Medical Symbolism

Chapter XX The Pentacle

By way of conclusion, and at the risk of running too deep into occult learning, I will give some account of a remarkable magic figure, of interest to the physician, about which little appears to be generally known, but which is often referred to in certain out-of-the-way lines of study. I refer to the pentacle, or triple triangle, the pentalpha of Pythagoras, the formulator of a celebrated system of philosophy, the basal idea of which is that all things sprang from numbers. A representation of it in its simple form is given herewith. On inspection, it will be observed that the figure has five arms, or points, five double triangles, with five acute angles within and five obtuse ones without; so that, if five—a number made up of the first even (2) and the first533 odd one (3)—be possessed of the virtue which the occult philosophers have asserted, the pentacle must have much. It is, in fact, the famous legendary key of Solomon, which has played a remarkable rôle in history. Tennyson, one of the few well-known authors by whom reference to it is made, speaks of it when he makes one of his characters (Katie) thoughtlessly draw (it can be done through one stroke)—

“With her slender-pointed foot,
Some figure like a wizard’s pentagram,
On garden gravel.”534

I have said that little is generally known about the pentacle. Here is some evidence: Ruskin defines it to be “a five-pointed star, or a double-triangle ornament, the symbol of the trinity”535—a wrong definition, but not quite as bad as that given in Mollett’s handsome work, to wit: “A figure formed of two triangles, intersected so as to form a six-pointed star.”536 The opinion is expressed by Bayard Taylor that the magical powers attributed to it could be explained by the fact that, being made up of three triangles, it was a “triple symbol of the trinity.”537 This may be true, but it was regarded as possessing mysterious powers long before Christianity originated.

A common mistake—the one evidently made by Mollett—of even learned writers (as, for example, Oliver538 and Fairholt539) is to confound the pentacle with the seal of Solomon (called also the shield of David), which consists of two equilateral triangles so arranged as to form a six-pointed star.

By the German writers on magic and kindred subjects, the pentacle is often called Drudenfuss,—that is, wizard’s foot,—a term which Mackey540 takes to be a corruption of the word for Druid’s foot, by which people it was in use, being often worn, as a symbol of deity, on their sandals. As Bayard Taylor, however, says: “Drud, from the same root as Druid, was the old German word for wizard.” In Mr. Blake’s interesting book,541 a representation of a very old coin is given, on which the mystic figure appears.

The pentacle has been observed on a figure of Anubis, in Egypt. It is stated542 that it was used on coins of Antiochus Epiphanes, and also543 of Lysimachus. I have seen it stated somewhere that it is one of the old sect marks of the Hindus; but this is an error, I believe. By referring to Coleman’s544 or Birdwood’s545 work, it will be found that it is Solomon’s seal which has been so used. It was one of the totems of the American Indians. Dawson546 gives a picture of it as seen sculptured on the Roches Percées, a remarkable solitary mass of sandstone on the plains west of Manitoba.

I have said that the pentacle has been observed on a figure of Anubis. It would appear to have been well known and highly prized by the early Egyptians, or rather, perhaps, I should say Egypto-Chaldeans, if a recent writer, Mr. Robert Ballard, is to be believed. He declares that “it is the geometric emblem of extreme and mean ratio, and the symbol of the Egyptian pyramid, Cheops.”547 Let a pentacle be formed within a circle. Around the interior pentagon of it describe a circle. Around this circle form a square. “Then will the square represent the base of Cheops.” Again, draw two diameters to the outer circle, intersecting at right angles, and each parallel to a side of the square. “Then will the parts of those diameters, between the square and the outer circle, represent the four apothems of the four slant-sides of the pyramid.” Still again, connect by lines the angles of the square with the outer circle at the four points indicated by the ends of the diameters. Then “the star of the pyramid is formed, which, when closed as a solid, will be a correct model of Cheops.”

Mr. Ballard, it is to be feared, like Mr. Piazzi Smyth, has not the power to perceive coincidences and after-thoughts. His book, however, is decidedly original and interesting.

I may observe that if the plan of the great pyramid was fashioned after the pentacle, and Mr. Proctor be right in saying that it is identical with “the ordinary square scheme of nativity,”548 the figure of the astrologers used in casting horoscopes, it follows that the pentacle furnishes also a key to the latter. Then, if it be a fact that the pyramid was designed by and constructed under the superintendence of early Chaldeans, one has reason to infer that the pentacle was of Oriental origin. Probably it was at first a symbol of the sun,—a purpose for which it has been used by different bodies of mystics, and others.

It is interesting to notice that the figure was one of the symbols of the great hero-myth, Quetzalcoatl, a light-god according to some, but really, according to Reville,549 a god of the wind, who was generally represented in the form of a feathered serpent. Thus Dr. Brinton says: “In one of the earliest myths he is called Yahualli ehecatl, meaning ‘the wheel of the winds,’ the winds being portrayed in the picture-writing as a circle or wheel, with a figure with five angles inscribed upon it, the sacred pentagram. His image carried in the left hand this wheel, and in the right a sceptre with the end recurved.”550

The pentacle has been accorded great potency, and used extensively to keep off witches and all sorts of evil influences, including the devil himself, and hence it has served purposes very similar to those to which the horseshoe has often been put. Aubrey says that it was formerly used by the Greek Christians, as the sign of the cross is now, “at the beginning of letters or books for good luck’s sake,”551—something which old John Evelyn was wont to do in his works, and as Southey placed the puzzling monogram,552 meant, perhaps, to have similar significance on the title-page of his book, “The Doctor.” One is found in the western window of the south aisle of Westminster Abbey, which, doubtless, the black monks, as they chanted in the choir, often looked on with superstitious emotion. It may be seen on many a cradle and threshold at the present day in the Fatherland.

The readers of Goethe’s great work will remember that Dr. Faust had one on his threshold, and that, when he began to perceive that there was something decidedly suspicious about the character of the “poodle,” he remarked that

“Für solche halbe Höllenbrut
Ist Salomonis Schlüssel gut.”

How Mephistopheles himself got in was afterward explained by his showing that one of the angles of the “Drudenfuss” was left open.

Disciples of the Samian sage, cabalistic553 Jews and Arabians, and others, especially Gnostics, long viewed the pentacle as a symbol of health, and made use of it as an amulet, calling it Hygeia, the name of the goddess of health. It was so called, and to some extent, likely for a similar reason, regarded as a sacred symbol of health, because it could be resolved, it was believed, into the Greek letters which form the word Hygeia; and these were placed one on each point of the figure.554 It was accepted, in fact, as a sort of rebus of the name of the celebrated daughter of Æsculapius. The scholarly and ingenious reader may be able to trace, more or less definitely, this reputed similarity. It is an interesting feature of what is certainly a very remarkable figure.

Footnotes

1 That scholarly old writer, Ashmole, well says: “What some light braines may esteem as foolish toyes, deeper judgments can and will value as sound and serious matter.” Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum, 1652.

2 Ecclesiasticus, xxxix, 1.

3 Natural History, xxi.

4 Introduction to a Scientific System of Mythology, p. 197. London, 1844.

5 A Dictionary of Terms in Art. London, 1854.

6 Ibid. Article, “Attribute.”

7 History of the Egyptian Religion, p. 219. London, 1882.

8 Royal Masonic Cyclopædia. London, 1877.

9 The Greek form of the name is Asclepios or Asklepios, Ἀσκληπιὸς. The Latin form being the one in general use, I will adhere to it in this essay.

10 Itinerary of Greece (translation), vol. iii, p. 23.

11 Iliad, xi.

12 Ch. xxxviii, v. 3.

13 Cicero would appear to have duly prized the physician. I recall a passage of his to the effect that in no way can man approach so near to the gods as by conferring health on his fellows.

14 Natural History, xxix, 7.

15 Ibid., xxix, 8.

16 Natural History, xxix, 8.

17 Ibid.

18 De Medicinâ.

19 Natural History, xxix, 1.

20 Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.

21 Metamorphosis, xv. Translation by Mr. Welsted.

22 Although there is little evidence to show that serpent-worship was indigenous in Rome, Fergusson holds that “such an embassy being sent on the occasion in question indicates a degree of faith on the part of the people which could only have arisen from previous familiarity.” Tree and Serpent Worship, p. 19.

23 The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ch. ii.

24 Livy, x, 47.

25 Ibid., xxix, 11.

26 In his Life of Publicola, Plutarch gives an interesting account of its origin. The sacrifice of corn and trees on a field belonging to the Tarquins, in the Campus Martius, had much to do with it. These being cast into the river, found lodgment at shallows where the island is, which favored alluvial accumulations. See also Livy, ii, 5.

27 It is stated by Sir George Head that it is twelve hundred feet in length and four hundred in breadth. Rome—A Tour of Many Days, vol. iii, p. 106. London, 1849.

28 A hospital established by Gregory XIII in 1581 and several residences are also on the island.

29 God of fields and shepherds. The Temple of Æsculapius was the most ancient, having been dedicated A.U.C. 462.

30 Pilgrimage of the Tiber, p. 63. London, 1875. Tiberius ascended the throne, A.D. 14. Plutarch, writing half a century later, says of the island: “It is now sacred to religious uses.” Life of Publicola. He states that several temples and porticoes had been built on it, but makes no reference to a prison.

31 Natural History, xxix, 8.

32 Ibid.

33 The Very Reverend Dr. Jeremiah Donovan states, in his learned work, that “the temple (of Æsculapius) being recorded by the Regionaries must have existed in the fifth century.” Rome, Ancient and Modern, and its Environs, vol. iv, p. 431. Rome, 1842.

34 Zoological Mythology, or Legends of Animals, vol. i, p. 416. London and New York, 1872.

35 It appears that the serpent has still devotees in Italy. It is said that what is called a snake festival is held once a year in a little mountain-church near Naples. Those attending carry snakes around their necks, arms, or waists. The purpose of the festival is to preserve the participants from poison and sudden death, and to bring them good fortune.

36 The port of Epidaurus not being within several miles of the grove of Æsculapius, it is very improbable that a serpent found its own way from the latter to the Roman ship.

37 Lives of Illustrious Men.

38 Itinerary of Greece (translation), vol. ii, p. 213. London, 1794.

39 Natural History, xxix, 23.

40 As by Aristophanes in Plutus. In Liddell & Scott’s Lexicon Πἁρώας is defined to be “a reddish-brown snake sacred to Æsculapius.”

41 Thierleben. Grosse Auflage. Dritte Abtheilung. Erster Band. Seite 348. Leipzig, 1878.

42 General Zoology, part ii, p. 452. London, 1802.

43 Coronella venustrissima.

44 Animal Kingdom, vol. ix, p. 263.

45 Reptiles and Birds, p. 92. New York, 1870.

46 The Medical and Surgical Reporter for January 5th and 12th, 1884.

47 Travels in the Morea, vol. ii. London, 1830.

48 Mr. Thos. W. Ludlow, of Yonkers, N. Y., has two interesting letters on the subject in the New York Nation, September 28, 1882, and February 15, 1883. No comprehensive account has as yet appeared in either the English, French, or German language. An interesting article on “Æsculapia as Revealed by Inscriptions,” by Prof. A. C. Merriam, in Gaillard’s Medical Journal for May, 1885, partly meets the want.

49 Geography, viii. Translation in Bohn’s Library.

50 Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.

51 Itinerary of Greece (translation), vol. ii, p. 212.

52 Στὸ Ἱερὸν, sacred place.

53 Mr. Ludlow says, in one of his letters, and also informs me privately, that Mr. Kavvadias has found the theatre to be without the peribolus of the Sacred Grove. Following Pausanias, Mr. Leake states it to be within the enclosure.

54 There is reason to hope that Mr. Kavvadias will make valuable discoveries in excavating its ruins.

55 Anything about a physician which might be the means of conveying disease from one to another is seriously objectionable. Woolen material is not the proper thing in the outside clothing, and one attending cases of contagious diseases should not wear gloves, unless he is wont to wash his hands well after each visit.

56 Itinerary of Greece (translation), vol. ii, p. 213.

57 Travels in Morea, vol. ii, p. 428. The Æsculapian priest is not represented as an honest personage in the “Plutus” of Aristophanes. He stealthily gathers the cakes from the altars and “consecrates these into a sack.”

58 Itinerary of Greece (translation), vol. ii, p. 27.

59 See note in succeeding chapter.

[60] Professor A. C. Merriam, in Gaillard’s Medical Journal, May, 1885.

