Appendix
(to accompany p. 253).
Rhythmus Herradis Abatissae per quem Hohenburgenses virgunculas amabiliter salutat et ad veri sponsi fidem dilectionemque salubriter invitat.
Salve cohors virginum
Hohenburgiensium,
Albens quasi lilium
Amans dei filium.
Herrat devotissima,
Tua fidelissima,
Mater et ancillula,
Cantat tibi cantica.
Te salutat millies
Et exoptat indies,
Ut laeta victoria
Vincas transitoria.
O multorum speculum,
Sperne, sperne seculum,
Virtutes accumula,
Veri sponsi turmula.
Insistas luctamine,
Diros hostes sternere,
Te rex regum adjuvat,
Quia te desiderat.
Ipse tuum animum
Firmat contra Zabulum.
Ipse post victoriam
Dabit regni gloriam.
Te decent deliciae,
Debentur divitiae,
Tibi coeli curia,
Servat bona plurima.
Christus parat nuptias
Miras per delicias,
Hunc expectes principem
Te servando virginem.
Interim monilia
Circum des nobilia,
Et exornes faciem
Mentis purgans aciem.
Christus odit maculas,
Rugas spernit vetulas,
Pulchras vult virgunculas,
Turpes pellit feminas.
Fide cum turturea
Sponsum istum reclama,
Ut tua formositas
Fiat perpes claritas.
Vivens sine fraudibus
Es monenda laudibus,
Ut consummes optima
Tua gradus opera.
Ne vacilles dubia
Inter mundi flumina,
Verax deus praemia
Spondet post pericula.
Patere nunc aspera
Mundi spernens prospera.
Nunc sis crucis socia,
Regni consors postea.
Per hoc mare naviga,
Sanctitate gravida,
Dum de navi exeas
Sion sanctam teneas.
Sion turris coelica
Bella tenens atria,
Tibi fiat statio,
Acto vitae spatio.
Ibi rex virgineus
Et Mariae filius
Amplectens te reclamet
A moerore relevet.
Parvi pendens omnia
Tentatoris jocula,
Tunc gaudebis pleniter
Jubilando suaviter.
Stella maris fulgida,
Virgo mater unica,
Te conjugat filio
Foedere perpetuo.
Et me tecum trahere
Non cesses praecamine,
Ad sponsum dulcissimum
Virginalem filium.
Ut tuae victoriae,
Tuae magnae gloriae,
Particeps inveniat
De terrenis eruat.
Vale casta concio,
Mea jubilatio,
Vivas sine crimine,
Christum semper dilige.
Sit hic liber utilis,
Tibi delectabilis
Et non cesses volvere
Hunc in tuo pectore.
Ne more struthineo
Surrepat oblivio,
Et ne viam deseras
Antequam provenias.
Amen Amen Amen
Amen Amen Amen
Amen Amen Amen
Amen Amen Amen.
Footnotes
1 The literature on this subject is daily accumulating. Among older authorities are Bachofen, Das Mutterrecht, 1861; Zmigrodski, Die Mutter bei den Völkern des arischen Stammes, 1886; Pearson, K., Ethic of Free Thought, 1888.
2 Kriegk, G. L., Deutsches Bürgerthum im Mittelalter, 1868, ch. 12-15.
3 Gregorius Tur., Hist. Eccles. 5, ch. 14, 16, 19.
4 Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 78.
5 Ibid. p. 881 ff.
6 Wuttke, Deutscher Volksaberglaube, 1869, p. 141; Weinhold, K., Deutsche Frauen, 1882, vol. 1, p. 73.
7 Rochholz, E. L., Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, p. 191.
8 Menzel, Christliche Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Haar.’
9 A. SS. Boll., St Gunthildis, Sept. 12.
10 Bouquet, Recueil Hist., vol. 5, p. 690. Capitulare incerti anni, nr 6, ‘ut mulieres ad altare non ingrediantur.’
11 Montalembert, Monks of the West, 1, p. 359.
12 Jameson, Legends of the Madonna, 1857, Introd. xix.
13 Rhys, J., Lectures on the origin and growth of religion as illustrated by Celtic Heathendom, 1888, p. 102.
14 Frantz, C., Versuch einer Geschichte des Marien und Annencultus, 1854, p. 54 ff.
15 Froissart, Chronicle, c. 162, in English translation; also Oberle, K. A., Ueberreste germ. Heidentums im Christentum, 1883, p. 153.
16 Menzel, Christ. Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Baum.’
17 Oberle, K. A., Ueberreste germ. Heidentums im Christentum, 1883, p. 144.
18 Menzel, Christl. Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Himmelfahrt.’
19 Ibid., article ‘Frauenberg’; also Oberle, K. A., Ueberreste germ. Heidentums im Christentum, 1883, p. 38.
20 Rochholz, Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, p. 81, calls it Walburg; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Traditions et légendes de la Belgique, 1870, p. 286, calls it Fro or Frigg.
21 Simrock, K., Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie, 1887, p. 379; also Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 257.
22 Comp. below, p. 35.
23 Bede, Ecclesiastical History, 1, ch. 30.
24 On English calendars, Piper, F., Kalendarien und Martyrologien der Angelsachsen, 1862; Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887.
25 Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858-62, vol. 2, Einleitung.
26 For France, Guettée, Histoire de l’Église de France, 1847-55, vol. 1, p. 1; for England, Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, pp. 1 ff.; for Germany, Friedrich, Kirchengeschichte, 1867, vol. 1, pp. 86 ff.
27 Ducange, Glossarium: ‘coenobium.’
28 Dupuy, A., Histoire de S. Martin, 1852, p. 176.
29 Gildas, Epistle, c. 66.
30 In Ireland we hear of nunneries founded by St Bridget in the fifth century, the chief of which was at Kildare; also that this saint crossed the Irish Sea and founded nunneries at Glastonbury in England and at Abernethy in Scotland. The accounts of the work of Bridget are numerous, but have not been subjected to criticism. Comp. A. SS. Boll., St Brigida, Feb. 1, and Lanigan, Eccles. History of Ireland, 1829, 1, pp. 377 ff.
