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On Chloroform and Other Anaesthetics

by John Snow

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The Monochlorurretted — Chloride of Ethyle

This substance was discovered some few years ago by M. M. G. Regnault. It is made by exposing to the sun’s rays a mixture of the vapour of chloride of ethyle (muriatic ether) and chlorine gas. One equivalent of the hydrogen of the chloride of ethyle is replaced by an equivalent of chlorine. Its composition is four atoms carbon, four atoms hydrogen, and two atoms chlorine. It has the same composition as Dutch Liquid, which is made by the combination of olefiant gas and chlorine gas; the specific gravity of its vapour, 3·42, is also the same as that of Dutch liquid, which it resembles also in taste and smell. The boiling point is however different, and it differs from Dutch liquid in not being decomposed by an alcoholic solution of potassa.

I tried several times to make the monochlorurretted chloride of ethyle in 1849 and 1850, but did not succeed in procuring more than a drachm or two at once, owing to the constant over-action of the chlorine and the production of other chlorurretted products. In 1851, however, these products which result from the decomposition of muriatic ether by chlorine gas were recommended in Paris as local applications in rheumatism and other painful affections, and Mr. Mason was kind enough to obtain for me from that capital a pint bottle of a liquid consisting chiefly of the monochlorurretted chloride of ethyle. It was mixed with a certain portion of the bichlorurretted and terchlorurretted products, but I was able to separate by distillation as much of the monochlorurretted product as enabled me to administer it to twenty-two patients. Mr. Mason was, however, not able to obtain any more liquid containing any of the monochlorurretted chloride. What he afterwards was able to obtain had a very high boiling point, and consisted chiefly of chloride of carbon; carbon four atoms, chlorine five atoms.

The monochlorurretted chloride of ethyle resembles chloroform very much in taste and smell, and in its physiological properties. Its boiling point is 149°, whilst that of chloroform is 140°; the specific gravity of its vapour is also lower; for these reasons, it is considerably less volatile than chloroform, and it is therefore pretty certain that it would not be liable to cause the sudden deaths which have occasionally been produced by the administration of chloroform, even if it were given freely and with no great care. The difficulty of procuring it in a state of purity is, however, a barrier to its introduction into practice.

I first administered this preparation in King’s College Hospital, on June 20th, 1851, to a young woman, whilst Mr. Wm. Hewett, the house surgeon, repeated the operation of paring off venereal warts and applying nitric acid. The patient breathed it very readily without appearing to suffer from the pungency. She was a little longer in becoming unconscious than on former occasions from the chloroform, but soon after becoming unconscious, the sensibility of the conjunctiva diminished, and the operation was commenced. There was some flinching, so that she required to be held, but there were no cries or other signs of sensation. Consciousness returned almost immediately, and she seemed more exhilarated than after chloroform. She had had her dinner just before the operation, and at one time, soon after recovering her consciousness, she said that she felt rather sick, but this feeling passed off without vomiting, and she did not remember it afterwards. She did not begin to cry out from the smarting till twenty minutes after the operation, when she had been quite conscious, collected, and rational for a quarter of an hour, although on the two former occasions, after chloroform had been inhaled, she began to cry immediately after the operation, and almost before consciousness had returned. Next day she was very well.

On the following day I administered the same preparation to three patients on whom Mr. Fergusson operated in King’s College Hospital. The first was a boy seven years old, who had the forefinger removed, together with part of the metacarpal bone, on account of a large enchondroma. The second was an infant three months old, which was operated on for hare-lip; and the third was a woman about thirty-five, who had some venereal warts removed from the pudenda. There was no sickness in either of the cases, although the little boy and the woman had taken their dinners just before the operation.

On June 25th, I administered the preparation with the chloroform inhaler, as in all the other cases, to a muscular young man, about 25, whilst Mr. Henry Lee removed some piles, and applied nitric acid to the raw surface. The patient was six feet three inches in height, and weighed fourteen stone. He became insensible rather slowly, with low muttering and a good deal of rigidity. The operation lasted about ten minutes, during which the inhalation was repeated two or three times. There was no pain. He recovered his consciousness in two or three minutes after the conclusion of the operation; he said that he felt drunk, and he appeared so for a few minutes. He was very cheerful, and had no sickness, although he had had his dinner just before coming to the hospital to have the operation performed. Half a fluid ounce of the monochlorurretted compound was inhaled, being about the same quantity as would have been consumed of chloroform.