61 Professor Merriam’s article; also L’Asclépieion d’Athenès, by Paul Girard, Paris, 1882. An interesting little book, in which much may be learned about asclepia and the asclepiades. The Athenian asclepion was quite famous, and existed until beyond the fifth century.

62 Natural History, xxii, 2.

63 In reference to the asclepia or asclepions, as he calls them, Draper says: “An edict of Constantine suppressed those establishments.” And again: “The asclepion of Cnidus continued until the time of Constantine, when it was destroyed along with many other pagan establishments.” History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, pp. 386 and 397. Revised edition. New York, 1876.

64 Asclepion is from Asclepios, the Greek form of the name of the god of medicine. In Greek it is ἀσκληπιεῖον, meaning Temple of Asclepios. Æsculapium is of similar meaning.

65 Vitruvius, who flourished in the first century before our era, expresses the opinion that “natural consistency” suggests the selection of situations affording the advantages of “salubrious air and water” for “temples erected to Æsculapius, to the goddess of health, and such other divinities as possess the power of curing diseases.” It materially helped the divinities. See second edition of his work on Architecture, p. 11, by Joseph Swift. London, 1860.

66 Encyclopædia Britannica, ninth edition.

67 See William Adams’ edition of the Genuine Works of Hippocrates. Two volumes. London, 1849.

68 Hygeia and Panacea, both daughters of Æsculapius.

69 Treatment.

70 Op. cit., p. 777.

71 In Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible.

72 Most of the votive inscriptions which have been discovered by Mr. Kavvadias at the Epidaurian Asclepion do not fortify this opinion, but they do not serve to disprove it, because others of a different character may be found. Moreover, the practice there may have been less scientific than at Cnidus, Cos, and elsewhere. However, the inscriptions brought to light by Mr. Kavvadias are, generally speaking, poor enough. One runs thus: “Cures of Apollo and Æsculapius. Concerning Kleo, who was enceinte for five years. This woman, after being enceinte for five years, came as a suppliant to the god, and lay down to sleep in the sacred chamber. As soon as she had gone forth from it and from the sanctuary, she gave birth to a male child. When the baby was born, he washed himself in the fountain and set to creeping around his mother.”—See Ἐφημερὶς Ἀρχαιολογική, No. 4, 1883.

73 Genuine Works of Hippocrates (Adams), p. 229.

74 “The Father of Medicine” was, of course, one of the asclepiades. He was born, it is believed, in the year 460 B.C., and lived to be very old. His genealogy is preserved in his works. As given in Adams’ edition, he is of the fifteenth generation, in a direct line, from Æsculapius. He was of the Podalirius branch. In this connection I may remark that, if Hippocrates took the oath of the asclepiades, he must have given it a decidedly liberal interpretation, for it looks as if he divulged to the whole world all the mysteries of the healing art of great consequence then known.

75 It is improbable that Hippocrates was but a fair example of the asclepiades of his day. He has said himself: “Physicians are many in title, but very few in reality.” (The Law.)

76 On the Sacred Disease.

77 Ibid.

78 On Fractures.

79 Iatrum.

80 On Fractures.

81 On Articulations.

82 On Regimen in Acute Diseases.

83 On Ancient Medicine.

84 On Regimen in Acute Diseases.

85 In the fifth century B.C.

86 The Law.

87 It is a beautiful Biblical passage (date about 400 B.C.) which reads “The sun of righteousness shall arise with healing in his wings.” Malachi, iv, 2.

88 See Chaldean Magic, p. 180. François Lenormant. London, 1877.

89 Iliad, i.

90 Chryseïs.

91 Agamemnon.

92 Op. cit., i.

93 Iliad, xvi.

94 It was doubtless from the idea of deliverance from suffering that the term Pæon was applied to Thanatos, or Death, as was sometimes done.

95 Æsculapius.

96 Παιών or Παιήων, savior, healer, or physician.

97 Odyssey, iv.

98 Æneid, vii.

99 Metamorphosis, i.

100 Ἰητήρ ἀμύμων.

101 Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.

102 The stadium equals 600 feet; 625 Roman or 606¾ English feet make a stadium.

103 Cicero informs us that there were three distinguished physicians of the name. “The first Æsculapius,” says he, “the god of Arcadia, who passes for the inventor of the probe and the manner of binding up wounds, is the son of Apollo. The second, who was slain by a thunderbolt and interred at Cynosura (in Arcadia), is a brother to the second Mercury. The third, who found out the use of purgatives and the art of drawing teeth, is the son of Arsippus and Arsinoë. His tomb may be seen in Arcadia and the grove that is consecrated to him, pretty near the river Lusius.” On the Nature of the Gods, iii.

104 The Mythology and Fables of the Ancients Explained from History, vol. iii, p. 160. London, 1740. Translated from the French. The account of Æsculapius given is one of the best I have met with.

105 Iliad, iv, lines 193-4. Vide supra.

106 Itinerary of Greece (translation), vol. ii, p. 212.

107 Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.

108 Walden, p. 85.

109 The Greek for raven or crow is κορώνη.

110 Itinerary of Greece (translation), vol. ii, p. 211.

111 Ibid.

112 Itinerary of Greece (translation), vol. ii, p. 211.

113 Geography, xiv.

114 According to Homer, it was at Tricca and round about that his two sons bore sway. Iliad, ii.

115 Diana.

116 Pythian Ode, iii.

117 As Grimm remarks, children brought into the world, like Macduff, by abdominal section, usually become heroes. Teutonic Mythology (translation), p. 383.

118 Itinerary of Greece (translation), vol. ii, p. 210.

119 Because of this occurrence it is said that the name of the Mount was changed from Myrtium to Titthium, from Τιτθη, a nurse.

120 Heroes were often indebted to dogs for kind offices. The Hindu Saramâ is the bitch which aids such when lost in the forests, grottoes, or darkness. See De Gubernatis’ Zoological Mythology, p. 98. Grimm even says: “A widely-prevalent mark of the hero-race is their being suckled by beasts or fed by birds.” Teutonic Mythology, p. 390.

121 Itinerary of Greece (translation), vol. ii, p. 210.

122 Ibid.

123 Pythian Ode, iii.

124 Leech was formerly a common name for the physician; such was the meaning of the Anglo-Saxon læce and the Gothic leikeis.

125 History of Greece, vol. i, p. 179.

126 Lenormant says that the Oriental Gandarvas, or celestial horses, which represented the rays of the sun, gave the name and the first idea of the Grecian Centaurs. Ancient History of the East, vol. ii, p. 13. Mr. Sayce holds that “Hea-bani, the confidant and adviser of Gisdhubar, is the Kentaur Kheiron.” The Ancient Empires of the East, p. 156. New York, 1884.

127 Iliad, xi.

128 Pythian Ode, vi.

129 This may have been a fraxinus, or true ash,—a famous tree in mythical history. The mountain-ash, or rowan-tree (Pyrus aucuparia), however, has been believed from time immemorial to possess great magical powers. It averted fascination, evil spirits, and diseases. Faith in it is still wide-spread. See Curiosities of Indo-European Tradition and Folk-lore, by Walter K. Kelly, p. 158 et seq. London, 1863.

130 Iliad, xix.

131 Ibid., xi.

132 Nemean Ode, iii.

133 It is worthy of remark that, while the form of Chiron, or Cheiron, serves as a pharmacist’s symbol, he has, probably, bequeathed his name to the healer of wounds and the like,—the surgeon. The word surgeon is from the Latin, chirurgus, or, rather, the French, chirurgien. Chirurgeon has some standing as an English word. The Latin, chirurgus, is usually said to have come from the Greek, χειρουργικος, a word compounded of χειρ, the hand, and ἐργος, worker, meaning one who works with the hand. It seems likely, however, that the name of the Centaur, χειρων, suggested the application of the word to the surgeon.

134 Diodorus, iv; Pindar’s Pythian Ode, iii.

135 Apollodorus, ii.

136 Hyginus. Poet. Ast., ii.

137 Natural History, xxix.

138 Æneid, vii.

139 Pythian Ode, iii.

140 Natural History, xxix.

141 Republic, b. iii.

142 Ibid.

143 This policy is inculcated in the “Institutes of Menu.” The incurable Hindu is directed to proceed toward the invincible northeast, living on air and water. Exposure in battle is also advised.

144 Herodicus introduced the new practice. He was a sickly trainer, and did what he could to keep well; “and so,” says Plato, “dying hard by the help of science, he struggled on to old age.” Republic, b. iii.

145 Pythian Ode, iii.

146 History of Greece, vol. i, p. 159.

147 Pindar and various tragedians.

148 Republic.

149 Says Ahura-Mazda: “The man who has a wife is far above him who begets no son; he who keeps a house is far above him who has none; he who has children is far above the childless man.” Zend Avesta.

150 Iliad, ii.

151 Hand-Book of Ancient Art and its Remains, p. 12.

152 Strabo, xii, 5.

153 A toga of limited dimensions.

154 Ancient Art and its Remains, p. 131.

155 Cyprus. London, 1877.

156 Handy-book of the British Museum, 1870.

157 βακτηρίον. A bacterion is now a disease-germ. A marked instance of how the sense of words may become changed.

158 Of course, it is possible enough that Æsculapius carried a staff at times. The Greeks, however, were not so much given to the practice as some other peoples, as the Egyptians (see Rawlinson’s Egypt and Babylon, p. 240. New York, 1885), or the Babylonians, of whom Herodotus (i, 195) says that “every one carries a walking-stick carved at the top into the form of an apple, a rose, a lily, an eagle, or something similar.”

159 Ὀμφαλός means navel. Umbilicus was derived from it. The Jews regarded Jerusalem as the navel of the earth (see Ezekiel, v, 5), and also every other people has flattered itself as having it within its possessions. (See chap. iv of Rev. Dr. William F. Warren’s Paradise Found. Sixth edition. Boston, 1885.)

160 Strabo, ix, 3.

161 Republic, iv.

162 See Pindar’s Pythian Ode, iv.

163 Strabo, ix, 3.

164 In most of the Oriental countries, including Egypt, there was always more or less of a belief in one great divinity. “The Supreme Omnipotent Intelligence” of the Hindus was “a spirit by no means the object of any sense, which can only be conceived by a mind wholly abstracted from matter.” (Institutes of Menu). El was a name given the Ineffable One by the Phœnicians and other peoples. Il or Ilu and Jaoh, the “being,” the “Eternal,” the “Jehovah” of the Hebrews, were designations of him used by the Babylonians, and from him, it was believed, the great trinity, Anu, Hea, and Bel emanated. Some, however, especially in early times, confounded him with Anu. Baal, the “Lord,” was a common designation of him in Syria and elsewhere.

165 Dictionary of Mythology. London, 1793.

166 Anantas.

167 Ancient Art and its Remains, p. 519.

168 The reader is doubtless familiar, through the Bible, with consecrated stones. A Maççeba was a necessary mark of every “high place.” Jacob set one up (Gen., xxxi, 45).

169 See Lenormant’s Ancient History of the East, vol. ii, p. 230. A pillar, cone, or tree-stem, more or less ornamented, constituted the Ashêrah of the Syrians and others, which many of the Israelites long looked on with favor (see Numbers, xxv, and 2 Judges, xxii), and which is in the authorized version of the Bible translated “grove,” as in the phrase, “the women wove hangings for the grove” (2 Judges, xxxiii, 7). It was the image of the goddess of fertility and life, the Istar of the Babylonians, The Baal-peor of the Moabites, Midianites, and others, and the Priapus of the Greeks and Romans were practically similar. I may add that the Phallus (derived from Apis, the Egyptian sacred bull), the linga of the Hindus, has been taken by many peoples as emblematic of the widely-worshipped, active, renovating power in nature, the sun; just as an oval or round figure, the cteis of the Greeks, the yoni of the Hindus, has been of the passive power, the earth. (See Cox’s Mythology of the Aryans). The latter is the Mipleçeth, or “abominable image for an Ashêrah,” spoken of in the Bible (1 Kings, xv, 13, and 2 Chronicles, xv, 16). The whole subject is well presented in a little book by Messrs. Westropp and Wake,—Ancient Symbol Worship. New York, 1874.

170 Ancient Art and its Remains, p. 442.

171 A name given to Hermes.

172 Transactions of the Victoria Institute, vol. vi, p. 329. London, 1873.

173 “Aaron’s rod” is similarly constituted, but of different import.

