 1839.
FRANK, JOHANN PETER: System einer vollständigen medicinischen Polizey, 6 vols., Mannheim, 1780–1788.
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN: Life and Writings of, Published by J. M. Dent & Sons, London and New York, 1908.
GAZETTE MÉDICALE DE PARIS, Tome III., 1835.
GILLES DE LA TOURETTE: Théophraste Renaudot, Plon et Cie., Paris, 1884. Reviewed in La Revue Scientifique, April 9, 1892.
GRIBBLE, FRANCIS: Lake Geneva and its Literary Landmarks, Westminster, England, 1901.
GUARDIA, J. M.: La Médecine à travers les Siècles, Paris, 1865.
GUÉNEAU DE MUSSY: Clinique Médicale, Vol. III., Traité Théorique et Pratique de la Fièvre Typhoïde ou Dothiénentérique, Paris, 1884.
GUEYRARD: La Doctrine Homoeopathique Examinée sous les Rapports Théorique et Pratique, Bruxelles, 1834.
HAESER, H.: Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medicin, Zweite Ausgabe, Jena, 1868 (3d edition, 1875).
HAHNEMANN, SAMUEL: Organon of the Rational Art of Healing, translated from the German by C. E. Wheeler; published by C. M. Dent & Sons, London, 1913.
VON HALLER, ALBRECHT: Bibliotheca Medicinae, 4 vols.; Primae Lineae Physiologiae, Goettingen, 1751; and a later edition of this work in two volumes, printed at Lausanne, Switzerland.
HECKER: Geschichte der Neueren Heilkunde, Berlin, 1839.
HIRSCH, AUGUST: Geschichte der Med. Wissenschaften in Deutschland, Muenchen and Leipzig, 1893.
HOLLAENDER, EUGEN: Plastik und Medizin, Stuttgart, 1912.
HUFELAND, CHRISTOPH WILHELM: Kunst das Menschliche Leben zu Verlaengeren (Makrobiotik), Berlin, 1823, 5th edition.
HUNTERIAN REMINISCENCES, from notes taken by James Parkinson; London, 1833. (These notes were taken from a course of lectures delivered by the late John Hunter in 1785.)
HYRTL, JOSEPH: Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, Wien, 1873.
JACKSON, SIR GEORGE, K. C. H.: Diaries and Letters, 2 vols., London, 1872.
J. L. H. P.: Sketches of the Character and Writing of Eminent Living Surgeons and Physicians of Paris, translated from the French by Elisha Bartlett, M.D., Boston, Mass., 1831.
JAHR: Manual of Homoeopathic Medicine, Vol. I.
KORN, GEORG: Die Heilkunde im Neuenzehnten Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1899.
LAËNNEC, R. T. H.: Traité de L’Auscultation Médiate et des Maladies des Poumons et du Coeur, deuxième édition, 2 vols., Paris. 1826.
LARREY, BARON: Mémoire sur les Amputations des Membres à la Suite des Coups de Feu, Paris, 1797.
—— Mémoires de Chirurgie Militaire, et Campagnes, 3 vols., Paris, 1812.
LAS CASES: Mémoires d’E. A. D., Comte de las Cases, 1819.
LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAURENT: “Oeuvres de Lavoisier publiées par les soins de son Excellence le Ministre de l’Instruction Publique et des Cultes,” 6 vols., quarto, Paris, 1864.
LITTRÉ: Dictionnaire de Médecine, de Chirurgie, de Pharmacie, de l’Art Vétérinaire et des Sciences qui s’y Rapportent, Paris, 1886.
LONDON LANCET, THE, of NOV. 25, 1837; editorial comparing the management of the large hospitals in the two countries—France and England.
LOUIS, CH. A. P.: Recherches Anatomiques, Pathologiques et Thérapeutiques sur la Maladie Connue sous les Noms de Gastro-entérite, Fièvre Putride, Adynamique, Ataxique, Typhoïde, etc., Paris, 1829.