The other operations in which I administered this preparation, consisted of the removal of a tumour situated below the angle of the jaw in a young woman, by Mr. Fergusson; an operation on the tibia and fibula of a little boy, for ununited fracture, by Mr. Bowman; trephining the tibia of a young man, and giving exit to a collection of pus, by Mr. Henry Lee; an operation for necrosis of the tibia, by the late Mr. Avery; two operations for hare-lip; two operations for fistula in ano; one for nævus on the forehead; one for tenotomy; and one for removal of a fatty tumour, by Mr. Fergusson.181

The End

Notes

1. Messrs. Maule and Polyblank have an excellent photographic portrait of Dr. Snow in their “Scientific Portrait Gallery” series. Mr. Empson has also a bust, which has been greatly admired for its correctness and for its superiority as an artistic work.

2. Dr. Murchison, who with Dr. Budd rendered Dr. Snow all that able assistance which the best of medicine can offer, has kindly given me several particulars in regard to the fatal illness, which I embody in the text, with many thanks.

3. Dr. Murchison has also given me an outline of the post-mortem appearances, which is subjoined. “The post-mortem examination revealed slight white softening, only detectable by the microscope, in the right corpus striatum and optic thalamus, and fatty degeneration of the minute cerebral vessels. The heart was slightly fatty, but there was no valvular disease, nor atheromatous disease of aorta. The lungs were congested, and showed marked evidence of old disease at the apices. Both the kidneys were much contracted and granular, with numerous cysts, the right organ being almost entirely converted into cysts; with the uriniferous tubes either denuded, or containing granular disintegrating epithelium. There was distinct cicatrix of an old ulcer in duodenum, and the stomach was much congested, with numerous hæmorrhagic spots.”

4. See Monthly Journal of Med. Sc., vol. viii, p. 452.

5. Liber iv, cap. 76.?

6. Loc. cit.

7. Natural. Hist., lib. xxv, cap. 13.

8. De Herbarum Virtutibus, cap. 131.

9. Medical Botany, p. 236.

10. De Causis Morb. Diut., lib. i, cap. 6.

11. De Morbis Acutis, lib. i, cap. 4.

12. Vet. Acad. Handl., 1763, vol. xxiv, p. 229.

13. Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. de Sc., t. xxviii, 1849, p. 195.

14. See Herodotus, book iv, 73–5.

15. Lib. iv, cap. 8.

16. Med. Gaz., vol. xli, p. 515.

17. Observations sur la Physique, tome xvi (1780), p. 256.

18. Method of preventing or diminishing Pain in several Operations of Surgery. Lond. 1784.

19. Gazette des Hôpitaux, 1st April, 1854.

20. Hypnotism is the term employed by Mr. Braid of Manchester for the peculiar sleep produced by the Mesmerists.

21. Record of Cases treated in the Mesmeric Hospital. Calcutta, 1848.

22. Cary’s Herodotus, book i, 202.

23. Book iv, 73–5.

24. Liber viii, cap. 1.

25. Translated into Latin by Father Angelus, Paris, 1681, p. 21.

26. P. 287.

27. P. 88.

28. See Medicinal Use of Different Kinds of Airs, by Dr. Pearson. Birmingham, 1795.

29. Researches concerning Nitrous Oxide, p. 556.

30. See 32nd Congress, 2nd Session [Senate] Rep. Com. No. 421, p. 17.

31. Vol. iv, p. 158.

32. A Defence of Dr. Charles T. Jackson’s Claims to the Discovery of Etherization. Boston, 1848.

33. The Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether in Surgical Operations. By John Snow, M.D. 1847.

34. Pharmaceutical Journal, Feb. 1847, p. 357; and Med. Gaz., 1847, vol. xl, p. 939.

35. Quoted in Med. Gaz., 1847, vol. xl, p. 1153.

36. Lancet, Nov. 27, 1847, p. 575; and Med. Gaz., 1847, vol. xl, p. 1031.

37. Dr. Pereira in Pharmaceutical Journal, March 1846, vol. v, No. 9.

38. Silliman’s American Journal of Science and Art, vol. xxi, p. 64, Jan. 1832.

39. Ann. de Chim. et de Physique, t. xlviii, p. 131.

40. Ibid., t. xlix, p. 146.

41. Ibid., t. lvi, p. 134.

42. Formic acid is so named because it was originally obtained from the red ant (Formica rufa). It is now made from starch.