174 Gemmæ Selectae. Amsterdam, 1703.

175 Mercury of the Romans was not much, except the god of commerce.

176 The posture only approximates that assumed in the act of generation. In this act the two serpents, in the words of Aristotle, “are folded together with the abdomens opposite.... They roll themselves together so closely that they seem to be one serpent with two heads.” Natural History, p. 103. Bohn’s edition. London, 1862.

177 Remains of Gentilisme and Judaisme, p. 38.

178 Natural History, xxix, 12.

179 Æneid, iv.

180 Zoological Mythology, p. 406.

181 See Cory’s Ancient Fragments, p. 23. Edition by Hodges. London, 1876.

182 McClintock and Strong’s Cyclopædia of Biblical and Religious Literature.

183 Historic Devices, Badges, and War-Cries. London, 1870.

184 Natural History, xxix.

185 Ibid.

186 Myths of the New World, p. 3. New York, 1868.

187 Household Tales.

188 See Hyginus. Poet. Astr., ii, 14.

189 The literal meaning of nagas is snakes. In his Indian Arts (London, 1882), Dr. Birdwood says: “The worship of the snake still survives everywhere in India, and at Nagpur was, until very recently, a public danger, from the manner in which the city was allowed to be overrun with cobras.” p. 83.

190 “Serpent-Myths of Ancient Egypt,” in Transactions of the Victoria Institute, vol. vi, p. 321. London, 1873.

191 Mythology, vol. ii, p. 460.

192 Egyptian Mythology, p. 36. London, 1863.

193 Numbers, xxi, 9.

194 Tree and Serpent Worship, p. 8. A splendid illustrated publication, issued by the government. It treats principally of East Indian matters. London, 1873.

195 Brazen. See 2 Kings, xviii, 4.

196 From the Greek ἀγαθός, good, and δαίμων, god, soul, fortune.

197 Uarda, vol. ii, p. 38.

198 One of the Pharaoh’s “treasure cities, Pithom and Raamses.” Exodus, i, 11.

199 On the Egyptian obelisk, originally from On (Heliopolis), the great seat of learning, now in the city of New York, in whose shadow, doubtless, Joseph at times made love to the high-priest’s daughter, and Moses learned the meaning of hieroglyphics, occurs the phrase, “Tum, lord of the city of On;” and, what is of more interest in this connection, one which reads, “The god Tum, who gives life.” I may add a stanza from a hymn addressed to Tum:—
“Come to me, O thou sun;
Horus of the horizon, give me help.
Thou art he that giveth help;
There is no help without thee.”

—Records of the Past, vol. vi, p. 100.

200 See 2 Kings, xviii, 5.

201 Egypt Under the Pharaohs, vol. ii, p. 376. Second edition. London, 1881.

202 It is well known that this is not the correct form of the name. It was lost at an early day, and is not to be found in the New Testament in any form. It was not to be spoken. Much interest has always been taken in this remarkable word. According to a recently-translated Assyrian inscription, the correct form of the name is Ya-u, or Yâhu. Mr. Hodges dwells on this highly-interesting discovery in his edition of Cory’s Ancient Fragments, p. 28.

203 Op. cit., p. 377.

204 Book of Wisdom, ii, 6.

205 Ibid., xv, 12.

206 The power of healing was a prominent and popular characteristic of the god of the Hebrews. “I am the Lord that healeth thee” (Ex., xv, 26); “I will restore health unto thee and I will heal thee of thy wounds, saith the Lord” (Jer., xxx, 17); “He healeth the broken in heart and bindeth up their wounds” (Ps. cxlvii, 3); “Heal me, O Lord, and I shall be healed” (Jer., xvii, 14); and other similar passages are met with in the Bible. Indeed, the curing of diseases has always been largely resorted to when the claim of divinity has been brought forward. It is a deceptive test.

207 Naia tripudians.

208 Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible.

209 Herodotus, ii, 74.

210 Note to ii, 74, in George Rawlinson’s edition of Herodotus.

211 The reader may turn with advantage to Dr. J. S. Phené’s interesting illustrated essay on “Prehistoric Traditions and Customs in Connection with Sun and Serpent Worship,” in the Transactions of the Victoria Institute, vol. viii, p. 321. London, 1875.

212 Hymn to Apollo. Translation by C. C. Conwell, M.D. Philadelphia, 1830.

213 No doubt the great home of the Indo-Europeans furnishes a closely corresponding myth. But there is good reason to hold that the main features of the great astronomical myths antedated the Vedas. Grecian mythology was largely derived from Egypt and Phœnicia.

214 Mythology, vol. ii, p. 197.

215 Tree and Serpent Worship, p. 3.

216 Murray’s Mythology, p. 117.

217 Chaldean Magic, p. 114.

218 A graphic account of this mystic creature is given in an extant fragment of Berosus. He introduced all civilizing arts. See Cory’s Ancient Fragments, p. 59. Hodges’ edition.

219 Five Great Monarchies, vol. i, p. 122.

220 “The Origin of Serpent-Worship,” in the Journal of the Victoria Institute, vol. ii, p. 373.

221 Dr. Brinton gives the name as Michabo. He gives an interesting account of this great Algonkin myth in his American Hero-Myths. Philadelphia, 1882.

222 Partly true.

223 Indian Myths, p. 45. Boston, 1884.

224 Mythology, vol. ii, p. 458.

225 Outlines of Primitive Belief, p. 75. London and New York, 1882.

226 Ibid., p. 77.

227 Myths of the New World, p. 107.

228 It is interesting to observe that, according to Miss Emerson, “it is probable that the Indian derived the sacred symbols of his worship from the configuration of the constellations.” Indian Myths, p. 316.

229 Buddha and Early Buddhism, p. 7. London, 1881.

230 The Great Pyramid, p. 100. London, 1883.

231 In an article on the “Astronomy and Astrology of the Babylonians,” Mr. Sayce says: “Next to the planets in importance was the polar star, called Tir-anna, or Gagan-same, or ‘Judge of the Heaven,’ to which a special treatise was devoted in Sargon’s Library.” See Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology, vol. iii, p. 206.

232 Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid.

233 The constellation of Draco lies near to and to the north of “the Dipper,” or Great Bear, and is easily distinguished.

234 Op. cit., p. 101.

235 Homer’s description of the shield of Achilles is shorter, and was probably suggested by the same thing. Iliad, xviii.

236 See pictures of such in Astronomical Myths, by Blake, London, 1877. Also, in Rawlinson’s Five Great Monarchies.

237 It is believed that it is referred to in Job, in the verse reading, “His spirit hath adorned the heavens and his obstetric hand brought forth the winding serpent” (xxvi, 13, Douai version). The authorized is not literal.

238 The Shield of Hercules. Translation by Elton.

239 Translated Pleiades. Job, ix, 9; xxxviii, 31; and Amos, v, 8.

240 Five Great Monarchies, vol. i, p. 122. See also his edition of Herodotus, vol. i, p. 600.

241 Those interested in this symbol should consult Schliemann’s Troy and its Remains.

242 The swastika was so formed by Indians. See illustration in Emerson’s Indian Myths, p. 10.

243 Totem is an Algonkin word, signifying to have or possess. It represented, among the Indians, the social unit or clan, the gens of the Romans.

244 Fortnightly Review, vol. vi and vii. N. S.

245 The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man, 1870.

246 Strabo, xiii, 1.

247 1 Chronicles, xix, 2.

248 Indian Myths, p. 44.

249 The History of the Heavens. Translated from the French by J. B. de Freval. Two volumes. London, 1741, vol. i, p. 42. The first volume is a very able and interesting mythological production.

250 Beginnings of History, p. 114.

251 Myths of the New World, p. 120.

252 “The Origin of Serpent Worship,” in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vol. ii, p. 373.

253 By Plutarch, in Isis and Osiris.

254 In an extant fragment from Sanchoniathon, after the statement that “Taautus first consecrated the basilisk and introduced the worship of the serpent tribe, in which he was followed by the Phœnicians and Egyptians,” it is said of the animal that it is “the most inspired of all the reptiles and of a fiery nature, inasmuch as it exhibits an incredible celerity, moving by its spirit without either hands or feet or any of those external organs by which other animals effect their motion.” See Cory’s Ancient Fragments, p. 22. Edition by Hodges.

255 Proverbs, xxx, 19.

256 Mr. Spencer says: “The rudimentary form of all religion is the propitiation of dead ancestors, who are supposed to be still existing and to be capable of working good or evil to their descendants.” “Origin of Animal Worship, etc.,” in Fortnightly Review, vol. vii, p. 536. N. S.

257 Uarda, vol. ii, p. 249.

258 Myths of the New World, p. 108.

259 Op. cit., vol. ii, p. 38.

260 Comparative Mythology and Folk-lore, p. 148. London, 1881.

261 See Exodus, vii, 10-13.

262 The spinal marrow was believed by some in ancient times to be the seat of life. Plato entertained that view. See Timæus, 74, 91.

263 In that hoary Egyptian work, The Book of the Dead (ch. 155), occurs this remarkable passage: “All creation is, when dead, turned into living reptiles.”

264 Rev., xvi, 9.

265 Pantheon, p. 271. Am. edition. Baltimore, 1830.

266 For much of interest about the laurel, see Plant-lore Legends and Lyrics, p. 404, by Richard Folkard, Jr. London, 1884.

267 Thessaly.

268 The literal meaning of Telesphorus is “bringing to an end;” of Euemerion, “prosperous, or glorious;” and of Acesius, “health-giving.”

269 Pantheon.

270 Tooke states that by genius is generally meant “that spirit of nature which produces all things, from which generative power it has its name.... The images of the genii resembled, for the most part, the form of a serpent. Sometimes they were described like a boy, a girl, or an old man.” Pantheon, p. 240.

271 Zend Avesta.

272 Herodotus, i, 140.

273 See Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology, vol. ii, p. 245.

274 Phædo.

275 Grimm justly remarks that sacrifice was a common feature of heathen medicine; “great cures and the averting of pestilence,” says he, “could only be effected by sacrifice.” Teutonic Mythology (translation), p. 1150.

276 The Past in the Present, p. 164. New York, 1881.

277 Itinerary of Greece (translation), vol. ii, p. 211.

278 Pantheon, p. 271.

279 See Levit., xvi et seq.

280 Ch. ii, 39.

281 Ammon, Knuphis, or Agathodæmon of later times.

282 Ancient History of the East, vol. i, p. 326.

283 The language of the Hebrews is essentially the same: es or ez means a goat.

284 ἀίξ.

285 The Mythology and Fables of the Ancients Explained from History, vol. iii, p. 160. London, 1740.

286 New System of Mythology, vol. iii, p. 456. Philadelphia, 1819.

287 Now called Beyrout.

288 Damascius, in his Life of Isidorus, uses the phrase “Esmun, who is interpreted Asclepius.”

289 Daughters of Titan, by Astarte.

290 See Cory’s Ancient Fragments, p. 14. Edition by Hodges.

291 From the Semitic word Kabir, great.

292 Cory’s Ancient Fragments, p. 19.

293 Chambers’s Encyclopædia.

294 The temple of the god at Carthage was of great splendor and renown. See Dr. Davis’s Carthage and its Remains, ch. xvii. London, 1861. Says the Doctor: “The Temple of Æsculapius was as prominent a feature of Carthage as the Capitoline hill was at Rome, or as St. Paul’s is in London” (p. 369). It was on a rocky eminence (the Byrsa). Ruins of the staircase still remain.

295 The city of Hermopolis received also the name of Esmun. In the Book of the Dead (ch. cxiv) the deceased is represented as saying, while adoring Thoth, Amset, and Tum: “I have come as a prevailer, through knowing the spirits of Esmun.” Thoth presided over this nome.

296 Bunsen maintains that the Cabiri were the seven archangels of the Jews, originally “the seven fundamental powers of the visible creation.” Egypt’s Place in Universal History, vol. iv, p. 256.

297 See Prof. Lesley’s interesting work, Man’s Origin and Destiny, first edition. Philadelphia, 1868. For some reason the chapter on Arkite symbolism is not given in the second edition.

298 Primitive Culture, vol. i, p. 218. London, 1871.

299 Saturnal, i, 20.

300 The Mysteries of the Cabiri, vol. i, p. 98. Oxford, 1803.

301 In Phœnicia he was the seven viewed collectively as “the soul of the world.” Bunsen’s Egypt’s Place, etc., vol. iv, p. 229.

302 Ancient History of the East, vol. ii, p. 221.

303 Æneid, vii, line 773.