31 Ambrosius, Opera (edit. Migne, Patrol. Cursus Comp. vol. 16), De virginibus, p. 187; (vol. 17) Ad virginem devotam, p. 579.
32 Hilarius, Opera (edit. Migne, vol. 10), Ad Abram, p. 547.
33 Blunt, J. J., Vestiges of Ancient Manners in Italy and Sicily, 1823, pp. 56 ff.
34 Menzel, W., Christl. Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Brust,’ makes this statement. I do not see where he takes it from.
35 A. SS. Boll., St Agatha, Feb. 5.
36 A. SS. Boll., St Agnes, Jan. 21; St Rosalia, Sept. 4.
37 A. SS. Boll., St Cunera, June 12.
38 Kist, N. C., in Kerkhistorisch Archiv, Amsterdam, 1858, vol. 2, p. 20.
39 Vita St Meinwerci, bishop of Paderborn (1009-39), written about 1155 (Potthast), c. 37.
40 Hautcœur, Actes de Ste Pharailde, 1882, Introduction, p. xc.
41 A. SS. Boll., Gloria posthuma St Bavonis, Oct. 1, p. 261.
42 Wauters, A., Histoire des environs de Bruxelles, 1852, vol. 3, pp. 111, 123 ff.
43 A. SS. Boll., Vita St Leodgarii, Oct. 2.
44 Roth, K. L., ‘St Odilienberg’ in Alsatia, 1856, pp. 91 ff.
45 Bonnell, H. E., Anfänge des karolingischen Hauses, 1866, pp. 51, 149 etc. It is noticeable that another woman-saint Ida (A. SS. Boll., St Ida, June 20) figures as ancestral mother of the Liudolfings, who became kings in Saxony and emperors of Germany, comp. Waitz, Jahrbücher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich I. 1863, Nachtrag I.
46 Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 207.
47 Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858-82.
48 Lebensgeschichte der heil. Othilia. Freiburg, 1852.
49 Alsatia, 1858-60, p. 268, contains local stories.
50 Roth, K. L., ‘St Odilienberg’ in Alsatia, 1856, p. 95.
51 Menzel, Christliche Symbolik, article ‘Knieen.’
52 Du Bois de Beauchesne, Madame Ste Notburg, 1888, pp. 85, 197 etc. Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, and A. SS. Boll. so far, omit her.
53 Lefebure, F. A., Ste Godeleine et son culte, 1888. A. SS. Boll., St Godelewa, July 6.
54 Wonderlyk Leven. Cortryk 1800, anon., pp. 42, 45 etc.
55 Comp. below, ch. 4, § 2.
56 Rochholz, L., Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, pp. 26, 80 etc.
57 Simrock, K., Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie, p. 389.
58 Clouet, Histoire de Verdun, p. 180; A. SS. Boll., St Lucie, Sept. 9.
59 A. SS. Boll., St Germana, Oct. 1; Husenbeth, F. C., Emblems of the Saints, 1882.
60 Rochholz, L., Drei Gaugöttinnen, p. 164.
61 Zacher, J., St Genovefa Pfalzgräfin, 1860, p. 55.
62 Menzel, Christliche Symbolik, article ‘Aehre,’ refers to Notre Dame de trois épis in Elsass.
63 Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, St Nothburga, nr 2.
64 Wauters, A., Histoire des environs de Bruxelles, 1, p. 302; Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, 1844, p. 76.
65 A. SS. Boll., St Alena, June 19; Menzel, W., Christliche Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Arm.’ Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, 1844, June 19.
66 Corémans, L’année etc., p. 77.
67 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Traditions et légendes de la Belgique, 1870, vol. 1, p. 99.
68 A. SS. Boll., St Gunthildis, Sept. 22.
69 Imagines SS. Augustanorum, 1601; also Stadler and Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, St Radegundis, nr 3.
70 Pharaildis has been depicted with one, A. SS. Boll., St Pharaildis, Jan. 4; also Verena, comp. below.
71 Husenbeth, F. C., Emblems of the Saints, 1870, mentions one instance.
72 Rochholz, Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, p. 7.
73 Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon; A. SS. Boll., St Rolendis, May 13.
74 A. SS. Boll., St Edigna, Feb. 26.
75 A. SS. Boll., St Christiane, July 26.
76 Rochholz, L., Drei Gaugöttinnen, p. 37.
77 Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858-82, St Radegundis, nr 3.
78 Ibid., Appendix, p. 998, footnote.
79 Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Regina, nr 4.
80 Kist, N. C., ‘Reenensche Kuneralegende’ in Kerkhistorisch Archiv, Amsterdam, 1858, vol. 2, p. 5.
81 Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Sura.
82 A. SS. Boll., St Germana, Oct. 1.
83 Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, 1848, pp. 5 ff., 272 ff.
84 Capgrave, Catalogus SS. Angliae, 1516.
85 Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887.
86 Capgrave, Catalogus SS. Angliae, 1516. Comp. Surius, Vitae SS. 1617.
87 Hautcœur, Actes de Ste Pharailde, 1882, Introd. cxxviiii.
88 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Traditions et légendes de la Belgique, 1870, vol. 1, p. 288.
89 Lefebure, Ste Godeleine et son culte, p. 209.
90 Wauters, A., Histoire des environs de Bruxelles, 1852, vol. 1, p. 304.
91 Rochholz, Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, p. 154.
92 Potthast, Wegweiser durch die Geschichtszwerke des europ. Mittelalters, 1862; Rochholz, loc. cit., p. 108, prints an early poetic version of the story in the vernacular.