43. Turner’s Chemistry, 8th ed., p. 1009.

44. Nearly all the chloroform used in Great Britain and her colonies is made in Edinburgh, where the spirit duty is lower than in England. The London druggists have almost ceased to make it, as they find it cheaper to get it from the trade in Edinburgh.

45. The Edinburgh druggists suffered a great loss in 1850 from purifying their chloroform in this way on the recommendation of Dr. Gregory, who was not aware of the consequences, although they had been stated by Dumas (Ann. de Chim. et de Physique, t. lvi, p. 117).

46. I have seen some specimens of chloroform that left a white, limy-looking stain on the hand, which I believe was a minute quantity of crystalline chloride of carbon. These specimens were unobjectionable for all practical purposes, and had the merit of keeping remarkably well.

47. See Med. Gaz., vol. xl, p. 1092.

48. Dr. Letheby in Med. Gaz., vol. xlvi, p. 1037.

49. Lancet, Feb. 12, 1848.

50. Since the above was written, I have met with an instance in which the pulse was only 40 in the minute, as the effects of the chloroform were subsiding. There was neither sickness nor loss of blood. The case was that of a gentleman in good general health, who inhaled chloroform whilst Mr. Brodhurst endeavoured to make forcible flexion of the femur on the pelvis. He woke without any unpleasant symptoms, and the pulse resumed its natural frequency.

51. Gazette des Hôpitaux, 20 Mars, 1847.

52. Medical Gazette, vol. xli-ii.

53. According to Professor Miller, chloroform was given, at one time, in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, in a somewhat slovenly, and not very cleanly manner; he describes the means of applying it as, “anything that will admit of chloroform in vapour being brought fully in contact with the mouth and nostrils; a handkerchief, a towel, a piece of lint, a worsted glove, a nightcap, a sponge.” He says, “In the winter season, the glove of a clerk, dresser, or onlooker, has been not unfrequently pressed into the service.... The object is to produce insensibility as completely and as soon as we can; and there is no saying, à priori, whether this is to be accomplished by fifty drops or five hundred. We begin with generally two or three drachms spilt on the handkerchief or lint; and we refresh that, or not, from time to time, as circumstances require.” Surgical Experience of Chloroform, Edin., 1848, pp. 16 and 17. The italics are not in the original.

54. Curious arguments are sometimes used in support of the idea of peculiarities and idiosyncrasies. A medical man informed me, one day, that he had seen a patient inhale an ounce of chloroform without any effect. I expressed my opinion that if she had taken the vapour of one drachm into her lungs within four minutes, or the vapour of a little more than half a drachm within two minutes, she would have been insensible; and that the chloroform had mostly evaporated into the room, without entering the patient’s lungs. Then, he said, it would have made all of us insensible. Now to charge the air of a moderate sized room of twenty feet square and ten feet high, uniformly with only a grain and a half of chloroform to each hundred cubic inches, so that, if all the crevices were closed, a person inside might, in course of time, absorb about eighteen minims of the medicine, and be rendered insensible, would require nearly fifteen pounds of chloroform.

55. The increase of effects of chloroform after the inhalation is discontinued, was pointed out by Prof. Sédillot of Strasbourg and myself almost simultaneously. I explained the circumstance in a paper read to the Westminster Medical Society, on January 8th, 1848, and M. Sédillot announced it to the Academy of Sciences of Paris, on January 10th. My remarks were published in the Medical Gazette of January 14th, and those of M. Sédillot in the Gazette Médicale of January 15th.

56. I have reason to conclude that the increased secretion of saliva is caused, not so much by the action of the chloroform on the mucous membrane of the mouth, and the extremities of the gland ducts, as by its action on the capillary circulation of the glands themselves; for on inhaling the vapour carefully by the nostrils, so that none enters the mouth, I still find that there is an increased secretion of saliva.

57. London Journal of Medicine, April 1852.
In one of the latest communications of Dr. Marshall Hall to the Lancet, he did me the honour to quote the account of the three following experiments, together with some accompanying remarks from the London Journal of Medicine, and to make the following observation respecting the pages from which he quoted.
“I have no hesitation in affirming that the first three pages of this paper are amongst the most able and valuable in physiology, and I beg to be allowed to reproduce them in the pages of the Lancet.” (Lancet, April 18th, 1857, p. 397.)

58. Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, vol. lviii.

59. Lond. Med. Gaz., vol. xlii, p. 414.

60. London Journal of Medicine, April, 1852.

61. London Medical Gazette, vol. xlii, 1848, p. 109.

62. On the Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether, p. 82.

63. Medical Gazette, vol. xlii, p. 415.

64. See l’Union Médicale, 1855, No. 13.

65. London Medical Gazette, vol. xli, p. 255.

66. Opus cit., p. 253.

67. Opus cit., p. 341.

68. London Medical Gazette, vol. xli, p. 75.

69. London Medical Gazette, vol. xlii, p. 80, from Western Lancet, and Phil. Med. Exam. April 1848.

70. Vol. xliii, p. 682.

71. Gazette Médicale, 8 Juillet, 1848; and London Medical Gazette, vol. xlii, p. 211.

72. Proceedings of Academy on Feb. 6th, 1849. See London Journal of Med., 1849, p. 307.

73. London Journal of Medicine, 1849, p. 324.

74. Lond. Med. Gaz., vol. xliii, p. 694.

75. London Med. Gaz., vol. xlii, p. 84.

76. Bouisson, Traité de la Méthode Anesthésique, p. 398.

77. London Med. Gaz., vol. xliii, p. 41.

78. Ibid., p. 712.

79. Ibid., p. 747, from l’Union Médicale.

80. Lancet, 1849, vol. i, p. 205.

81. L’Union Médicale, Sept. 8th, 1849; and Med. Gaz., vol. xliv, p. 478.

82. Lond. Med. Gaz., vol. xliv, p. 757.

83. Journal of Prov. Med. and Surg. Assoc., 1849, p. 698.

84. Casper’s Wochenschrift, Jan. 12, 1850; and Lond. Med. Gaz., vol. xlv, p. 483.

85. Edin. Monthly Journal, April 1850, p. 377.

86. Hygiea, October 1850, p. 602.

87. Lond. Med. Gaz., vol. xlvi, p. 39.

88. Lancet, 1850, vol. ii, p. 21.

89. L’Union Médicale, January 29, 1852.

90. Medical Times, 1851, vol. ii, p. 98.

91. Medical Times, 1851, vol. ii, p. 620.

92. Medical Times and Gazette, vol. i, p. 293.

93. Medical Times and Gazette, p. 318.

94. See a clinical lecture by Mr. Stanley, Med. Times, Nov. 22, 1851.

95. Gaz. Médicale, 1852, p. 630, from Medicinisches Correspondenz Blatt.

96. Medical Times and Gazette, 1852, vol. ii, p. 531.

97. Monthly Journal of Med., vol. xv, 1852, p. 377.

98. Lancet, 1853, vol. i, p. 21.

99. Lancet, 1853, vol. i, p. 307.

100. Med. Times and Gaz., 1853, vol. ii, p. 47.

101. Monthly Journal, Nov. 1853, p. 427.

102. Since writing the above, I have noted by the watch the time which a surgeon occupied in shaving the perinæum before the operation of lithotomy; it was twelve seconds.

103. Medical Times and Gazette, 1853, vol. ii, p. 422.

104. Medical Times and Gaz., 1853, vol. ii, p. 449.

105. Ibid., p. 450.

106. Edin. Monthly Jour., vol. xix, 1854, p. 372.

107. Med. Times and Gaz., 1854, vol. i, p. 19, from Med. Zeitung von den Vercine für Heilkunde in Preussen, No. 44, Berlin, Nov. 2, 1853.

108. Association Med. Jour., 1854, p. 109.

109. L’Union Médicale, 1854, p. 171.

110. Ibid., p. 187.

111. Association Medical Journal, 1854, p. 315.

112. Medical Times, 1854, vol. i, p. 572.

113. Medical Times and Gazette, 1854, vol. ii, p. 86.

114. Med. Times and Gaz., 1854, vol. ii, p. 390.

115. Ibid., p. 442.

116. Med. Times and Gaz., 1854, vol. ii, p. 501.

117. Medical Times and Gazette, 1855, vol. i, p. 363.

118. Edin. Med. Jour., 1855, p. 524.

119. 1855, vol. ii, p. 479.