304 Tiele takes such a view of Anubis. See History of the Egyptian Religion, p. 65.

305 Nearly all ancient Hebrew, as well as Assyrian, proper names are expressive of something about the birth or life of the bearers.

306 Mythology of Ancient Greece and Rome. Third edition. London, 1854.

307 The Hebrew word, like the Latin vir, means man in a distinguished sense (virile), and may come from the Egyptian ash, tree of life.

308 Caleb, or city of the dog, on the coast of Phœnicia, has been accorded the credit of the name of the god. See the Abbé Banier’s Mythology and Fables of the Ancients, etc. (translation), vol. iii, p. 160.

309 Possibly the first syllable of Æsculapius, like the Hebrew ishi, salutary, and asa, to heal, may have been from the Egyptian usha, health-bringing,—doctor. See Gerald Massey’s Book of Beginnings, vol. ii, p. 301. London, 1881.

310 Hence the name, Canicular Year.

311 It does not now rise heliacally until the middle of August. But, 4000 years ago it rose so about the 20th of June, and just preceded the annual rising of the Nile.

312 History of the Heavens, vol. i, p. 185. Anubis had various functions which cannot be spoken of here. He bore the souls of men to the nether world, like Hermes, of the Greeks, and assisted Horus in weighing them. A passage in the Book of the Dead reads, “He is behind the bier which holds the bowels of Osiris.” Evidently he might be regarded as the god of undertakers.

313 Typhon, or Set, was regarded, indeed, by the Egyptians as the god Sothis, or Sirius. See Bunsen’s Egypt’s Place, etc., vol. i, p. 429. But Typhon was not, in early times, regarded as simply the personification of evil. See Kenrick’s Ancient Egypt, vol. i, p. 350.

314 Zend Avesta. Edition by James Darmesteter, in two parts, or volumes, in The Sacred Books of the East, edited by Max Müller, vol. i, p. 83. Oxford, England, 1883.

315 Iliad, xxii.

316 Such a staff is, indeed, shown by Wilkinson, and is given by Cooper in his essay, already quoted. From the presence of the hawk and uræus, one might more properly accord it to Horus.

317 Physic and Physicians, vol. i, p. 6. London, 1839.

318 Princess, vol. i, p. 210.

319 Ibid.

320 See Cory’s Ancient Fragments, p. 112. Edition by Hodges.

321 Bunsen, in Egypt’s Place in Universal History, vol. ii, p. 89.

322 See Cory’s Ancient Fragments, p. 113.

323 Ancient Empires of the East, p. 76.

324 Herodotus, ii, 84. Translation by Rawlinson.

325 Ibid., ii, 77.

326 Princess, vol. i, p. 17.

327 History of Ancient Egypt, vol. ii, p. 528. London, 1881.

328 Encyclopædia Britannica, ninth ed.

329 Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible.

330 Ancient Empires of the East, p. 76.

331 Jer., xlvi, 11.

332 Herodotus, iii, 1, 129.

333 Polydamna. Helen’s enforced sojourn in Egypt is fully described by Herodotus (ii, 113-116), Thone, Thon, or Thonis, the historian speaks of as the “warden of the Canopic mouth of the Nile.” The town of Heracleum bore the name.

334 Odyssey, iv.

335 Ibid.

336 Natural History, vii.

337 Homer and the Iliad, vol. i.

338 Beginnings of History, p. 536.

339 Bunsen holds that Esmun and he were originally the same; “as the snake god he must actually be Hermes, in Phœnician, Tet, Taautes.” Egypt’s Place, etc., vol. iv, p. 256.

340 In the cut he appears counting the years on a palm-branch—the ideograph for year. (Fig. 12, p. 101.)

341 Ibis religiosa, Hab of the Ancient Egyptians.

342 Ibis falcinellus, the glossy ibis.

343 Book of the Dead, ch. lxxviii. Translation by Birch, in vol. v of Bunsen’s Egypt’s Place, etc. The hawk is the usual symbol of Horus, just as the ibis is of Thoth.

344 Tiele pronounces Horus to be “the God of Light, the Token of Life.” History of the Egyptian Religion, p. 54.

345 Manual of Mythology, p. 346. London, 1873.

346 Often spoken of as the Hercules of the Egyptians.

347 History of the Egyptian Religion, p. 154.

348 See Diodorus Siculus, i, 25; and Tacitus, xiv, 81.

349 Says Gibbon: “Alexandria, which claimed his peculiar protection, glorified in the name of the City of Serapis.” The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ch. xxviii.

350 See his Essay, p. 50.

351 Egypt of the Past, p. 15. London, 1881.

352 The capital of Lower Egypt.

353 Uarda, vol. i, p. 203.

354 History of the Egyptian Religion, p. 94. London, 1882. Tiele remarks that Imhotep was not only called Asklepios by the Greeks, “but likewise the Eighth, thus showing that they regarded him as one of the Kabirs” (p. 95). I may add that the worship of the Kabirs, in the character of cosmic deities, was early established in the region where Memphis stood. Bunsen, indeed, identifies Ptah and his seven sons with the Kabirs. See Egypt’s Place, etc., vol. iv, p. 217.

355 Vulcan of the Romans.

356 Ancient Egypt, vol. i, p. 333.

357 Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology, vol. iii, p. 386.

358 See Fig. 13, p. 104. The characters of this name are all phonetic; but very many are pictorial or symbolic. Examples of symbolic characters will be given in the chapter on amulets.

359 An offering; food, peace, welcome.

360 Egypt’s Place in Universal History, vol. i, p. 400.

361 Mysteries of the Cabiri, vol. i, p. 99.

362 See his work on Egypt, etc., in Asiatic Researches, vol. iii, p. 392.

363 Cooper says that they were the two deities of the morning and evening twilight, and “were the origin of the Dioscuri of the Greeks.” Archæic Dictionary. London, 1876.

364 Zoological Mythology, vol. i, p. 353.

365 Evil has always been associated with darkness. Harmful demons have always disliked light.

366 Mythology of the Aryans, vol. i, p. 391.

367 See Wilson’s edition, vol. iii, p. 307.

368 Ibid., p. 103.

369 Ormazd, believed to have been originally identical with Varuna of the Vedas.

370 Believed to be the Asclepias acida, or Sarcostemma viminalis, whose juice yields an intoxicating liquor.

371 Zend Avesta, vol. i, p. 141.

372 Demon.

373 Evil Spirits.

374 Zend Avesta. Translation by Darmesteter, vol. ii, p. 92.

³⁷⁵ The name is given in the cuneiform characters as found in Norris’s Assyrian Dictionary, p. 853. It is spelled phonetically. The first three wedges are the sign or determinative of deities.

376 The devotion of Nebuchadnezzar to him is indicated in the Bible (see 2 Chron. xxxvi, 7, and Daniel, i, 2). The great king went so far as to say: “Merodach deposited my germ in my mother’s womb.” Records of the Past, vol. v, p. 113.

377 In an article entitled “Nemrod et les Ecritures Cuneiformes,” M. Joseph Grivel has occasion to speak of the names of the god. Amar-ud, which is apparently the same as Nimrod, is a synonym of Merodach. See Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology, vol. iii, p. 136.

378 The older Bel was Elum, father of the gods.

379 Chaldean Magic, and the Beginnings of History. To M. Lenormant mainly belongs the credit of opening up the valuable stores of learning wrapped in the Accadian and closely allied idioms.

380 A series of small volumes, twelve in number, issued a few years ago, in London.

381 Silik-mulu-khi is rather a descriptive title than a name. It is the designation used in the magical and mythological texts of the Accadian inscriptions.

382 Of this serpentine god of life and revealer of knowledge, Sir Henry Rawlinson remarks that “there is very strong grounds for connecting Hea, or Hoa, with the serpent of Scripture and the paradisiacal traditions of the tree of life.” See George Rawlinson’s second edition of Herodotus, vol. i, p. 600.

383 Chaldean Magic, p. 19.

384 Assyria, its Princes, Priests, and People, p. 59. London, 1885.

385 Another symbol of this god was the thunderbolt in the form of a sickle, with which he slew the dragon of the deep.

386 Chaldean Magic, p. 190.

387 Records of the Past, vol. iii, p. 139.

388 Herodotus, who visited the country, states that the Babylonians “have no physicians; but when a man is ill they lay him in the public square and the passers-by come up to him; and if they ever had his disease themselves, or have known any one who has suffered from it, they give him advice, recommending him to do whatever they found good in their own case or in the case known to them; and no one is allowed to pass the sick man in silence, without asking him what his ailment is” (i, 197). From this it would seem that Herodotus might rather have said that the Babylonians were all doctors, or presumed to be. However, it is thought that Jeremiah refers to the practice in Lamentations, i, 12, when he says: “Is it nothing to you, all ye that pass by? Behold and see if there be any sorrow like unto my sorrow.” A similar plan was certainly practiced elsewhere than in Babylonia. Strabo says that the Egyptians resorted to it (xvi), and in St. Mark it is said that the people “laid the sick in the streets” (vi, 56) in order to be healed by Jesus as he passed along.

389 Deuteronomy, xi, 18.

390 Records of the Past, vol. iii, p. 140.

391 Was this gonorrhœa or diabetes? See Leviticus, xv.

392 Ana.

393 Hea.

394 Chaldean Magic, p. 4.

395 Chaldean Magic, p. 20.

396 Ibid., p. 22.

397 Lenormant remarks that the assimilation was probably made when Mardux had become emphatically the god of the planet Jupiter, “the great fortune” of the astrologers, which justified them in connecting with his other attributes the favorable and protecting office of Silik-mulu-khi. He was originally a solar deity.

398 Chaldean Magic, p. 190.

399 Jeremiah, v, 15.

400 Or Shinar. See Gen., xi, 2. Essentially Babylonia.

401 See Smith’s Chaldean Account of Genesis, p. 19. Revised edition, by Mr. Sayce, 1880.

402 The Semitic language, called Assyrian, as the one spoken by the Babylonians, including part of the Chaldeans, before the people of Assur (see Gen., x, 11) became a nation, which was later than the time of the great King Sargon (B.C. 2000); and here I may say that cuneiform inscriptions are largely Assyrian. I may add that Lenormant takes Assur to be Nimrod, and the latter Mardux, reduced to the position of a hero.

403 Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology, vol. iii, p. 466.

404 Kaldu, or Kaldi, was the name of a tribe of Accadio-Sumerians that rose to prominence about nine centuries before our era. The title was subsequently given to the whole race.

405 Zend Avesta, vol. i, p. 85.

406 Ibid., vol. ii, p. 44.

407 North American Indians, vol. i, p. 78.

408 Ecclesiasticus, xxxviii, 13.

409 Ecclesiasticus, xxxviii, 13.

410 Bacchus.

411 Fire was duly esteemed by the ancients. The worship was closely related to that of the sun. Atar of the Zend Avesta means fire, and a personification of it, spoken of as the son of Ahura-Mazda, is characterized as “the god who is a full source of glory, the god who is a full source of healing” (vol. ii, p. 8). The Parsis and also the Hindus were forbidden to blow a fire lest the effete emanations from the system, present in the breath, might contaminate the flame. Menstruating women were forbidden even to look at it.

412 Zoological Mythology, vol. i, p. 410.

413 See Gen., ii, 7. Hippocrates appears to take pneuma, the breath, and the soul and vital principle to be the same. It is still a common thing to hear the breath spoken of as the divine and immortal element in man.

414 Ninevah and its Remains, vol. ii, p. 233. London, 1849. See Ex., xxviii, 33-34, and 1 Kings, vii, 41-42.

415 Fir-trees were regarded with much favor in the East. Ezekiel likens the Assyrian nation to a great cedar, envied by “all the trees of Eden,” none being “like unto him in his beauty.” Ez., xxxi, passim.

416 Medical virtues are inherent in fir-trees. Hence, there was a good foundation for the Accadian superstition. It is curious to observe that “among the Dakotah tribe of Indians the white cedar-tree is believed to have a supernatural power, and its leaves are burned as incense to propitiate the gods.” See Emerson’s Indian Myths, p. 241.

417 Beginnings of History, p. 90.

418 Mr. Sayce gives the name as Lubara. See Ancient Empires of the East, p. 157.

419 According to Mr. Black, disease and death have been referred by the unscientific to three great sources, namely: (1) the anger of an offended external spirit; (2) the supernatural powers of a human enemy; (3) the displeasure of the dead. See Folk-medicine, p. 4, published by the Folk-lore Society. London, 1883.