93 Simrock, K., Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie, 1887, p. 393.
94 Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 254, footnote.
95 Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, pp. 61, 113, 158.
96 Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 252.
97 Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, p. 76; Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, and the A. SS. Boll. pass her over.
98 Wessely, J. G., Iconographie Gottes und der Heiligen, 1874.
99 A. SS. Boll., St Afra, Aug. 5.
100 Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 242.
101 Velserus, Antiqua monumenta, Chronica der Stadt Augsp. 1595; pp. 4, 14, 17, 32, 88.
102 Rettberg, F. W., Kirchengeschichte, 1846, vol. 1, p. 147.
103 Friedrich, Kirchengeschichte, 1867, vol. 1, p. 413.
104 Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Notburg, nr 1. A. SS. Boll., St Notburga, Jan. 26.
105 Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, Appendix, St Achachildis.
106 Birlinger, A., Schwäbische Sagen, vol. 2, p. 341.
107 Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Radegundis, nr 3.
108 Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 896.
109 Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Kumernissa.
110 A. SS. Boll., St Liberata, July 20.
111 Sloet, De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884.
112 I cannot account for the presence of the beard; St Paula, venerated at Avila in Spain, is also represented with one (Stadler und Heim). Macrobius (Sal. bk 3, c. 8) tells us that the Venus Barbata was represented in Cyprus in the form of a man with a beard and wearing female clothing, which shows that goddesses of this type were venerated during heathen times.
113 Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythol. 1875, p. 896.
114 Sloet, De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884, p. 36.
115 Menzel, W., Christl. Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Bart.’
116 Sloet, De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884, pp. 31, 33, 36, 42 etc.
117 Ibid. p. 32.
118 Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Liberata, footnote, p. 807.
119 Sloet, De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884, pp. 5, 50 etc. Ellis, H., Original Letters, series III, vol. 3, p. 194, quotes the following sentence from Michael Woddes, Dialogues, 1554: ‘... if a wife were weary of her husband she offered Otes at Poules (St Paul’s) at London to St Uncumber,’ a proof that the veneration of Ontkommer had found its way into England.
120 Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, 1848, pp. 5 ff., 272 ff.
121 Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, 1844, p. 149.
122 Simrock, K., Handbuch der deutschen Myth., 1887, p. 344.
123 Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, p. 23.
124 Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, 1844, p. 148.
125 Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, pp. 69 ff.
126 Cradles are frequently kept in churches in Bavaria, and form, I am told, part of the furniture which was formerly used at the celebration of the Nativity play at Christmas (Weihnachtskrippenspiel).
127 Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, p. 273.
128 Simrock, K., Handbuch der deutschen Myth., 1887, pp. 344, 349, gives lists of their names.
129 Grimm, Wörterbuch, ‘Bett’; Mannhardt, W., Germanische Mythen, 1858, p. 644.
130 Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Mythol., 1848, p. 180.
131 A. SS. Boll., St Einbetta, Sept. 16.
132 A. SS. Boll., St Kunegundis, June 16.
133 Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, p. 379.
134 Menck-Dittmarsch, Des Moselthals Sagen, 1840, pp. 178, 258.
135 Grimm, Wörterbuch, ‘Marge.’
136 Lersch, Centralmuseum rheinl. Inschriften, vol. 1, p. 23; also Jahrbücher des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande, Bonn: J. 1852, Freudenberg, ‘Darstellungen der Matres oder Matronae’; J. 1853, ‘Neue Matronensteine’; J. 1857, Eick, ‘Matronensteine’; J. 1858, Becker, ‘Beiträge’ etc.
137 Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Lufthildis.
138 Ibid. St Rolendis.
139 A. SS. Boll., St Cunera, June 12.
140 Fustel de Coulanges, L’invasion germanique, 1891; Gérard, P. A. F., Histoire des Francs d’Austrasie, 1864; Ozanam, Civilisation chrétienne chez les Francs, 1855.
141 A. SS. Boll., St Caesaria, Jan. 12, Regula, pp. 730-737; also A. SS. Boll., St Caesarius episcopus, Aug. 27.
142 A. SS. Boll., St Caesaria, Jan. 12, Regula, c. 66.
143 Guettée, Histoire de l’Église de France, 1847, vol. 2, 46; Labbé, Sacr. Conc. Collectio, Conc. Agathense, canon nr 19.
144 Guettée, Histoire de l’Église de France, 1847, vol. 2, p. 109.
145 Keller, Ch., Étude critique sur le texte de la vie de Ste Geneviève, 1881; also A. SS. Boll., St Genovefa, Jan. 3.
146 Darboy, Mgr, Sainte Clothilde, 1865; also A. SS. Boll., St Chrothildis, June 3.
147 Giesebrecht, W., Fränkische Geschichte des Gregorius, 1851, Einleitung xviii.
148 Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 106 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Completus, vol. 71).
149 Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Martyrum, ch. 5 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 71).
150 A. SS. Boll., St Radegundis, Aug. 13 (contains both these accounts).
151 Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887.
152 Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 9, ch. 42.
153 Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 3, ch. 7; Fortunatus, Vita, ch. 2-4.
154 Giesebrecht, W., Fränkische Geschichte des Gregorius, 1851, appendix.
155 Fortunatus, Vita, ch. 3.
156 Ibid., ch. 10.
157 Ibid., ch. 5.
158 Baudonivia, Vita, ch. 2.
159 A. SS. Boll., St Medardus, June 8.
160 Commentators are much exercised by this summary breaking of the marriage tie; some urge that Radegund’s union had not been blessed by the Church. In the A. SS. it is argued that the Gallic bishop Medardus in pronouncing her divorce acted in ignorance of certain canons of the Church.
161 Fortunatus, Vita, c. 10.
162 Ibid., ch. 11; Baudonivia, Vita, ch. 6.
163 Ibid., Vita, ch. 12.
164 Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, Johannes, nr 52; Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 23.