120. Medical Times and Gazette, 1856, vol. ii, p. 442.

121. Association Med. Jour., 1856, p. 903.

122. Medical Times and Gaz., 1856, vol. i, p. 236.

123. Lancet, 1857, vol. i, p. 429.

124. Med. Times and Gaz., 1857, vol. ii, p. 171.

125. Med. Times and Gaz., 1852, vol. i, p. 627.

126. Gaz. Médicale, 1853, p. 304.

127. Lancet, 1848, vol. ii, p. 47.

128. Bouisson, Méthode Anesthésique, p. 398.

129. Casper’s Wochenschrift, September 6, 1850; and London Med. Gaz. vol. xlvii, p. 261.

130. Medical Times and Gazette, 1854, vol. i, p. 516.

131. Ibid., p. 517.

132. Chloroform: How shall we ensure Safety in its Administration? Pamphlet. London: 1855.

133. See some interesting papers on the value of recumbent position in syncope, by Dr. Richardson, in the Association Medical Journal for 1854. I entirely agree with Dr. Richardson that no kind of syncope commences at the brain, and that, during recovery, the heart always resumes its functions before consciousness is restored. The restoration of the heart’s action in ordinary syncope by the re-supply of blood to its cavities, without any alteration in the condition of the brain, was well proved by Dr. Richardson by means of some interesting experiments on animals which I had the opportunity of witnessing.

134. Oration before the Hunterian Society. Pamphlet, 1855.

135. Hydrochloric acid gas and ammonia are no exceptions to this rule, for they cease to exist as gases so soon as they come in contact with the moist lining membrane of the air-passages. Carbonic acid gas will be treated of in another part of this work.

136. See Med. Times and Gaz., 1853, vol. ii, p. 562.

137. See above, p. 75.

138. Edin. Monthly Jour., 1853, vol. xvii, p. 220.

139. Med. Times and Gaz., 1852, vol. i, p. 627.

140. L’Union Médicale, 1850, p. 411.

141. Lond. Med. Gaz., vol. xliii, p. 230.

142. Medical Times and Gaz., 1856, vol. ii, p. 413.

143. Med. Times and Gaz., 1856, vol. ii, p. 478.

144. Ib., 1857, vol. i, p. 559.

145. Page 648.

146. Practical Surgery, 3rd ed., p. 682.

147. I never allow of a cork or any such substance being put into a patient’s mouth when insensible unless it is well tied to a string, lest it should be swallowed.

148. Fourth edit., vol. ii, p. 467.

149. It was made by Mr. Matthews, Portugal Street. It was not contrived by me.

150. London Journal of Medicine, vol. i, pp. 54, 976.

151. See Medical Times and Gaz., 1855, vol. i, p. 361.

152. Dr. Watson defends the original name of this complaint, delirium tremens. He says:—“But they who object to delirium tremens appear to see no harm in delirium ferox: whereas it is just as incorrect to say delirium is fierce, as to say that it trembles: it is the patient who is furious, even as it is the patient who trembles.” Now, in speaking of a patient, we may speak either of his mind or his body: we may say that a person is learned, or that he is fat. A patient may be fierce on account of the kind of delirium with which his mind is affected, and the term ferox applies both to him and the complaint; but the act of trembling affects only his body.

153. Med. Gaz., vol. xli, 1848, p. 102.

154. Association Med. Jour., 1853, p. 706.

155. See Med. Times and Gaz., 1853, vol. ii, p. 412.

156. Med. Times and Gaz., 1857, vol. ii, p. 553, and 600.

157. Med. Times and Gaz., 1856, vol. ii, p. 528.

158. Brande’s Chemistry, 5th ed., p. 1274.

159. Lond. Med. Gaz., Feb. 1842.

160. On the Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether in Surgical Operations. London, 1847.

161. Papers on Narcotism by Inhalation. Lond. Med. Gaz., vol. xli-ii.

162. Lancet, Jan. 1, 1848.

163. Vol. xxxix, p. 271.

164. Medical Gazette, vol. xxxix, p. 358.

165. Gaz. Médicale, Mars 4, 1848, p. 170.

166. Gaz. des Hôpitaux, Juin 18, 1853.

167. Medical Gazette, vol. xxxix, p. 414.

168. Ibid., vol. xxxix, p. 585.

169. Medical Gazette, vol. xxxix, p. 631.

170. Méthode Anesthésique, p. 394.

171. American Journal of Med. Science, July 1857, p. 284.

172. Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 3ème série, tom. xii, p. 320.