420 The Origin of Primitive Superstitions. Philadelphia, 1881.

421 See Sayce’s Ancient Empires of the East, p. 146.

422 Chaldean Magic, p. 64.

423 Says Tiele: “The operation or the sun is two-fold, beneficial and terrible; it quickens or it destroys life. The Greeks united both characteristics in Phœbus Apollo.” History of the Egyptian Religion, p. 45.

424 2 Samuel, xxiv.

425 Ecclesiasticus, xxxviii, 15.

426 It appears that the idea of the devil is first brought into clear relief in the Book of Wisdom, where it is said: “By the envy of the devil death came into the world” (ii, 25). The Hebrew demonology is usually said to be of Iranian origin, but it may just as likely have sprung from a Turanian source, either directly or through their Semitic kin in Babylonia.

427 Job, ii, 7.

428 Set, called Typhon by the Greeks, the embodiment of physical and moral evil, was regarded as the Egyptian god of death. Plagues were attributed to him.

429 The plague maiden of Teutonic folk-lore is somewhat like Dibbara. See Grimm’s Teutonic Mythology (translation), p. 1185.

430 Chaldean Account of Genesis, vol. viii.

431 Psalms, xci, 6.

432 2 Sam., xxiv, 13 et seq., and 2 Kings, xix, 35.

433 The wife of Hea, the queen of the gods, Davkina, was a health goddess. In an inscription Marduk is sent to a dying man, and it is further said:—
“Sprinkle holy water over him.
He shall hear the voice of Hea.
Davkina shall protect him;
And Marduk, eldest son of Heaven, shall find him a happy habitation.”

See Records of the Past, vol. iii, p. 142. She was invoked by women in labor.

⁴³⁴ This figure is copied from one given by W. R. Cooper in his essay on “Serpent Myths of Ancient Egypt.” See Transactions of the Victoria Institute, vol. vi, p. 321. London, 1873.

435 The Art of Preserving Health. First published in 1744. One of the very few great medical poems.

436 Tobias, viii, 10.

437 American Hero-Myths, p. 19. 1882.

438 This arrangement of the serpent is seen in an Egyptian priestess, a picture of which is given in Cooper’s essay, already referred to.

439 It has been published, I think, in pamphlet form, but the copy I have was issued in 1882 in connection with the March and April numbers of a monthly published in the interest of Jefferson Medical College and her alumni, The College and Clinical Record. There are a dozen octavo pages of it.

440 Animal Kingdom, vol. ix, p. 309.

441 See Tooke’s Pantheon, p. 296.

442 See Grimm’s Teutonic Mythology (translation), pp. 588, 1150.

443 For Cooper’s view of her origin, see quotation, p. 93.

444 Maut, Mat, or Mut, is to Amen-Ra what Artemis was to Zeus, and Juno to Jupiter. She might be viewed as a form of the more familiar Isis, and from close relationship is often confounded with Neith.

445 From address referred to on page 125.

446 Princess, vol. ii, p. 296.

447 See Plato’s Timæus.

448 The famous one brought from the East to Scotland and called the “Lee-Penny” has an interesting history. Sir Walter Scott speaks at length of it in his work, “The Talisman.” Says the great novelist: “Its virtues are still applied to for stopping blood and in cases of canine madness” (p. 287).

449 By Josephus.

450 The name signifies highland.

451 The Great Pyramid, p. 159.

452 It stands out prominent in the first chapter of Genesis. The whole host of heaven was created for earthly purposes.

453 The reader of the Book of Daniel learns much of the repute of the Chaldeans as astrologers. The Romans were in the habit of calling all astrologers Chaldeans. That people, I may say, never gave the class legal countenance.

454 In an old Accadian tablet bearing on the observance of the Sabbath by the king, it is said, among other things: “Medicine for his sickness of body he may not apply.” See Smith’s Chaldean Account of Genesis, p. 89.

455 According to the Bible narrative, which Lenormant says is “a tradition whose origin is lost in the night of the remotest ages and which all the great nations of Western Asia possessed in common, with some variations” (Beginnings of History, p. xv), the luminaries were placed in the heavens “to divide the day from the night and to be signs for the time of festivals, the days and the years” (Gen., i, 14). This is from the Elohist version, which, with the Jehovist, may be found in Lenormant’s work. The ordinary version was drawn from the two.

456 Architecture, p. 219, 2d ed. By Joseph Swift. London, 1860.

457 It is well to state that the astrologer was the forerunner of the astronomer. In his interesting book on The Astronomy of the Ancients, Sir J. Cornwall Lewes says: “The word ἀστρολογος signifies an astronomer in the Greek writers. The word astrologus has the same sense in the earlier Latin writers. In later times the distinction which now obtains between the words astrology and astronomy was introduced” (p. 292).

458 The Greeks generally gave Atlas the credit of introducing it. See Cory’s Ancient Fragments, p. 82. Hodges’ edition.

459 Tetrabiblos, i, 2.

460 In “A Plea for Urania,” issued in 1854, it is said that “less than two hundred years ago an individual who entered upon the profession of doctor of medicine, either in England or any of the European countries, was obliged to pass an astrological examination” (p. 246).

461 Canterbury Tales.

462 Gemmæ Selectae. Amsterdam, 1703.

463 Fascinum and penis are Latin synonyms.

464 This is still done in parts of China and elsewhere in the East.

465 Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme, p. 32. London, 1880. Republication by the Folk-lore Society. First issued 1686-’87.

466 See Psalms, lxviii, 4, and lxxxix, 8.

467 Medical Economy during the Middle Ages, p. 92.

468 Chaldean Magic, p. 43.

469 Indian Arts, p. 104.

470 The star of Babylon is frequently spoken of in the Inscriptions. The star of Marduk is the same. It is Dilgan, or Jupiter.

471 Act I, Scene 2.

472 Abracadabra is not the same as abraxas, but may have been derived from it. In the third century, and later, it was regarded as a capital remedy for malarial fevers.

473 Medical Economy during the Middle Ages, p. 94.

474 The letter Alpha = 1, Beta = 2, Rho = 100; Alpha = 1, Xi = 60; Alpha = 1, and Sigma = 200.

475 Egyptian Mythology, p. 93.

476 Chambers’ Encyclopædia.

477 The Care and Culture of Children, Philadelphia, 1880.

478 It is worth while to observe that Raphael was, according to the Cabbala, the angel of the sun.

479 Tobias, iii, 25.

480 Nearly all savage and semi-civilized peoples have viewed the heart as a very mysterious organ. Not a few have regarded it as the epitome or soul of the individual. In sacrifice it has played an important rôle. See Albert Reville’s work on The Native Religions of Mexico and Peru, p. 43. New York, 1884.

481 There is the ring of the Zend Avesta and the cuneiform inscriptions about it also.

482 Cyprus, p. 384. London, 1877.

483 1 Sam., vi, 4 et seq.

484 Chaldean Magic, p. 50.

485 The Past in the Present, p. 19 et seq. 1881.

486 Medical Economy during the Middle Ages. New York, 1883.

487 A practice long in use. See p. 110.

488 Urine of oxen. The supposed virtue sprang from certain mythological notions.

489 It was probably connected with the god Sbat and the Egyptian Seb or Cronus, the father of Osiris. See Transactions of the Victoria Institute, vol. xvi, pp. 136 and 160. London, 1883.

490 The Princess, vol. i, p. 210.

491 Chaldean Magic, p. 41.

492 Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme, p. 49.

493 Uarda, p. 118.

494 Institute of Menu, p. 154.

495 Ancient Egypt, vol. i, p. 254.

496 A Book of Beginnings. London, 1881.

497 Ibid., p. 101.

498 T served some as a symbol of the generative power. John Davenport says that it was “used indiscriminately with the Phallus: it was, in fact, the Phallus.” Aphrodisiacs and Anti-Aphrodisiacs, p. 13. London, 1869. Privately printed. Payne Knight states that the male organs represented as “the cross, in the form of the letter T, sometimes served as the emblem of creation and generation.” Worship of Priapus, p. 48.

499 History of the Heavens, vol. i, p. 259.

500 See Occult Sciences, p. 222. A volume of the Encyclopædia Metropolitana. London, 1855.

501 Superstitions Connected with Medicine and Surgery. London, 1843.

502 Historiaum, iv, 81.

503 North American Indians, vol, i, p. 70. Philadelphia, 1857.

504 Ibid.

505 Indian Myths, p. 230.

506 Ecclesiasticus, xxxviii, 7.

507 Medical Economy during the Middle Ages, p. 27.

508 Medical Economy during the Middle Ages, p. 307.

509 History of Sign-Boards, p. 341. Second edition. London, 1866.

510 Schesch.

511 Princess, vol. i, p. 296.

512 The Records of the Past, vol. xi, p. 159. London, 1878.

513 Ex., xxx, 25-35. In the revised translation apothecary becomes perfumer.

514 Introductory Lectures and Addresses on Medical Subjects, p. 54. Philadelphia, 1859.

515 Mr. Sayce, writing in 1884, states that “the fragments of a work on medicine closely resembling the Egyptian Papyrus-Ebers have recently been found” (at Babylon). Ancient Empires of the East, p. 173.

516 Incorporated in the year 1800. Date of the present charter, 1843.

517 A Book about Doctors, vol. i, p. 7. London, 1860.

518 A Book about Doctors, vol. i, p. 13.

519 Letters and Lives of Eminent Persons, vol. ii, p. 386. London, 1813.

520 A Book about Doctors, vol. i, p. 2.

521 A Book about Doctors, vol. i, p. 2.

522 Canterbury Tales.

523 A Book about Doctors, vol. i, p. 3.

524 Hudibras.

525 Occult Sciences, p. 40.

526 The Gold-Headed Cane. By Dr. McMichael. London, 1828.

527 A Book about Doctors, vol. i, p. 11.

528 Finger-Ring Lore. By William Jones, p. 191. London, 1877.

529 Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme, p. 210.

530 See Sharpe’s Egyptian Mythology, p. 19.

531 Exodus, i, 16.

532 Princess, vol. i, p. 37.

533 One was not regarded as a number.

534 The Brook.

535 Art Culture, p. 468. New York, 1874.

536 Dictionary of Words used in Art and Archæology. Boston, 1882.

537 In his notes to Faust.

538 The Pythagorean Triangle. London, 1875.

539 Dictionary of Terms in Art.

[540] Encyclopædia of Freemasonry. Philadelphia, 1875.

541 Astronomical Myths. London, 1877.

542 Broughton’s Italy, vol. ii.

543 Notes and Queries, vol. ix, p. 511, third series.

544 Mythology of the Hindus. London, 1832.

545 Indian Arts. London, 1880.

546 Fossil Men and their Modern Representatives, p. 272. London, 1880.

547 The Solution of the Pyramid Problem, p. 92. New York, 1882.

548 The Great Pyramid, p. 35.

549 The Native Religions of Mexico and Peru, p. 57. New York, 1884.

550 American Hero-Myths, p. 121.

551 Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme, p. 51.

552 An equilateral triangle divided into three equal triangles by lines meeting from the three angles.

553 Professors of the Cabbala, a mystic philosophy, believed that there was a secret meaning in Holy Writ and a higher meaning in the law, and pretended to be able to perform miracles by the use of names and incantations. Auerbach gives an interesting account of them in his novel, “Spinoza.” He gives this as an instance of their mode of reasoning: “The Hebrew word for Messiah contains the same number as the Hebrew word for serpent, in which form Satan seduced Eve; the Messiah will, therefore, bruise the head of the serpent and banish sin and death from the world.”

554 The word Salus, the synonymous Latin name, was also used in the same way. In Mrs. Pelliser’s work it is thus seen. It is there spoken of as a device used by Marguerite of France, wife of Henry IV and the last of the Valois.

CATALOGUE OF THE PUBLICATIONS
OF
F. A. DAVIS,
Medical Publisher and Bookseller,
1231 FILBERT STREET, PHILADELPHIA.

BRANCH OFFICES:

NEW YORK CITY:
117 W. Forty-second Street.

CHICAGO:
24 Lakeside Building, 214-220 S. Clark St.

ATLANTA:
25 Old Capitol.

LONDON, ENG.:
40 Berners Street, Oxford Street, W.

ORDER FROM NEAREST OFFICE.

FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.

Prices of books, as given in our catalogue or circulars, include full prepayment of postage, freight, or express charges. Customers in Canada and Mexico must pay the cost of duty, in addition, at point of destination.