165 Fortunatus, Vita, ch. 26.
166 Lucchi, Vie de Venantius Fortunatus, ch. 85 (in Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887).
167 Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 106.
168 Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, note 111, 3, p. 214.
169 Gérard, P. A. F., Histoire des Francs d’Austrasie, 1864, vol. 1, p. 272.
170 Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 9, ch. 40.
171 Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, note 11, 1, p. 76.
172 Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 8, ch. 40.
173 Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 7, ch. 36.
174 Baudonivia, Vita, c. 11.
175 Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, bk 10, nr 9.
176 Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, bk 2, nr 16.
177 Ibid., bk 6, nr 1.
178 Mone, F. J., Lateinische Hymnen des Mittelalters, 1853-5, vol 1, 101; Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, note, p. 76.
179 Fortunatus, Opera poetica, Appendix, nr 2.
180 Ibid., bk 8, nr 1.
181 Fortunatus, Opera poetica, note 9, p. 213.
182 Ibid., Appendix, nr 16.
183 Ibid., nr 31.
184 Nisard, Ch., Des poesies de Radegonde attribuées jusqu’ici à Fortunat, 1889, p. 5.
185 Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, note 111, 2, 3, etc., p. 284.
186 Ibid., ‘De Excidio Thoringiae,’ Appendix, nr 1.
187 Fortunatus, Opera poetica, Appendix, nr 3.
188 Ibid., bk 8, nr 8.
189 Ibid., bk 8, nr 6.
190 Ibid., bk 11, nr 10.
191 Ibid., bk 11, nr 9.
192 Fortunatus, Opera poetica, bk 11, nr 11.
193 Ibid., bk 11, nr 22.
194 Ibid., bk 11, nr 8.
195 Ibid., bk 11, nr 6.
196 Ibid., Appendix, nr 21.
197 Ibid., bk 11, nr 2.
198 Ibid., bk 11, nr 7.
199 Ibid., Appendix, nr 15.
200 Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 106.
201 Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc., bk 9, chs. 39-44; bk 10, chs. 15-17, 20.
202 Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc., bk 9, ch. 39.
203 Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc., bk 9, ch. 41.
204 Ibid., bk 10, ch. 15.
205 Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc., bk 9, ch. 33; bk 10, ch. 12.
206 A. SS. Boll., St Vedastus, Feb. 6.
207 A. SS. Boll., St Eleutherius, Feb. 20, Vita 1, ch. 3 (Potthast, Wegweiser: ‘Vita auctore anonymo sed antiquo’).
208 Gérard, P. A. F., Histoire des Francs d’Austrasie, 1864, vol. 1, p. 384.
209 Comp. throughout A. SS. Boll., St Wandregisilus, July 22; St Waningus, Jan. 9, etc.
210 Drapeyron, L., La reine Brunehilde, 1867.
211 Gregorius, Papa, Epistolae, liber 9, epist. 109 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl. vol. 77).
212 St Columban who went abroad and died in 615 should be kept distinct from St Columba who died in 597, sometimes also called Columban. Both of them wrote rules for monks (cf. Dictionary of Nat. Biography).
213 Bouquet, Recueil Hist., vol. 3, p. 478.
214 A. SS. Boll., St Desiderius, May 23.
215 Guettée, Histoire de l’Église de France, vol. 1, p. 317.
216 Opinions differ as to the original form of the rule of St Benedict. Comp. Benedictus, Opera, pp. 204 ff. (in Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Complet., vol. 66).
217 A. SS. Boll., St Filibertus, Aug. 20.
218 Roth, P., Geschichte des Beneficialwesens, 1850, Appendix, gives the Charter.
219 Roth, P., Geschichte des Beneficialwesens, 1850, p. 249.
220 A. SS. Boll., St Bathildis, Jan. 26 (contains both accounts).
221 Roth, P., Geschichte des Beneficialwesens, 1850, p. 86.
222 A. SS. Boll., St Bathildis, Jan. 26; Vita 11., ch. 14.
223 A. SS. Boll., ibid., St Aurea, Oct. 4.
224 Ibid., St Filibertus, Aug. 20, Vita, ch. 5.
225 Ibid., St Austreberta, Feb. 10.
226 Regnault, Vie de Ste Fare, 1626.
227 A. SS. Boll., St Teclechildis, Oct. 10.
228 A. SS. Boll., St Bertilia, Jan. 3.
229 Ibid., St Salaberga, Sept. 22, Vita, ch. 8.
230 Ibid., St Austrudis, Oct. 17.
231 Bede, Hist. Eccles., bk 3, ch. 8; bk 4, ch. 23. Comp. below, ch. 3, § 1.
232 History of the Anglo-Saxons, transl. Thorpe, 1845, vol. 2, p. 247.
233 Raine, Historians of the Church of York. Rolls series, vol. 1, Preface, p. xxiii.
234 It is probable such settlements existed. Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 3, p. 302, holds a religious foundation to have existed in Tinmouth founded 617-33, but in Bede, Life of Cuthbert, transl. Stevenson, T., 1887, ch. 3, it is referred to as a monastery formerly of men, now of ‘virgins.’
235 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Folkestone,’ vol. 1, p. 451.
236 Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 226: ‘the life of Eanswith cannot be traced to any earlier authority than John of Tinmouth († c. 1380) whose account Capgrave († 1484) embodied in his collection of saints’ lives.’ The work of Capgrave, Catalogus SS. Angliae, was printed in 1516; the Kalendre of the newe Legende of Englande, printed 1516 (Pynson), from which expressions are quoted in the text, is an abridged translation of it into English.
237 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Folkestone,’ vol. 1, p. 451, nr 2.
238 Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography, 1880, ‘Eanswitha’; also A. SS. Boll., St Eanswida, Aug. 31.
239 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Liming,’ vol. 1, p. 452.