173. 15, Hanover Street, Hanover Square.

174. Bulletin Général de Thérapeutique, t. lii, p. 312.

175. L’Union Médicale, p. 175.

176. Less than an ounce of amylene was poured out, and it was not all used.

177. Medical Times and Gazette, 1857, vol. i, p. 84.

178. British Medical Journal, March 28th, 1857.

179. Bulletin Général de Thérapeutique, t. lii, p. 223.

180. Gazette Hebdomadaire, 1857, p. 164.

181. In the act of writing this last sentence, Dr. Snow was seized with his fatal illness. The sentence required, however, but the addition of a word or two, to render it complete.—[Editor.]


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ANATOMY.
PAGE
Anatomical Remembrancer 1003
Beale on Liver 1005
Hassall’s Micros. Anatomy 1014
Holden’s Human Osteology 1015
Jones’ and Sieveking’s Pathological Anatomy 1017
Maclise’s Surgical Anatomy 1019
Paget’s Catalogue 1021
Sibson’s Medical Anatomy 1025
Toynbee’s Catalogue 1028
Wheeler’s Handbook 1030
Wilson’s Anatomy 1031
CHEMISTRY.
Abel & Bloxam’s Handbook 1004
Bowman’s Practical Chemistry 1007
Do. Medical do.1007
Chalmers’ Electro-Chemistry 1008
Fownes’ Manual of Chemistry 1012
Do. Actonian Prize 1012
Do. Qualitative Analysis 1012
Do. Chemical Tables 1012
Fresenius’ Chemical Analysis 1012
Galloway’s First Step 1012
Do. Analysis 1012
Do. Diagrams 1012
Griffiths’ Four Seasons 1013
Horsley’s Chem. Philosophy 1016
Jones.—Mulder on Wine 1017
Odling’s Practical Chemistry 1021
Plattner on Blowpipe 1022
Speer’s Pathol. Chemistry 1026
CHOLERA.
Acland on Cholera at Oxford 1003
Baly and Gull—Reports 1004
Snow on Cholera 1026
CLIMATE.
Francis on Change of Climate 1012
Hall on Torquay 1014
Haviland on Climate 1014
Lee on Climate 1018
Martin on the Undercliff 1019
Martin (J. R.) on Tropical 1020
DEFORMITIES, &c.
Bigg on Deformities 1006
Bishop on Deformities 1006
Do. Articulate Sounds 1006
Brodhurst on Spine 1007
Do. on Clubfoot 1007
Hare on Spine 1014
Hugman on Hip-Joint 1016
Inman on Spine 1016
Tamplin on Spine 1027
DENTISTRY.
Blundell’s Painless Extraction 1007
Clark’s Odontalgist 1009
Gray on the Teeth 1013
Odontological Soc. Transactions 1021
DISEASES of the URINARY and GENERATIVE ORGANS, and SYPHILIS.
Acton on Reproductive Organs 1003
Coote on Syphilis 1009
Coulson on Bladder 1010
Do. on Lithotomy 1010
Egan on Syphilis 1011
Judd on Syphilis 1017
Milton on Gonorrhœa 1020
Parker on Syphilis 1022
Todd on Urinary Organs 1028
Wilson on Syphilis 1031
DISEASES OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN.
Bennet on Uterus 1005
Do. on Uterine Pathology 1005
Bird on Children 1006
Brown on Women 1007
Do. on Scarlatina 1007
Eyre’s Practical Remarks 1011
Hood on Crowing 1016
Lee’s Ovarian & Uterine Diseases 1018
Lee on Diseases of Uterus 1018
Do. on Speculum 1018
Roberton on Women 1024
Rowe on Females 1024
Smith on Leucorrhœa 1025
Tilt on Diseases of Women 1027
Do. on Change of Life 1027
Underwood on Children 1028
West on Women 1029
Whitehead on Abortion 1030
HYGIENE.
Armstrong on Naval Hygiene 1003
Beale’s Laws of Health 1004
Do. Health and Diseases 1004
Blundell’s Medicina Mechanica 1006
Carter on Training 1008
Cornaro on Long Life 1009
Hartwig on Sea Bathing 1014
Do. Physical Education 1014