N. B.—Remittances should be made by Express Money-Order, Post-Office Money-Order, Registered Letter, or Draft on New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, or Chicago.

We do not hold ourselves responsible for books sent by mail; to insure safe arrival of books sent to distant parts, the package should be registered. Charges for registering (at purchaser’s expense), 10 cents for every four pounds or less.

BASHORE—Improved Clinical Chart. For the Separate Plotting of Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration.

But one color of ink necessary. Designed for the Convenient, Accurate, and Permanent Daily Recording of Cases in Hospital and Private Practice. By Harvey B. Bashore, M.D. Fifty Charts, in Tablet Form. Size, 8 × 12 inches.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, 50 cents, net; Great Britain, 3s. 6d.; France, 3 fr. 60.

BOWEN—Hand-Book of Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and Therapeutics.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.40, net; Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; France, 9 fr. 25.

BURET—Syphilis: To-Day and in Antiquity.

CAPP—The Daughter. Her Health, Education, and Wedlock. Homely Suggestions to Mothers and Daughters.

By William M. Capp, M.D., Philadelphia. This is just such a book as a family physician would advise his lady patients to obtain and read. It answers many questions which every busy practitioner of medicine has put to him in the sick-room at a time when it is neither expedient nor wise to impart the information sought.

It will not mar the most proper womanly modesty or refined feelings, and may wisely be put into the hands of any woman or girl; is a book for the family; will bear repeated readings, and will be useful to refer to in emergencies. In one beautifully printed (large, clear type) 12mo volume of 150 pages. Attractively bound in Extra Cloth.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.00, net; Great Britain, 5s. 6d.; France, 6 fr. 20.

CATHELL—Book on the Physician Himself, and Things that Concern His Reputation and Success.

By D. W. Cathell, M.D., Baltimore, Md. Being the Ninth Edition (enlarged and thoroughly revised) of “The Physician Himself, and What He Should Add to His Scientific Acquirements in Order to Secure Success.” In one handsome Octavo volume of 298 pages, bound in Extra Cloth.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $2.00, net; Great Britain, 11s. 6d.; France, 12 fr. 40.

This remarkable book has passed through eight (8) editions in less than five years, has met with the unanimous and hearty approval of the profession, and is practically indispensable to every young graduate who aims at success in his chosen profession. It has just undergone a thorough revision by the author, who has added much new matter, covering many points and elucidating many excellent ideas not included in former editions.

CLEVENGER—Spinal Concussion. Surgically Considered as a Cause of Spinal Injury, and Neurologically Restricted to a Certain Symptom Group, for which is Suggested the Designation “Erichsen’s Disease,” as One Form of the Traumatic Neuroses.

By S. V. Clevenger, M.D., Consulting Physician, Reese and Alexian Hospitals; Late Pathologist, County Insane Asylum, Chicago; Member of numerous American Scientific and Medical Societies; Collaborator American Naturalist, Alienist, and Neurologist, Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases; Author of “Comparative Physiology and Psychology,” etc.

For more than twenty years this subject has occasioned bitter contention in law courts between physicians as well as attorneys, and in that time no work has appeared that reviewed the entire field judicially until Dr. Clevenger’s book was written. It is the outcome of five years’ special study and experience in legal circles, clinics, hospital and private practice, in addition to twenty years’ labor as a scientific student, writer, and teacher. Every Physician and Lawyer should own this work. In one handsome Royal Octavo volume of nearly 400 pages, with 30 Wood-Engravings.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $2.50, net; Great Britain, 14s.; France, 15 fr.

DAVIS—Consumption: How to Prevent it, and How to Live with it. Its Nature, Causes, Prevention, and the Mode of Life, Climate, Exercise, Food and Clothing Necessary for its Cure.

DAVIS—Diseases of the Heart, Lungs, and Kidneys.

DEMARQUAY—Essay on Medical Pneumatology and Aerotherapy. A Practical Investigation of the Clinical and Therapeutic Value of the Gases in Medical and Surgical Practice, with Especial Reference to the Value and Availability of Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen Monoxide.

By J. N. Demarquay, Surgeon to the Municipal Hospital, Paris, and of the Council of State; Member of the Imperial Society of Surgery; Correspondent of the Academies of Belgium, Turin, Munich, etc.; Officer of the Legion of Honor; Chevalier of the Orders of Isabella-the-Catholic and of the Conception, of Portugal, etc. Translated, with notes, additions, and omissions, by Samuel S. Wallian, A.M., M.D., Member of the American Medical Association; Ex-President of the Medical Association of Northern New York; Member of the New York County Medical Society, etc. In one handsome Octavo volume of 316 pages, printed on fine paper, in the Best Style of the Printer’s Art, and Illustrated with 21 Wood-Cuts.

EDINGER—Twelve Lectures on the Structure of the Central Nervous System. For Physicians and Students.

By Dr. Ludwig Edinger, Frankfort-on-the-Main. Second Revised Edition. With 133 illustrations. Translated by Willis Hall Vittum, M.D., St. Paul, Minn. Edited by C. Eugene Riggs, A.M., M.D., Professor of Mental and Nervous Diseases, University of Minnesota; Member of the American Neurological Association. The illustrations are exactly the same as those used in the latest German edition (with the German names translated into English), and are very satisfactory to the Physician and Student using the book. The work is complete in one Royal Octavo volume of about 250 pages, bound in Extra Cloth.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.75, net; Great Britain, 10s.; France, 12 fr. 20.

EISENBERG—Bacteriological Diagnosis. Tabular Aids for Use in Practical Work.

By James Eisenberg, Ph.D., M.D., Vienna. Translated and augmented, with the permission of the author, from the latest German Edition, by Norval H. Pierce, M.D., Surgeon to the Out-Door Department of Michael Reese Hospital; Assistant to Surgical Clinic, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, Ill. In one Octavo volume, handsomely bound in Cloth. In Press.

GOODELL—Lessons in Gynæcology.

By William Goodell, A.M., M.D., etc., Professor of Clinical Gynæcology in the University of Pennsylvania. With 112 illustrations. Third Edition, thoroughly revised and greatly enlarged. One volume, large Octavo, 578 pages.

This exceedingly valuable work, from one of the most eminent specialists and teachers in gynæcology in the United States, is now offered to the profession in a much more complete condition than either of the previous editions. It embraces all the more important diseases and the principal operations in the field of gynæcology, and brings to bear upon them all the extensive practical experience and wide reading of the author. It is an indispensable guide to every practitioner who has to do with the diseases peculiar to women.

GUERNSEY—Plain Talks on Avoided Subjects.

By Henry N. Guernsey, M.D., formerly Professor of Materia Medica and Institutes in the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia; Author of Guernsey’s “Obstetrics,” including the Disorders Peculiar to Women and Young Children; Lectures on Materia Medica, etc. The following Table of Contents shows the scope of the book:—

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.00; Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; France, 6 fr. 20.

HARE—Epilepsy: its Pathology and Treatment. Being an Essay to which was Awarded a Prize of Four Thousand Francs by the Académie Royal de Médecine de Belgique, December 31, 1889.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.25, net; Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; France, 7 fr. 75.

“This little work is an admirably condensed statement of the clearest authenticated facts on this subject known. The author is evidently a master in the art of clear, condensed statements of what is known, and he could do a great service to science by ’boiling down’ some of the thousand-page volumes that are coming from the press. This work is of great value to all physicians who wish to have the facts concerning epilepsy in the most available form,”—Quarterly Journal of Inebriety.

“It is representative of the most advanced views of the profession, and the subject is pruned of the vast amount of superstition and nonsense that generally obtains in connection with epilepsy.”—Medical Age.

HARE—Fever: its Pathology and Treatment. Being the Boylston Prize Essay of Harvard University for 1890; containing Directions and the Latest Information Concerning the Use of the So-Called Antipyretics in Fever and Pain.

By Hobart Amory Hare, M.D. (University of Pennsylvania), B.Sc., Clinical Professor of the Diseases of Children and Demonstrator of Therapeutics in the University of Pennsylvania; Physician to St. Agnes’ Hospital and to the Children’s Dispensary of the Children’s Hospital; Laureate of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Belgium, of the Medical Society of London; Member of the Association of American Physicians, etc. Illustrated with more than 25 new plates of tracings of various fever cases, showing beautifully and accurately the action of the antipyretics. The work also contains 35 carefully-prepared statistical tables of 249 cases, showing the untoward effects of the antipyretics. 12mo. Neatly bound in Dark-Blue Cloth. No. 10 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.25, net; Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; France, 7 fr. 75.

JAMES—American Resorts, with Notes upon Their Climate.

By Bushrod W. James, A.M., M.D., Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Public Health Association, the Pennsylvania Historical Society, the Franklin Institute, and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; the Society of Alaskan Natural History and Ethnology, Sitka, Alaska, etc. With a translation from the German, by Mr. S. Kauffmann, of those chapters of “Die Klimate der Erde,” written by Dr. A. Woeikof, of St. Petersburg, Russia, that relate to North and South America, and the islands and oceans contiguous thereto. In one Octavo volume, handsomely bound in Cloth. Nearly 300 pages.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $2.00, net; Great Britain, 11s. 6.; France, 12 fr. 40.

KEATING—Record-Book of Medical Examinations for Life-Insurance.

Designed by John M. Keating, M.D. This record-book is small, neat, and complete, and embraces all the principal points that are required by the different companies. It is made in two sizes, viz.: No. 1, covering one hundred (100) examinations, and No. 2, covering two hundred (200) examinations. The size of the book is 7 × 3¾ inches, and can be conveniently carried in the pocket.

Prices, post-paid: No. 1, for 100 Examinations, bound in Cloth, United States and Canada, 50 Cents, net; Great Britain, 3s. 6d.; France, 3 fr. 60. No. 2, for 200 Examinations, bound in Full Leather, with Side-Flap, United States and Canada, $1.00, net; Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; France, 6 fr. 20.

KEATING AND EDWARDS—Diseases of the Heart and Circulation in Infancy and Adolescence. With an Appendix entitled “Clinical Studies on the Pulse in Childhood.”

By John M. Keating, M.D., Obstetrician to the Philadelphia Hospital and Lecturer on Diseases of Women and Children; Surgeon to the Maternity Hospital; Physician to St. Joseph’s Hospital; Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, etc.: and William A. Edwards, M.D., formerly Instructor in Clinical Medicine and Physician to the Medical Dispensary in the University of Pennsylvania; Physician to St. Joseph’s Hospital; Fellow of the College of Physicians; formerly Assistant Pathologist to the Philadelphia Hospital, etc. Illustrated by Photographs and Wood-Engravings. About 225 pages. 8vo. Bound in Cloth.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.50, net; Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; France, 9 fr. 35.

KELLER—Perpetual Clinical Index to Materia Medica, Chemistry, and Pharmacy Charts.

By A. H. Keller, Ph.G., M.D., consisting of (1) the “Perpetual Clinical Index,” an oblong volume, 9 × 6 inches, neatly bound in Extra Cloth; (2) a Chart of “Materia Medica,” 32 × 44 inches, mounted on muslin, with rollers; (5) a Chart of “Chemistry and Pharmacy,” 32 × 44 inches, mounted on muslin, with rollers.

Price for the Complete Work, United States, $5.00 net; Canada (duty paid) $5.50, net; Great Britain, 28s.; France, 30 fr. 30.

LIEBIG and ROHÉ—Practical Electricity in Medicine and Surgery.

By G. A. Liebig, Jr., Ph.D., Assistant in Electricity, Johns Hopkins University; Lecturer on Medical Electricity, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore; Member of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, etc.; and George H. Rohé, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Hygiene, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore; Visiting Physician to Bay View and City Hospitals; Director of the Maryland Maternité; Associate Editor “Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences,” etc. Profusely Illustrated by Wood-Engravings and Original Diagrams, and published in one handsome Royal Octavo volume of 383 pages, bound in Extra Cloth.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $2.00, net; Great Britain, 11s. 6d.; France, 12 fr. 40.

The constantly increasing demand for this work attests its thorough reliability and its popularity with the profession, and points to the fact that it is already the standard work on this very important subject. The part on Physical Electricity, written by Dr. Liebig, one of the recognized authorities on the science in the United States, treats fully such topics of interest as Storage Batteries, Dynamos, the Electric Light, and the Principles and Practice of Electrical Measurement in their Relations to Medical Practice. Professor Rohé, who writes on Electro-Therapeutics, discusses at length the recent developments of Electricity in the treatment of stricture, enlarged prostate, uterine fibroids, pelvic cellulitis, and other diseases of the male and female genito-urinary organs, etc., etc.