240 Jenkins, R. C., in Gentleman’s Magazine, 1862, August, p. 196 quotes this statement; I do not see where he takes it from.
241 Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 144.
242 Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 475.
243 Gocelinus, Vita St Wereburgae, c. 1 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 155).
244 Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 130 footnote.
245 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Sheppey,’ vol. 2, p. 49.
246 Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 123.
247 Bede, Hist. Eccles., bk 3, ch. 8, transl. Gidley, 1870.
248 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Thanet,’ vol. 1, p. 447; Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, on lives of St Mildred, vol. 1, p. 376; A. SS. Boll., St Mildreda, July 13.
249 Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, July 13.
250 Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography, article ‘Mildred’ by Bishop Stubbs.
251 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Thanet,’ vol. 1, p. 447.
252 A. SS. Boll., St Milburga, Feb. 23.
253 Ibid., St Mildwida, Jan. 17.
254 Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, Jan. 17.
255 ‘Lives of Women Saints’ (written about 1610) p. 64, edited by Horstman for the Early Engl. Text Soc., London, 1887.
256 Haddon and Stubbs, Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents, 1869, vol. 3, p. 240.
257 ‘Upmynstre, Suthmynstre, Folcanstan, Limming, Sceppeis.’
258 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Whitby,’ vol. 1, p. 405.
259 Bede, Eccl. Hist., bk 4, ch. 23 transl. Gidley, 1870. Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Hartlepool,’ vol. 6, p. 1618, places the foundation about the year 640.
260 Bede, Eccl. Hist. bk 3, chs. 24-25; bk 4, chs. 23-24.
261 A. SS. Boll., St Bega, Sept. 6; Tomlinson, G. C., Life and Miracles of St Bega, 1839.
262 Carthularium abbathiae de Whiteby, publ. Surtees Soc., 1879.
263 Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 23, translat. Gidley, 1870, with additions and alterations.
264 Bede, Eccles. History, bk 5, ch. 3.
265 Bede, Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 10; Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 1, p. 233, mentions Easington only as a manor of Durham.
266 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Hackness,’ vol. 3, p. 633.
267 Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 23.
268 Dictionary of Nat. Biography, article ‘Caedmon’ by Henry Bradley.
269 Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 24, transl. Gidley, 1870.
270 Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’ Yorksh. Archaeolog. Journal, vol. 3, p. 370. I do not know on what authority Haigh designates Heiu as saint.
271 Gray, de Birch, Fasti Monastici Aevi Saxonici, 1872, p. 15.
272 Comp. below, p. 106.
273 Charlton, L., History of Whitby, 1779, p. 33.
274 Raine, Historians of the Church of York, Rolls series, vol. 1, Preface p. xxvii. This volume contains reprints of several accounts of the life of Wilfrith, including the one by Eddi.
275 A. SS. Boll., St Withburga, March 17; Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘East Dereham,’ vol. 2, p. 176.
276 Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’ Yorkshire Archaeol. Journal, vol. 3, p. 352, decides in favour of Aethelric.
277 Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 235.
278 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Coldingham,’ vol. 6, p. 149. The promontory of St Abb’s Head retains her name. She is believed to have founded another religious settlement at a place in Durham on the river Derwent called Ebbchester, and the village church there is dedicated to her (Dict. of Nat. Biog.).
279 Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 19.
280 A. SS. Boll., St Etheldreda June 23, Thomas of Ely, Vita ch. 41.
281 Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 252 footnote.
282 Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 19.
283 Kalendre of the newe Legende of Englande, printed 1516 (Pynson) fol. 39 b.
284 Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 19.
285 Dictionary of National Biography, ‘Etheldreda, Saint.’
286 Bentham, History of Ely, 1817, p. 9.
287 Gocelinus, Vita St Wereburgae (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl. vol. 155).
288 Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 49, calls it Weedon in Northamptonshire; Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wedon,’ vol. 6, p. 1051, doubts its existence.
289 Life of St Werburgh, 1521, reprinted for the Early Engl. Text Soc., 1887.
290 Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 49.
291 Livien, E. ‘On early religious houses in Staffordshire,’ Journal of the British Archaeolog. Assoc., vol. 29, p. 329. (The widespread cult of St Werburg may be due to there having been several saints of this name; comp. Stanton, R., Menology.)
292 Eddi, Vita, c. 34 (in Raine, Historians of the Church of York, Rolls series).
293 Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 300, casts discredit on this story, which is told by Eddi, Vita, c. 38.
294 Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, pp. 301 ff.
295 Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, pp. 297 ff.
296 Bede, Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 10.
297 Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 25.
298 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives 679 as the date of the fire; Eddi’s account represents Aebbe as alive in 681. Perhaps she died in 680; comp. Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography, 1877, Ebba, nr 1; also Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 300, footnote.
299 Bright, W., ibid., p. 255, footnote.
300 Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 312.
301 Bede, Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 23.
302 Bede, Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 34.
303 Ibid., ch. 24.
304 Psalm lxxxix. 10 (The Vulgate here follows the LXX.; it would be interesting to know what sense they or indeed Bede gave to the passage).
305 Eccles. xi. 8.
306 Bede, Eccles. Hist., bk 4, ch. 26.
307 Eddi, Vita, c. 43.
308 Bright, W., Early English History, 1878, p. 448, from 686-691.
309 Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’ Yorksh. Archaeol. Journal, vol. 3, p. 375.
310 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Peterborough,’ vol. 1, p. 377, nr 2, prints the charter.
311 Gough, R., Parochial History of Castor, 1819, p. 99.
312 ‘Cum beatissimis sororibus meis Kyneburga et Kyneswida, quarum prior regina mutavit imperium in Christi ancillarum praesidens monasterio... etc.’
313 Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 370.