MAGENDIE, M.: Leçons sur Les Phénomènes Physiques de la Vie, Paris, 1855.
MARSHALL HALL: Lectures on the Theory and the Practice of Medicine, in the Lancet, London, Oct. 7, 1837.
MÉMOIRES DE L’ACADÉMIE ROYALE DE MÉDECINE, Vol. I., Paris, 1828.
MIQUEL, A.: Lettres à un Médecin de Province ou Exposition Critique de la Doctrine Médicale de Monsieur Broussais, 2me édition, Paris, 1826.
MONFALCON, I.: Précis de Bibliographie Médicale, Paris, 1827.
MORGAGNI: De Sedibus et Causis Morborum, 1767. An English version of this work, in 3 volumes, was published at London in 1769, and a French version was issued a few years later.
MUELLER, WILLIBALD: Biographie von Gerhard van Swieten, Wien, 1883.
PAGEL, JULIUS: Einfuehrung in die Geschichte der Medizin, Berlin, 1898.
PAILLARD ET MARX: Traité des Blessures par Armes de Guerre, d’après les Leçons Cliniques de Monsieur le Baron Dupuytren, 2 vols., Paris, 1834.
PETERSEN, JULIUS: Hauptmomente in der Geschichtlichen Entwickelung der Med. Therapie, Copenhagen, 1877.
PETIT, J. L.: Traité des Maladies Chirurgicales, et des Opérations qui leur Conviennent, Nouvelle édition, Paris, 1790.
PETTIGREW, THOMAS J.: Medical Portrait Gallery. (Biographical Memoirs of the most celebrated physicians, surgeons, etc., who have contributed to the advancement of medical science.) 2 vols., London, 1838.
PINEL: Nosographie Philosophique, Paris, 1798.
POTAIN: La Médecine en Province (containing certain data relating to Bretonneau, of Tours); in the Revue Scientifique of Nov. 10, 1894.
POTT, PERCIVAL: Chirurgical Works, 2 vols., Philadelphia, 1819.
PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH: Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, 2d edition, London, 1775.
PUSCHMANN, THEODOR: Die Medicin in Wien waehrend die Letzen 100 Jahre, Wien, 1884. —— Geschichte des Medicinischen Unterrichts, Leipzig, 1889.
QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF FOREIGN MEDICINE AND SURGERY, Vol. I., London, 1818–1819.
REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE for March 24, 1894. (Article on the proportion of homoeopathic practitioners to those of the regular school in some of the cities of the United States.)
RICHERAND: Oeuvres Complètes de Bordeu, précédées d’une notice sur sa vie et sur ses ouvrages, 2 vols., Paris, 1818.
RICHET, A.: L’Histoire de la Chirurgie, in the Revue Scientifique, Nov. 19, 1892.
ROKITANSKY, CARL: Pathologische Anatomie, 3 vols., 1855. (Illustrations in the edition of 1855, but not in the first edition.)
ROSENTHAL, J., article in the Revue Scientifique of Jan. 10, 1801.
ROUX, P. J.: Narrative of a Journey to London in 1814; Translated from the French, 2d edition, London, 1816.
SCHEUTHAUER, GUSTAV: article on Carl Rokitansky, in Hirsch and Gurlt’s Biographisches Lexikon.
SCHULTZ, C. H., Article on Homoeopathy in Hufeland’s Journal der Praktischen Medicin, Bd. LXIX., No. 5.
VON SIEBOLD: Versuch einer Geschichte der Geburtshuelfe, Berlin, 1845.
SIGMOND, GEORGE G.: On the Effects of Mercury, in the Lancet, London, Nov. 11, 1837.
SIMPSON: Homoeopathy, etc., 3d edition, 1853.
SPALLANZANI: Mémoires sur la Respiration; traduits de l’Italien par Jean Senebier, Genève, 1803.