Hufeland’s Art 1016
Lee’s Watering Places of England 1018
Do. do. Germany, France, and Switzerland 1018
Lee’s Rhenish Watering Places 1018
Pickford on Hygiene 1022
Robertson on Diet 1024
Roth on Movements 1024
Rumsey’s State Medicine 1024
Van Oven’s Decline of Life 1029
Wilson on Healthy Skin 1031
Do. on Mineral Waters 1031
MATERIA MEDICA and PHARMACY.
Bateman’s Magnacopia 1004
Beasley’s Formulary 1005
Do. Receipt-Book 1005
Do. Book of Prescriptions 1005
Lane’s Materia Medica 1017
Pereira’s Selecta e Præscriptis 1022
Pharmacopœia Londinensis 1022
Prescriber’s Pharmacopœia 1023
Royle’s Materia-Medica 1024
Spurgin’s Materia Medica 1026
Squire’s Pharmacopœia 1026
Steggall’s Materia Medica 1026
Do. First Lines for Chemists 1026
Stowe’s Toxicological Chart 1027
Taylor on Poisons 1027
Wittstein’s Pharmacy 1031
MEDICINE.
Adams on Rheumatic Gout 1004
Addison on Supra-Renal Capsules 1004
Addison on Cells 1003
Alexander on Rheumatism 1003
Arnott on a Local Anæsthenic 1003
Barclay on Diagnosis 1005
Barlow’s Practice of Medicine 1004
Beale on Urine 1005
Billing’s First Principles 1005
Bird’s Urinary Deposits 1006
Bird on Charcoal 1006
Brinton on Ulcer 1007
Budd on the Liver 1007
Do. on Stomach 1007
Camplin on Diabetes 1008
Chambers on Digestion 1008
Davey’s Ganglionic 1010
Eyre on Stomach 1011
Fuller on Rheumatism 1012
Gairdner on Gout 1012
Garrett on E. and N. E. Winds 1012
Granville on Sudden Death 1013
Gully’s Simple Treatment 1013
Habershon on Stomach 1013
Hall on Apnœa 1014
Hall’s Observations 1014
Harrison on Lead in Water 1014
Headland on Medicines 1015
Hooper’s Medical Dictionary 1016
Hooper’s Physician’s Vademecum 1013
Jones’ Animal Chemistry 1017
Lugol on Scrofula 1019
Peacock on Influenza 1022
Do. on Heart 1022
Pym on Yellow Fever 1023
Roberts on Palsy 1024
Robertson on Gout 1024
Savory’s Compendium 1024
Semple on Cough 1025
Shaw’s Remembrancer 1025
Steggall’s Medical Manual 1026
Do. Gregory’s Conspectus 1026
Do. Celsus 1026
Thomas’ Practice of Physic 1027
Wegg’s Observations 1029
Wells on Gout 1030
What to Observe 1019
Whitehead on Transmission 1030
Williams’ Principles 1030
Wright on Headaches 1030
MICROSCOPE.
Beale on Microscope in Medicine 1005
Do. How to Work 1005
Carpenter on Microscope 1008
Schacht on do.1025
MISCELLANEOUS.
Acton on Prostitution 1003
Atkinson’s Bibliography 1004
Bascome on Epidemics 1005
Bryce on Sebastopol 1008
Cooley’s Cyclopædia 1009
Forbes’ Nature and Art in Disease 1011
Gully on Water Cure 1013
Guy’s Hospital Reports 1013
Haycock’s Veterinary 1015
Lane’s Hydropathy 1018
Marcet on Food 1019
Massy on Recruits 1020
Oxford Editions 1021
Part’s Case Book 1022
Pettigrew on Superstitions 1022
NERVOUS DISEASES AND INDIGESTION.
Anderson on Nervous Affections 1004
Arnott on Indigestion 1003
Carter on Hysteria 1008
Child on Indigestion 1008
Downing on Neuralgia 1011
Hunt on Heartburn 1016
Lobb on Nervous Affections 1019
Radcliffe on Epilepsy 1023
Reynolds on the Brain 1023
Rowe on Nervous Diseases 1024
Sieveking on Epilepsy 1025
Todd on Nervous System 1028
Turnbull on Stomach 1028
OBSTETRICS.
Barnes on Placenta Prævia 1004
Lee’s Clinical Midwifery 1018
Pretty’s Aids during Labour 1023
Ramsbotham’s Obstetrics 1023
Do. Midwifery 1023