314 A. SS. Boll., St Kineburga et St Kineswitha, virgines, March 6, argue the existence of a third sister.
315 Camden, Britannia, edit. 1789, vol. 2, pp. 219, 223.
316 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Repton,’ vol. 6, p. 429; the abbesses he mentions should stand in this order: Alfritha, Edburga.
317 Haddon and Stubbs, Councils and Eccles. Documents, 1869, vol. 3, p. 273.
318 Ibid., vol. 3, p. 274.
319 Birch, W. de Gray, Memorials of St Guthlac of Crowland, 1881.
320 A. SS. Boll., St Guthlac, April 11; Felix, Vita, c. 12.
321 Felix, Vita, c. 33.
322 Ibid., ‘Egburgh abbatissa, Aldulfi regis filia’; Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography, 1877, call her ‘Eadburga (nr 3)’; two abbesses Ecgburh occur in the Durham list of abbesses, comp. Gray, W. de Birch, Fasti Monastici Aevi Saxonici, 1872, p. 70.
323 Comp. below, ch. 4, § 1.
324 Holdich, B., History of Crowland Abbey, 1816, p. 2.
325 Gray, W. de Birch, Memorials of St Guthlac of Crowland, 1881, Introd. p. l, footnote.
326 Brit. Mus. MS. Harleian Roll, Y 6, reproduced Gray, W. de Birch, Memorials of St Guthlac of Crowland, 1881, pp. 14, 16, etc.
327 Goodwin, C. W., The Anglo-Saxon version of the life of St Guthlac, 1848, p. 93.
328 A. SS. Boll., St Pega sive Pegia, Jan. 8.
329 A. SS. Boll., St Ositha, Oct. 7.
330 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Chich Priory,’ vol. 6, p. 308.
331 Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, vol. 1, pp. 524 ff.
332 A. SS. Boll., St Frideswida, Oct. 19; Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Christ Church,’ vol. 2, p. 134.
333 Dictionary of National Biography, Frideswide.
334 Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 137: ‘we have no records of Osburg till 1410.’
335 Ibid., p. 310: ‘there is much obscurity in the history of St Modwenna. It seems that she must be distinguished from one or perhaps two other Irish saints....’ Also Livien, E., ‘On early religious houses in Staffordshire’ in Journal of the British Archaeol. Association, vol. 29, p. 333; Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, pp. 94 ff.
336 Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 328.
337 Bede, Eccles. Hist., bk 4, chs. 7-10.
338 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 436.
339 A. SS. Boll., St Ethelburga, Oct. 11; Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, p. 485.
340 Stanton, R., Menology, calls her Theorigitha but says, p. 36, that she has no day.
341 A. SS. Boll., St Hildelitha, March 24.
342 Bede, Eccles. Hist., bk 5, ch. 18.
343 Capgrave, T., Catalogus SS. Angliae, 1516, fol. 10, b.
344 Monumenta Moguntina, edit. Jaffé, Epist. nr 2, written between 675 and 705; Giles (Aldhelm, Opera Omnia, 1844, p. 90) calls her Osgith, a name which occurs several times in the Durham ‘Liber Vitae.’
345 Aldhelm, Opera, edit. Giles, 1844, p. 103.
346 Ibid., p. 115, De Basilica, etc.
347 Ibid., p. 135, De Laudibus Virginum (it is not known over which house Maxima presided); p. 203, De octo Principalibus Vitiis.
348 Ibid., p. 1, De Laudibus Virginitatis (chapter references in the text are to this edition).
349 Mediaeval exegesis interpreted in these four ways, comp. Cassian Erem., De Spiritu Sc., c. 8.
350 I take ‘crustu’ to go with ‘crusta,’ comp. Ducange.
351 Monumenta Moguntina, edit. Jaffé, Epist. nr 70.
352 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Sherbourne,’ vol. 1, p. 331, footnote K.
353 Will. of Malmesbury, History, c. 31.
354 Dict. of Nat. Biography, ‘Aldhelm.’
355 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wimbourne,’ vol. 2, p. 88.
356 A. SS. Boll., St Cuthberga, Aug. 31.
357 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wimbourne,’ vol. 2, p. 88.
358 Opera edit. Giles, 1844, p. 216; Dict. of Nat. Biog., ‘Aldfrith,’ he is sometimes called Alfred.
359 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wimbourne,’ vol. 2, p. 89, nr 2.
360 Brit. Mus. MSS. Lansdowne, 436 f., 38 b.
361 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Tetbury,’ vol. 6, p. 1619.
362 A. SS. Boll., St Lioba, Sept. 28, c. 2.
363 Arndt, W., Introd. to translation into German (in Pertz, Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit, Jahrhundert 8, Band 2), p. xix.
364 Epist. nr 12. The only edition of the letters of Boniface which attempts chronological order is that of Jaffé, Ph., Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, the numeration of which I have followed. Additional remarks on the dates of some of the letters are contained in Hahn, H., Bonifaz und Lull, ihre angelsächsischen Correspondenten, 1883.
365 Willibaldus presb., Vita Bonifacii, edit. Jaffé, Ph., Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, pp. 422-506, c. 2.
366 Whether Eadburg of Thanet is identical with St Eadburga buried at Liming (comp. p. 84), is uncertain.
367 Epist. nr 10.
368 Epist. nr 112.
369 Epist. nr 32, written 735 (Jaffé); after 732 (Hahn).
370 Epist. nr 75.
371 Epist. nr 31.
372 Epist. nr 62.
373 Epist. nr 76.
374 Epist. nr 22, written 722 (Jaffé).
375 Epist. nr 39.
376 Epist. nr 46.
377 Epist. nr 72, 2 Cor. vii. 5.
378 Epist. nr 73.
379 Comp. Ps. cxix. 105.
380 Epist. nr 87.
381 Epist. nr 8; written between 709 and 712 (Hahn). Boniface is known to have travelled in the district of the Mosel; there is no other reason why this letter should be included in the correspondence.