SPIESS, G. A.: J. B. Van Helmont’s System der Medicin, Frankfort am Main, 1840.
SPRENGEL, KURT: Histoire de la Médecine, Paris, 1815. (Traduite de l’Allemand par A. J. L. Jourdan.)
SUDHOFF, KARL: J. C. Reil von der Lebenskraft, Leipzig, 1910.
TENON, M.: Mémoires sur les Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, 1816.
TROUSSEAU, ARMAND: Clinique Médicale de l’Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, 3d edition, 3 vols., Paris, 1868.
TROUSSEAU ET PIDOUX: Traité De Thérapeutique et de Matière Médicale, 9th edition, 2 vols., Paris, 1875.
VELPEAU: Traitment des Maux de Gorge et de quelques inflammations des autres membranes muqueuses par le sulfate d’alumine et de potasse, in the Gazette Médicale de Paris, 4 avril, 1835.
WUNDERLICH UND ROSER: Archiv fuer Physiologische Heilkunde, Bd. I., 1841.
Footnotes
1. The liard was a small copper coin worth at that time one-quarter of a sou. The latter coin was about as large as a silver quarter of a dollar or a one-shilling piece (English money).
2. The view of the small town of Loudun (see opposite page 4), which has been copied from a photograph of quite recent date, shows that Gilles de la Tourette’s hope has already been realized.
3. See Haller’s comments on Boerhaave’s personality, at bottom of page 445 of “The Growth of Medicine.”
4. In the city of Leipzig alone there were no fewer than 30,000 wounded and sick soldiers belonging to all the different nations engaged in the war.
5. The following quotations are from Wheeler’s English Translation of the Organon.
6. Several weeks after I had sent my completed manuscript to New Haven I received, from a London dealer in second-hand books, a catalogue in which the following item appears:—
Haller (Albrecht von) First Lines of Physiology. Translated from the Third Latin Edition. To which is added a Translation of the Index composed for the Edinburgh Edition printed under the Inspection of Dr. William Cullen. Edinburgh, 1801.
It is evident, therefore, that I was in error when, after a very limited search, I was led to believe that no English version of the “Primae Lineae” exists, and accordingly I ventured to translate a few brief selections of the text.—A. H. B.
7. To make sure that any errors rightly chargeable to me as translator shall not be imputed to von Haller I will add here the original Latin text.—A. H. B.
Chapter XX. Somnus.
Section 564.—Aptitudo ad sensus et motus voluntarios libere exercendos in sanis organis, VIGILIA vocatur: ineptitudo ad eosdem et quies omnium cum sanis organis SOMNI nomen fert.
Section 565.—In somno anima vel omnino nihil cogitat, quod memoria retineatur, quodque notum fit, vel unice occupatur in speciebus, sensorio communi receptis, quarum vividae repraesentationes in mente eo tempore omnino similes perceptiones producunt, quales objectorum externorum impressiones insensuum organa faciunt. Hae repraesentationes INSOMNIA vocantur, et efficiunt, ut reliquo toto emporio sensuum et voluntariorum motuum quiescente, aliqua tamen particula aperta sit, spiritibus perfluatur, et vigilet. Aliquando cum his perceptionibus animae aliqui motus voluntarii conjunguntur, ut loquelae organa, ut artus multi, omnesve, ad nutum illarum preceptionum regantur. Huc SOMNAMBULI.
Section 566.—Sed in somno pergit omnium humorum in corpore humano distributio, circulatio, vis peristaltica ventriculi, intestinorum, sphincterum, respiratio denique ipsa simili modo exercetur. Haec compositio in quiete certarum partium, aliarum motu, cognitionem causae mechanicae somni difficilem reddidit.
8. A French physician by the name of Goudareau has published a translation of the work under the title: “TRAITé DE MéDECINE PRATIQUE,” 2 vols., Paris, 1820–1822.