MANTON—Childbed; its Management; Diseases and their Treatment.

By Walter P. Manton, M.D., Visiting Physician to the Detroit Woman’s Hospital; Consulting Gynæcologist to the Eastern Michigan Asylum; President of the Detroit Gynæcological Society; Fellow of the American Society of Obstetricians and Gynæcologists, and of the British Gynæcological Society; Member of Michigan State Medical Society, etc. In one neat 12mo volume. No. — in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series. In Preparation.

MASSEY—Electricity in the Diseases of Women. With Special Reference to the Application of Strong Currents.

By G. Betton Massey, M.D., Physician to the Gynæcological Department of the Howard Hospital; Late Electro-Therapeutist to the Philadelphia Orthopædic Hospital and Infirmary for Nervous Diseases; Member of the American Neurological Association, of the Philadelphia Neurological Society, of the Franklin Institute, etc. Second Edition. Revised and enlarged. With New and Original Wood-Engravings. Handsomely bound in Dark-Blue Cloth. 240 pages. 12mo. No. 5 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.50, net; Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; France, 9 fr. 35.

“A new edition of this practical manual attests the utility of its existence and the recognition of its merit. The directions are simple, easy to follow and to put into practice, the ground is well covered, and nothing is assumed, the entire book being the record of experience.”—Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases.

“It is only a few months since we noticed the first edition of this little book; and it is only necessary to add now that we consider it the best treatise on this subject we have seen, and that the improvements introduced into this edition make it more valuable still.”—Boston Medical and Surgical Journ.

“The style is clear, but condensed. Useless details are omitted, the reports of cases being pruned of all irrelevant material. The book is an exceedingly valuable one, and represents an amount of study and experience which is only appreciated after a careful reading.”—Medical Record.

MEARS—Practical Surgery.

By J. Ewing Mears, M.D., Lecturer on Practical Surgery and Demonstrator of Surgery in Jefferson Medical College; Professor of Anatomy and Clinical Surgery in the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, etc. Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged. In Preparation.

Medical Bulletin Visiting List, or Physicians’ Call Record. Arranged upon an Original and Convenient Monthly and Weekly Plan for the Daily Recording of Professional Visits.

This is, beyond question, the best and most convenient time- and labor-saving physicians’ pocket record-book ever published. Physicians of many years’ standing and with large practices pronounce this the best list they have ever seen. It is handsomely bound in fine, strong leather, with flap, including a pocket for loose memoranda, etc., and is furnished with a Dixon lead-pencil of excellent quality and finish. It is compact and convenient for carrying in the pocket. Size, 4 × 6⅞ inches. In three styles. Send for Descriptive Circular.

Net Price, post-paid; No. 1, Regular Size, for 70 patients daily each month for one year, United States and Canada, $1.25; France, 7 fr. 75. No. 2, Large Size, for 105 patients daily each month for one year, United States and Canada, $1.50; France, 9 fr. 35. No. 3, in which “The Blanks for Recording Visits in” are in six (6) removable sections, United States and Canada, $1.75; France, 12 fr. 20.

Special Edition for Great Britain only, 4s. 6d.

MICHENER—Hand-Book of Eclampsia; or, Notes and Cases of Puerperal Convulsions.

Price, 60 cents, net; Great Britain, 4s. 6d.; France, 4 fr. 20.

NISSEN—A Manual of Instruction for Giving Swedish Movement and Massage Treatment.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.00, net; Great Britain, 6s.; France, 6 fr. 20.

Physicians’ All-Requisite Time- and Labor-Saving Account-Book. Being a Ledger and Account-Book for Physicians’ Use, Meeting all the Requirements of the Law and Courts.

Designed by William A. Seibert, M.D. of Easton, Pa. There is no exaggeration in stating that this Account-Book and Ledger reduces the labor of keeping your accounts more than one-half, and at the same time secures the greatest degree of accuracy.

To all physicians desiring a quick, accurate, and comprehensive method of keeping their accounts, we can safely say that no book as suitable as this one has ever been devised.

Prices, Shipping Expenses Prepaid: No. 1, 300 Pages, for 900 Accounts per Year, Size 10 × 12, Bound in ¾-Russia, Raised Back-Bands, Cloth Sides, in United States, $5.00; Canada (duty paid), $5.50, net; Great Britain, 28s.; France, 30 fr. 30. No. 2, 600 Pages, for 1800 Accounts per Year, Size 10 × 12, Bound in ¾-Russia, Raised Back-Bands, Cloth Sides, in United States, $8.00; Canada (duty paid), $8.80, net; Great Britain, 42s.; France, 49 fr. 40.

A circular showing the plan of the book will be sent free to any address on application.

Physicians’ Interpreter: In Four Languages (English, French, German, and Italian).

Specially arranged for diagnosis by M. von V. The object of this little work is to meet a need often keenly felt by the busy physician, namely, the need of some quick and reliable method of communicating intelligibly with patients of those nationalities and languages unfamiliar to the practitioner. The plan of the book is a systematic arrangement of questions upon the various branches of Practical Medicine, and each question is so worded that the only answer required of the patient is merely Yes or No. The questions are all numbered, and a complete Index renders them always available for quick reference. The book is written by one who is well versed in English, French, German, and Italian, being an excellent teacher in those languages, and who has also had considerable hospital experience. Bound in full Russia Leather, for carrying in the pocket. Size, 5 × 2⅔ inches. 206 pages.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.00, net; Great Britain, 6s.; France, 6 fr. 20.

PRICE AND EAGLETON—Three Charts of the Nervo-Vascular System. Part I.—The Nerves. Part II.—The Arteries. Part III.—The Veins.

A New edition, Revised and Perfected. Arranged by W. Henry Price, M.D., and S. Potts Eagleton, M.D. Endorsed by leading Anatomists. “The Nervo-Vascular System of Charts” far excels every other system in their completeness, compactness, and accuracy. Clearly and beautifully printed upon extra-durable paper. Each chart measures 19 × 24 inches.

Price, in the United States and Canada, post-paid, 50 cents, net, Complete; Great Britain, 3s. 6d.; France, 3 fr. 60.

PURDY—Diabetes: its Cause, Symptoms, and Treatment.

By Chas. W. Purdy, M.D. (Queen’s University), Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Kingston; Member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario; Author of “Bright’s Disease and Allied Affections of the Kidneys;” Member of the Association of American Physicians; Member of the American Medical Association; Member of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, etc., etc. With Clinical Illustrations. In one neat 12mo volume. Handsomely bound in Dark-Blue Cloth. No. 8 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference series.

Price, United States and Canada, $1.25, net; Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; France, 7 fr. 75; post-paid.

REMONDINO—Circumcision: its History, Modes of Operation, etc. From the Earliest Times to the Present; with a History of Eunuchism, Hermaphrodism, etc., as Observed Among All Races and Nations; also a Description of the Different Operative Methods of Modern Surgery Practiced upon the Prepuce.

By P. C. Remondino, M.D. (Jefferson); Member of the American Medical Association; Member of the American Public Health Association; Member of the State Medical Society of California, and of the Southern California Medical Society. In Press. Nearly Ready. No. 11 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.

ROHÉ—Text-Book of Hygiene. A Comprehensive Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Preventive Medicine from an American Stand-point.

By George H. Rohé, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Hygiene in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore; Member of the American Public Health Association, etc.

Price, United States, post-paid, $2.50, net; Canada (duty paid) $2.75, net; Great Britain, 14s.; France, 16 fr. 20.

Every Sanitarian should have Rohé’s “Text-Book of Hygiene” as a work of reference. Of this new (second) edition, one of the best qualified judges, namely, Albert L. Gihon, M.D., Medical Director of U.S. Navy, in charge of U.S. Naval Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., and ex-President of the American Public Health Association, writes: “It is the most admirable, concise résumé of the facts of Hygiene with which I am acquainted. Professor Rohé’s attractive style makes the book so readable that no better presentation of the important place of Preventive Medicine, among their studies, can be desired for the younger members, especially, of our profession.”

SAJOUS—Hay Fever and its Successful Treatment by Superficial Organic Alteration of the Nasal Mucous Membrane.

By Charles E. Sajous, M.D., formerly Lecturer on Rhinology and Laryngology in Jefferson Medical College; Vice-President of the American Laryngological Association; Officer of the Academy of France and of Public Instruction of Venezuela; Corresponding Member of the Royal Society of Belgium, of the Medical Society of Warsaw (Poland), and of the Society of Hygiene of France; Member of the American Philosophical Society, etc., etc. With 13 Engravings on Wood. 12mo. Bound in Cloth. Beveled edges.

Price, in United States and Canada, $1.00, net; Great Britain, 6s.; France, 6 fr. 20.

SANNE—Diphtheria, Croup: Tracheotomy and Intubation.

From the French of A. Sanne. Translated and enlarged by Henry Z. Gill, M.D., LL.D. Diphtheria having become such a prevalent, wide-spread, and fatal disease, no general practitioner can afford to be without this work. It will aid in preventive measures, stimulate promptness in the application of and efficiency in treatment, and moderate the extravagant views which have been entertained regarding certain specifics in the disease diphtheria.

A full Index accompanies the enlarged volume, also a list of authors, making, altogether, a very handsome Illustrated volume of over 680 pages.

SENN—Principles of Surgery.

By N. Senn, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Principles of Surgery and Surgical Pathology in Rush Medical College, Chicago. Ill.; Professor of Surgery in the Chicago Polyclinic; Attending Surgeon to the Milwaukee Hospital; Consulting Surgeon to the Milwaukee County Hospital and to the Milwaukee County Insane Asylum.

In one handsome Royal Octavo volume, with 109 fine Wood-Engravings and 624 pages.

This work, by one of America’s greatest surgeons, is thoroughly complete; its clearness and brevity of statement are among its conspicuous merits. The author’s long, able, and conscientious researches in every direction in this important field are a guarantee of unusual trustworthiness, that every branch of the subject is treated authoritatively and in such a manner as to bring the greatest gain in knowledge to the Practitioner and Student. Physicians and Surgeons alike should not deprive themselves of this very important work.

A critical examination of the Wood-Engravings (109 in number) will reveal the fact that they are thoroughly accurate and produced by the best artistic ability.

Stephen Smith, M.D., Professor of Clinical Surgery in Medical Department of University of the City of New York, writes: “I have examined the work with great satisfaction, and regard it as a most valuable addition to American Surgical literature. There has long been great need of a work on the principles of Surgery which would fully illustrate the present advanced state of knowledge of the various subjects embraced in this volume. The work seems to me to meet this want admirably.”

“The achievements of Modern Surgery are akin to the marvelous, and Dr. Senn has set forth the principles of the science with a completeness that seems to leave nothing further to be said until new discoveries are made. The work is systematic and compact, without a fact omitted or a sentence too much, and it not only makes instructive but fascinating reading. A conspicuous merit of Senn’s work is his method, his persistent and tireless search through original investigations for additions to knowledge, and the practical character of his discoveries. This combination of the discoverer and the practical man gives a special value to all his work, and is one of the secrets of his fame. No physician, in any line of practice, can afford to be without Senn’s ‘Principles of Surgery.’”—The Review of Insanity and Nervous Diseases.

SHOEMAKER—Heredity, Health, and Personal Beauty. Including the Selection of the Best Cosmetics for the Skin, Hair, Nails, and All Parts Relating to the Body.

By John V. Shoemaker, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine, and Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia; Physician to the Medico-Chirurgical Hospital, etc., etc. This is just the book to place on the waiting-room table of every physician, and a work that will prove useful in the hands of your patients.

The health of the skin and hair, and how to promote them, are discussed; the treatment of the nails; the subjects of ventilation, food, clothing, warmth, bathing; the circulation of the blood, digestion, ventilation; in fact, all that in daily life conduces to the well-being of the body and refinement is duly enlarged upon. To these stores of popular information is added a list of the best medicated soaps and toilet soaps, and a whole chapter of the work is devoted to household remedies.

The work is largely suggestive, and gives wise and timely advice as to when a physician should be consulted.

Complete in one handsome Royal Octavo volume of 425 pages, beautifully and clearly printed, and bound in Extra Cloth, Beveled Edges, with side and back gilt stamps and Half-Morocco Gilt Top.

SHOEMAKER—Materia Medica and Therapeutics. With Especial Reference to the Clinical Application of Drugs.

Being the second and last volume of a treatise on Materia Medica, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, and an independent volume upon drugs.