382 John xv. 12.
383 Epist. nr 59; written 745 (Hahn).
384 Epist. nr 60.
385 Epist. nr 61.
386 Epist. nr 70; written after 748 (Hahn).
387 Epist. nr 13, written 717-19 (Hahn).
388 Jaffé, Ph., loc. cit., footnote, p. 64, quotes the lines Virg. Aen., 11. 369-70, of which this sentence seems an adaptation.
389 Comp. Psalm i. 2.
390 Romans x. 15.
391 Matth. xxv. 36.
392 Comp. Matth. xix. 28.
393 Epist. nr 14, written 719-22 (Jaffé). Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’ in Yorkshire Archaeol. Journal, vol. 3, p. 377, speaks of her as Cangith and holds her to have been abbess of Hackness.
394 Birch, W. de Gray, Fasti Monastici Aevi Saxonici, 1872, p. 68.
395 Matth. vii. 25.
396 Comp. Luc. xiv. 31.
397 Wisdom vi. 7 (Vulgate).
398 Wisdom iv. 12 (Vulgate).
399 There are some difficulties in this passage.
400 Daniel xiv. 33 (Vulgate).
401 Acts viii. 26.
402 Ps. cxix. 103.
403 Ps. xxxvi. 6.
404 Cp. Ps. cxli. 2.
405 Cp. 2 Cor. v. 12.
406 The name Bugga occurs frequently during this period.
407 Epist. nr 16, written 720-22 (Jaffé); I think somewhat later.
408 Epist. nr 86.
409 Epist. nr 88.
410 Epist. nrs 37, 38, 39.
411 Epist. nr 103, written shortly after 740 (Hahn).
412 Epist. nr 113.
413 Epist. nr 53.
414 Epist. nr 70.
415 Epist. nr 126.
416 Epist. nr 23; the verse runs as follows:
‘Arbiter omnipotens, solus qui cuncta creavit,
In regno Patris semper qui lumine fulget,
Qua jugiter flagrans sic regnat gloria Christi,
Inlaesum servet semper te jure perenni.’
417 A. SS. Boll., St Lioba, Sept. 28, Vita, ch. 9.
418 Epist. nr 91, written between 737-41 (Hahn).
419 Vita, ch. 13.
420 Epist. nr 34.
421 Epist. nr 98, written 732-747 (Hahn).
422 Vita, ch. 14.
423 Epist. nr 93.
424 Epist. nr 126; also Epist. nr 68, written 748 (from the Pope on the consecration of abbot and abbess).
425 Vita St Sturmi in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 2, p. 365.
426 In Jaffé, Ph., Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, p. 475.
427 Comp. above, p. 135.
428 A. SS. Boll., St Tecla, Oct. 15, casts discredit on Tecla’s settling at Kizzingen and argues in favour of Oxenfurt. Kizzingen existed in the 15 c.; nothing is known concerning the later history of Oxenfurt.
429 Hahn, H., Bonifaz und Lull, ihre angelsächsischen Correspondenten, 1883, p. 138, footnote 4, considers her identical with the Cynehild of the correspondence.
430 Two letters, nrs 148, 149, in the correspondence are written by ‘Berthgyth,’ apparently a nun in England who wished to go abroad, to her brother Baldhard, but judging by their contents (‘I have been deserted by my parents,’ etc.) it is improbable that she is identical with the nun referred to above.
431 Jaffé, Ph., Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, p. 490.
432 Comp. above, p. 25.
433 Comp. the attempt to identify Chunihilt with St Gunthildis, A. SS. Boll., Sept. 22.
434 Edit. Canisius, H., Thesaurus, 1725, vol. 2; this anonymous nun is sometimes considered identical with the sister of Wilibald and Wunebald, and therefore with St Walburg.
435 Vita St Willibaldi (also called Hodoeporicon), edit. Canisius, H., Thesaurus, 1725, vol. 2, ch. 2.
436 Bede, Hist. Eccles., bk 5, ch. 15.
437 For erasing writing from parchment.
438 Vita St Wunebaldi, edit. Canisius, H., Thesaurus, 1725, vol. 2.
439 Widukind, Annalium libri tres, year 924.
440 Giesebrecht, W., Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, 4 ed. 1873, vol. 1.
441 Ex Vita Liutbergae in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 4, p. 158 (Potthast, Wegweiser, written about 870).
442 Dümmler, E., Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reichs, 1865, vol. 1, p. 348.
443 Translatio St Pusinnae in A. SS. Boll., April 23 (Potthast, Wegweiser, written probably by a monk of Corvei between 860-877).
444 Dümmler, E., Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reichs, 1865, vol. 2, p. 336.
445 Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, p. 22.
446 Vita Mathildis Reg. (in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 4, p. 283 ff.), c. 26.
447 Annales Quedliburgenses, year 999.
448 Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1826, vol. 1, p. 45.
449 Luther, An den Adel christl. Nation, 1520, edit. Knaake, vol. 6, p. 440.
450 Harenberg, Historia Ecclesiae Gandersh., 1734, vol. 1, p. 529.
451 Engelhausen, Chronicon (in Leibnitz, Scriptores rer. Brunsv. 1707, vol. 2), p. 978.
452 Comp. below, ch. 6, § 1.
453 Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, p. 67, quoting ‘Reimchronik,’
‘Dat Bog segt, dat se so vele Wisheit konde,
Dat se ok wol gelerden Meistern wedderstunde.’
454 Harenberg, Historia Ecclesiae Gandersh., 1734, vol. 1, p. 626 ff.
455 Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, vol. 1, p. 319.