Smellie’s Obstetric Plates 1025
Smith’s Manual of Obstetrics 1025
Do. Periodoscope 1025
Swayne’s Aphorisms 1026
Waller’s Midwifery 1029
OPHTHALMOLOGY.
Cooper on Near Sight 1009
Dalrymple on Eye 1010
Dixon on the Eye 1011
Hogg on Ophthalmoscope 1015
Holthouse on Strabismus 1015
Do. on Impaired Vision 1015
Jacob on Eye-ball 1016
Jones’ Ophthalmic Medicine 1017
Do. Defects of Sight 1017
Do. Eye and Ear 1017
Walton on Ophthalmic 1029
PHYSIOLOGY.
Carpenter’s Human 1008
Do. Comparative 1008
Do. Manual 1008
Cottle’s Human 1010
Hilton on the Cranium 1015
Richardson on Coagulation 1023
PSYCHOLOGY.
Bucknill and Tuke’s Psychological Medicine 1007
Burgess on Madness 1007
Burnett on Insanity 1009
Conolly on Asylums 1009
Davey on Nature of Insanity 1010
Dunn’s Physiological Psychology 1011
Hood on Criminal Lunatics 1016
Jacobi on Hospitals, by Tuke 1028
Knaggs on Criminal Lunatics 1017
Millingen on Treatment of Insane 1020
Monro on Insanity 1020
Do. Private Asylums 1020
Noble on Psychology 1020
Do. on Mind 1020
Williams (J.) on Insanity 1030
Williams (J. H.) Unsoundness of Mind 1030
Winslow’s Lettsomian 1031
Do. Law of Lunacy 1031
PULMONARY and CHEST DISEASES, &c.
Addison on Healthy and Diseased Structure 1003
Billing on Lungs and Heart 1005
Blakiston on the Chest 1006
Bright on the Chest 1007
Cotton on Consumption 1010
Do. on Stethoscope 1010
Davies on Lungs and Heart 1011
Fenwick on Consumption 1011
Laennec on Auscultation 1017
Madden on Consumption 1019
Markham on Heart 1020
Richardson on Consumption 1023
Skoda on Auscultation 1019
Thompson on Consumption 1027
Wardrop on the Heart 1029
Weber on Auscultation 1029
SCIENCE.
Bird’s Natural Philosophy 1006
Burnett’s Philosophy of Spirits 1008
Garner’s Eutherapeia 1013
Hardwich’s Photography 1014
Hinds’ Harmonies 1015
Holland on Appendages 1015
Jago on Ocular Spectres 1016
Jones on Vision 1017
Do. on Body, Sense, and Mind 1017
Mayne’s Lexicon 1019
Price’s Photographic Manipulation 1023
Nourse’s Students’ Tables 1021
Reymond’s Animal Electricity 1023
Taylor’s Medical Jurisprudence 1027
Vestiges of Creation 1028
Sequel to ditto 1028
Unger’s Botanical Letters 1028
SURGERY.
Arnott on Urethra 1003
Ashton on Rectum 1004
Bellingham on Aneurism 1006
Bigg on Artificial Limbs 1006
Bishop on Bones 1006
Chapman on Ulcers 1009
Do. Varicose Veins 1009
Cooper (Sir A.) on Testis 1010
Cooper’s (B.) Surgery 1009
Do. (S.) Surg. Dictionary 1009
Curling on Rectum 1010
Do. on Testis 1010
Druitt’s Surgery 1011
Fergusson’s Surgery 1011
Gay on Femoral Rupture 1013
Do. on Ulcers 1013
Harrison on Stricture 1014
Higginbottom on Nitrate of Silver 1015
Hodgson on Prostate 1015
Hunt on Skin 1016
Laurence on Cancer 1018
Lawrence on Ruptures 1018
Lee on Hæmorrhoids 1018
Liston’s Surgery 1018
Macleod’s Surgery of the Crimea 1019
Maclise on Fractures 1019
Nottingham on the Ear 1020
Nunneley on Erysipelas 1021
Pirrie on Surgery 1022
Skey’s Operative Surgery 1025
Smith on Stricture 1025
Steggall’s Surgical Manual 1026
Thompson on Stricture 1027
Wade on Stricture 1029
Watson on the Larynx 1029
Wilson on the Skin 1031
Do. Portraits of Skin Diseases 1031
Yearsley on Deafness 1031
Do. on Throat 1031

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