9. At this point one of Wunderlich’s critics makes the comment that Ludwig Traube may more justly be considered the real founder of experimental pathology in Germany.
10. “COMMENTARIA IN HERM. BOERHAAVE APHORISMOS DE COGNOSCENDIS ET CURANDIS MORBIS,” Paris, 1755–1773, 5 vols. in quarto. There exist also English and French translations of these commentaries.
11. It has often been stated that Lorenz Gasser was the discoverer of the nodal swelling of the trigeminal nerve which bears the name of “Gasserian ganglion.” Hyrtl, however, declares that the credit for this discovery belongs to A. R. B. Hirsch, a Viennese anatomist, who named it in honor of his teacher, Lorenz Gasser, Professor of Anatomy in the University of Vienna.—A. H. B.
12. A solution of bichloride of mercury, 4; chloride of sodium and chloride of ammonium, each 1; water 500.
13. “Illustrissimo viro Lazaro Spallanzani summo naturae in minimis et difficilimis, indagatori, ob ejus in veri finibus extendendis, merita, D. D. D. Hallerus.”
[The letters D. D. D. are an abbreviation for “dat, donat, dedicat,” commonly employed in inscriptions.]
14. Those of 1775 and later years, printed by Grasset, of Lausanne, are considered the best.
15. At the period which is now under consideration Geneva belonged strictly to France. It was not until the year 1815 that it was incorporated with the Confederation of Swiss Cantons.
16. Some authorities state that William Scheele made the same discovery independently in 1775.
17. Published, in 1908, by John Lane, New York and London; and, for the reader’s further enlightenment, it should be stated that “Thomas William Coke of Holkam, Norfolk, England, was a famous country gentleman who lived from 1754 to 1842, becoming, late in life, the Earl of Leicester. He was known throughout the world of his time as a scientific and accomplished agriculturist. Owning great country estates he was a skillful sportsman, and as an influential member of Parliament sided with the Americans and against George III and his ministers in our Revolution.”
18. The title of this memoir is: “TRAITÉ DES MEMBRANES EN GÉNÉRAL ET DES DIVERSES MEMBRANES EN PARTICULIER,” Paris, 1800.
19. Free Translation into English.—“This monument has been erected in honor of citizens Desault and Bichat by their contemporaries, who wish in this manner to show their appreciation of the valuable services which these two men have rendered to medicine: Desault by the important part which he played in renewing the life and vigor of French Surgery, and Bichat by his untiring efforts, both by teaching and by research work, to extend the limits of the domain of Medicine. Successful as were these efforts the results would certainly have been much greater if death had not put an end to his work before Bichat had completed his 31st year.”
20. Bonaparte was not made Emperor until 1804.
21. This—says the author of the biographical sketch from which I derive my information—is a bit of sarcasm suggested to Bayle’s mind by the fact that Petit-Radel was well-known at that period to be particularly fond of favoring systems in his contributions to medical literature.
22. See foot-note on page 180.
23. For additional information concerning Montpellier’s famous Faculté de Médecine, see farther on under the heading “Jacques Delpech” (page 233).—A. H. B.
24. To prevent confusion I beg to remind the reader that there were two men living in Paris at this period who both bore the name of Louis and who were almost equally celebrated, viz., Antoine Louis, the surgeon, and Charles A. P. Louis, the subject of the present remarks.
25. As stated on page 87 the Vienna anatomist, Hyrtl, claims that Duddal, an English physician, was the first person who described this membrane.
26. By the word “schools” Chereau evidently means the buildings in which the different classrooms were located.—A. H. B.
27. Voltaire says (p. 328 of “Pages Choisies des Grands Écrivains,” Paris, Librairie Armand Colin, 1910): “That Piarrou de Chamousset (1717–1773), a wealthy philanthropist, built a model hospital in which every patient had a bed to himself or herself. Since that time the practice of putting two patients in one bed has been abandoned.”