By John V. Shoemaker, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine, and Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia; Physician to the Medico-Chirurgical Hospital, etc., etc.

This is the long-looked-for second volume of Shoemaker’s Materia Medica, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics. It is wholly taken up with the consideration of drugs, each remedy being studied from three points of view, viz.: the Preparations, or Materia Medica; the Physiology and Toxicology, or Pharmacology; and, lastly, its Therapy. Dr. Shoemaker has finally brought the work to completion, and now this second volume is ready for delivery. It is thoroughly abreast of the progress of Therapeutic Science, and is really an indispensable book to every student and practitioner of medicine. Royal Octavo, about 675 pages. Thoroughly and carefully indexed.

The first volume of this work is devoted to Pharmacy, General Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, and remedial agents not properly classed with drugs. Royal Octavo, 353 pages. Price of Volume I, post-paid, in United States, Cloth, $2.50, net; Sheep, $3.25, net. Canada, duty paid, Cloth, $2.75, net; Sheep, $3.60, net. Great Britain, Cloth, 14s., Sheep, 18s. France, Cloth, 16 fr. 20; Sheep, 20 fr. 20. The volumes are sold separately.

SHOEMAKER—Ointments and Oleates, Especially in Diseases of the Skin.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.50, net; Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; France, 9 fr. 35.

The author concisely concludes his preface as follows: “The reader may thus obtain a conspectus of the whole subject of inunction as it exists to-day in the civilized world. In all cases the mode of preparation is given, and the therapeutical application described seriatim, in so far as may be done without needless repetition.”

It is invaluable as a ready reference when ointments or oleates are to be used, and is serviceable to both druggist and physician.—Canada Medical Record.

To the physician who feels uncertain as to the best form in which to prescribe medicines by way of the skin the book will prove valuable, owing to the many prescriptions and formulæ which dot its pages, while the copious index at the back materially aids in making the book a useful one.—Medical News.

SMITH—The Physiology of the Domestic Animals. A Text-Book for Veterinary and Medical Students and Practitioners.

By Robert Meade Smith, A.M., M.D., Professor of Comparative Physiology in University of Pennsylvania; Fellow of the College of Physicians and Academy of the Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; of the American Physiological Society; of the American Society of Naturalists; Associé Étranger de la Société Française d’Hygiène, etc. In one handsome Royal Octavo volume of over 950 pages. Profusely illustrated with more than 400 fine Wood-Engravings and many Colored Plates.

This new and important work is the most thoroughly complete in the English language on the subject. In it the physiology of the domestic animals is treated in a most comprehensive manner, especial prominence being given to the subject of foods and fodders, and the character of the diet for the herbivora under different conditions, with a full consideration of their digestive peculiarities. Without being overburdened with details, it forms a complete text-book of physiology, adapted to the use of students and practitioners of both veterinary and human medicine. This work has already been adopted as the Text-Book on Physiology in the Veterinary Colleges of the United States, Great Britain, and Canada.

SOZINSKEY—Medical Symbolism. Historical Studies in the Arts of Healing and Hygiene.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.00, net; Great Britain, 6s.; France, 6 fr. 20.

STEWART—Obstetric Synopsis.

By John S. Stewart, M.D., Demonstrator of Obstetrics and Chief Assistant in the Gynæcological Clinic of the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia; with an introductory note by William S. Stewart, A.M., M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Gynæcology in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia. 42 Illustrations. 202 pages. 12mo. Handsomely bound in Dark-Blue Cloth. No. 1 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.00 net; Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; France, 6 fr. 20.

ULTZMANN—The Neuroses of the Genito-Urinary System in the Male. With Sterility and Impotence.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.00, net; Great Britain, 6s.;. France, 6 fr. 20.

Synopsis of Contents.—First Part—I. Chemical Changes in the Urine in Cases of Neuroses. II. Neuroses of the Urinary and of the Sexual Organs, classified as: (1) Sensory Neuroses; (2) Motor Neuroses; (3) Secretory Neuroses. Second Part—Sterility and Impotence. The treatment in all cases is described clearly and minutely.

WHEELER—Abstracts of Pharmacology.

By H. A. Wheeler, M.D. (Registered Pharmacist, No. 3468, Iowa). Prepared for the use of Physicians and Pharmacists, and especially for the use of Students of Medicine and Pharmacy, who are preparing for Examination in Colleges and before State Boards of Examiners.

This book does not contain questions and answers, but solid pages of abstract information. It will bean almost indispensable companion to the practicing Pharmacist and a very useful reference-book to the Physician. It contains a brief but thorough explanation of all terms and processes used in practical pharmacy, an abstract of all that is essential to be known of each officinal drug, its preparations and therapeutic action, with doses: in Chemistry and Botany, much that is useful to the Physician and Pharmacist; a general working formula for each class and an abstract formula for each officinal preparation, and many of the more popular unofficinal ones, together with their doses; also many symbolic formulas; a list of abbreviations used in prescription writing; rules governing incompatibilities; a list of Solvents; tests for the more common drugs; the habitat and best time for gathering plants to secure their medical properties.

The book contains 180 pages, 5½ × 8 inches, closely printed and on the best paper, nicely and durably bound, containing a greater amount of information on the above topics than any other work for the money.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.50, net; Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; France, 9 fr. 35.

WITHERSTINE—International Pocket Medical Formulary. Arranged Therapeutically.

By C. Sumner Witherstine, M.S., M.D., Associate Editor of the “Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences;” Visiting Physician of the Home for the Aged, Germantown, Philadelphia; late House-Surgeon to Charity Hospital, New York. Including more than 1800 formulæ from several hundred well-known authorities. With an Appendix containing a Posological Table, the newer remedies included; Important Incompatibles; Tables on Dentition and the Pulse; Table of Drops in a Fluidrachm and Doses of Laudanum graduated for age; Formulæ and Doses of Hypodermatic Medication, including the newer remedies; Uses of the Hypodermatic Syringe; Formulæ and Doses for Inhalations, Nasal Douches, Gargles, and Eye-washes; Formulæ for Suppositories; Use of the Thermometer in Disease; Poisons, Antidotes, and Treatment; Directions for Post-Mortem and Medico-Legal Examinations; Treatment of Asphyxia, Sun-stroke, etc.; Anti-emetic Remedies and Disinfectants; Obstetrical Table; Directions for Ligation of Arteries; Urinary Analysis; Table of Eruptive Fevers; Motor Points for Electrical Treatment, etc. This work, the best and most complete of its kind, contains about 275 printed pages, besides extra blank leaves. Elegantly printed, with red lines, edges, and borders; with illustrations. Bound in leather, with Side-Flap.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $2.00, net; Great Britain, 11s. 6d.; France, 12 fr. 40.

YOUNG—Synopsis of Human Anatomy. Being a Complete Compend of Anatomy, including the Anatomy of the Viscera, and Numerous Tables.

Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.40, net; Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; France, 9 fr. 25.

While the author has prepared this work especially for students, sufficient descriptive matter has been added to render it extremely valuable to the busy practitioner, particularly the sections on the Viscera, Special Senses, and Surgical Anatomy.

The work includes a complete account of Osteology, Articulations and Ligaments, Muscles, Fascias, Vascular and Nervous Systems, Alimentary, Vocal, and Respiratory and Genito-Urinary Apparatus, the Organs of Special Sense, and Surgical Anatomy.

In addition to a most carefully and accurately prepared text, wherever possible, the value of the work has been enhanced by tables to facilitate and minimize the labor of students in acquiring a thorough knowledge of this important subject. The section on the teeth has also been especially prepared to meet the requirements of students of dentistry.

In its preparation, Gray’s “Anatomy” (last edition), edited by Keen, being the anatomical work most used, has been taken as the standard.

The following Publications sold only by Subscription, or Sent Direct on Receipt of Price, Shipping Expenses Prepaid.

Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences. A Yearly Report of the Process of the General Sanitary Sciences Throughout the World.

Edited by Charles E. Sajous, M.D., formerly Lecturer on Laryngology and Rhinology in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, etc., and Seventy Associate Editors, assisted by over Two hundred Corresponding Editors and Collaborators. In Five Royal Octavo Volumes of about 500 pages each, bound in Cloth and Half-Russia, Magnificently Illustrated with Chromo-Lithographs, Engravings, Maps, Charts, and Diagrams. Being intended to enable any physician to possess, at a moderate cost, a complete Contemporary History of Universal Medicine, edited by many of America’s ablest teachers, and superior in every detail of print, paper, binding, etc., a befitting continuation of such great works as “Pepper’s System of Medicine,” “Ashhurst’s International Encyclopædia of Surgery,” “Buck’s Reference Hand-Book of the Medical Sciences.”

The Satellite of the “Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences.” A Monthly Review of the most important articles upon the practical branches of Medicine appearing in the medical press at large, edited by the Chief Editor of the Annual and an able staff. Published in connection with the Annual, and for its Subscribers Only.

Lectures on Nervous Diseases. From the Stand-point of Cerebral and Spinal Localization, and the Later Methods Employed in the Diagnosis and Treatment of these Affections.

By Ambrose L. Ranney, A.M., M.D., Professor of the Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in the New York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital; Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases in the Medical Department of the University of Vermont, etc.; Author of “The Applied Anatomy of the Nervous System,” “Practical Medical Anatomy,” etc., etc. Profusely Illustrated with Original Diagrams and Sketches in Color by the author, carefully selected Wood-Engravings, and Reproduced Photographs of Typical Cases. One handsome Royal Octavo volume of 780 pages.

Lectures on the Diseases of the Nose and Throat. Delivered at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia.

By Charles E. Sajous, M.D., formerly Lecturer on Rhinology and Laryngology in Jefferson Medical College; Vice-President of the American Laryngological Association; Officer of the Academy of France and of Public Instruction of Venezuela; Corresponding Member of the Royal Society of Belgium, of the Medical Society of Warsaw (Poland), and of the Society of Hygiene of France; Member of the American Philosophical Society, etc., etc. Illustrated with 100 Chromo-Lithographs, from Oil-Paintings by the author, and 93 Engravings on Wood. One handsome Royal Octavo volume.

Stanton’s Practical and Scientific Physiognomy; or How to Read Faces.

By Mary Olmsted Stanton. Copiously Illustrated. Two large Octavo volumes.

The author, Mrs. Mary O. Stanton, has given over twenty years to the preparation of this work. Her style is easy, and, by her happy method of illustration of every point, the book reads like a novel and memorizes itself. To physicians the diagnostic information conveyed is invaluable. To the general reader each page opens a new train of ideas. (This book has no reference whatever to Phrenology.)

Sold only by Subscription, or sent direct on receipt of price, shipping expenses prepaid.

Journal of Laryngology and Rhinology.

Issued on the First of Each Month. Edited by Dr. Norris Wolfenden, of London, and Dr. John Macintyre, of Glasgow, with the active aid and co-operation of Drs. Dundas Grant, Barclay J. Baron, Hunter Mackenzie, and Sir Morell Mackenzie. Besides those specialists in Europe and America who have so ably assisted in the collaboration of the Journal, a number of new correspondents have undertaken to assist the Editors in keeping the Journal up to date, and furnishing it with matters of interest. Amongst these are: Drs. Sajous, of Philadelphia; Middlemass Hunt, of Liverpool; Mellow, of Rio Janeiro; Sedziak, of Warsaw; Draispul, of St. Petersburg, etc. Drs. Michael, Joal, Holger Mygind, Prof. Massei, and Dr. Valerius Idelson will still collaborate the literature of their respective countries.

Price, 13s. or $3.00 per annum (inclusive of Postage). For single copies, however, a charge of 1s. 3d. (30 Cents) will be made. Sample Copy, 25 Cents.

The Medical Bulletin.

Edited by John V. Shoemaker, A.M., M.D. Monthly; $1.00 a year. Bright, Original, and Readable. Articles by the best practical writers procurable. Every article as brief as is consistent with the preservation of its scientific value. Therapeutic notes by the leaders of the medical profession throughout the world. These and many other unique features help to keep The Medical Bulletin in its present position as the leading low-priced Medical Monthly of the world. Subscribe now!

TERMS, $1.00 A YEAR IN ADVANCE

In United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Foreign Subscription Terms.

ENGLAND, 5 Shillings.

AUSTRALIA, 5 Shillings.

FRANCE, 6 Francs.

JAPAN, 1 Yen.

GERMANY, 5 Marks.

HOLLAND, 3 Florins.