456 ‘De fundatione Brunswilarensis’ (in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Scriptores, vol. 11, p. 394 footnote); Adelheid was abbess of Nivelles, Mathilde of Villich and Diedenkirchen, Theofanu of Essen, Hedwig of Neuss; Sophie and Ida, to whom reference has been made in the text, are said by Pertz to have presided over Gandersheim and St Maria at Cöln; Sophie certainly did not become abbess at Gandersheim, perhaps she went to Mainz; Ida probably presided over the convent of St Maria on the Münzenberg, a dependency of Gandersheim.
457 Waitz, G., Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, 1868, vol. 7, p. 258.
458 Reichstage, 1548-1594.
459 Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 1, p. 259.
460 Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, p. 67.
461 Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 1, p. 84.
462 Ebert, Ad., Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters, 1887, vol. 3, p. 429 footnote.
463 Harenberg, Historia Ecclesiae Ganders., 1734; also Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, pp. 33 ff., 63 ff.
464 Agius, Vita et Obitus Hathumodae (in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Scriptores, vol. 4, pp. 166-189).
465 Hrotsvith, ‘Carmen de Primordiis Coenobii Gandersh.,’ in Opera, edit. Barack, 1858, p. 339 ff.
466 Agius, Vita et Obitus Hathumodae, ch. 3.
467 Ibid. ch. 5.
468 Agius, Vita et Obitus Hathumodae, ch. 9.
469 Ibid. ch. 15.
470 ‘Carmen de Primordiis Coenobii Gandersh.,’ line 273.
471 ‘Carmen de Gestis Oddonis I,’ in Opera, edit. Barack, 1858, p. 302.
472 Agius, Vita et Obitus Hathumodae, ch. 11.
473 Köpke, R., Deutschlands älteste Dichterin, 1869, p. 17.
474 Harenberg, Historia Ecclesiae Gandersh., 1734, p. 589.
475 Meibom, H., Rerum German. Script., 1688, vol. 1, p. 706, quoting Selneccer.
476 Hrotsvith, Opera, edit. Barack, 1858; Ebert, Ad., Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 285 ff.
477 Opera, edit. Barack, Einleitung, p. 6.
478 Piltz, O., Die Dramen der Roswitha, no date; Magnin, Théâtre de Hrotsvitha, 1845.
479 Köpke, R., Deutschlands älteste Dichterin, 1869, p. 28.
480 Hrotsvith, Opera, edit. Barack, Einleitung, p. 54.
481 ‘Maria,’ Opera, p. 7.
482 Opera, edit. Barack, p. 2.
483 ‘Ascensio Domini,’ Opera, p. 37.
484 Opera, edit. Barack, Einleitung, p. 48.
485 ‘Gongolf,’ Opera, p. 43.
486 Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 290.
[487] ‘Pelagius,’ Opera, p. 63.
488 Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 295.
489 ‘Theophilus,’ Opera, p. 79.
490 ‘Proterius,’ Opera, p. 97.
491 ‘Dionysius,’ Opera, p. 107.
492 Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 300.
493 ‘Agnes,’ Opera, p. 117.
494 Opera, p. 133.
495 Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 301.
496 Opera, p. 95.
497 Opera, p. 137.
498 Hudson, W. H., ‘Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim,’ English Historical Review, 1888.
499 ‘Gallicanus,’ Opera, p. 143.
500 Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 316.
501 ‘Dulcetius,’ Opera, p. 174.
502 ‘Calimachus,’ Opera, p. 191.
503 Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 321.
504 ‘Abraham,’ Opera, p. 213.
505 Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 323.
506 ‘Paphnutius,’ Opera, p. 237.
507 Piltz, O., Dramen der Roswitha (no date), p. 178, refers to Boëthius, In Categorias Aristotelis, liber 1, ‘de substantia’; and to De musica, liber 1.
508 The ancient course of university study included the seven ‘liberal arts’ and was divided into the Trivium including grammar, dialectic and rhetoric, and the Quadrivium including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. The Trivium was sometimes designated as logic and the Quadrivium as physic.
509 ‘Sapientia,’ Opera, p. 27.
510 Piltz, Die Dramen der Roswitha, p. 181, refers to Boëthius, De Arithmetica, liber 1, cc. 9-22.
511 ‘who favoured and improved these works before they were sent forth,’ additional words of some manuscripts; Opera, edit. Barak, p. 140 footnote.
512 Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 305.
513 Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 311.
514 Köpke, Die älteste deutsche Dichterin, 1869.
515 Comp. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, article ‘Roswitha.’
516 Labbé, Sacror. Concil. Collectio, 1763, years 789, 804, 811; Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, p. 146 ff.
517 Matth. Paris, Historia Major Angliae, sub anno.
518 Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 184 ff.; Ladewig, Poppo von Stablo und die Klosterreform unter den Saliern, 1883.
519 Wulfstan, edit. Napier, Arthur, Berlin 1883, p. 156.
520 Tanner, T., Notitia monastica, edit. Nasmith, 1787, Introduction, p. ix.
521 Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 341 ff.; A. SS. Boll., St Stephanus abbas, April 17.
522 Janauschek, L., Origines Cisterciensium, 1877.
523 Dialogus inter Clun. et Cist. in Martène and Durand’s Thesaurus nov. Anecdot. Paris, 1717, vol. 5, p. 1568.
524 Jacopo di Vitriaco, Historia Occidentalis, 1597, c. 15.
525 Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 375, 468 ff.
526 Hermannus, De Mirac. St Mariae Laudun. (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus completus, vol. 156), p. 1002.
527 Brunner, S., Ein Cisterzienserbuch, 1881, p. 612.
528 Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, p. 376.
529 Birch, W. de Gray, On the Date of Foundation ascribed to the Cistercian Abbeys of Great Britain, 1870.
530 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Rivaulx,’ vol. 5, p. 274.
531 Ibid. ‘Fountains,’ vol. 5, p. 292, nrs I-XI.
532 A. SS. Boll., St Robertus, Feb. 25, contains two accounts of his life, the one by Baldric († 1130), the other by Andrea. Comp. also Helyot, Hist, des ordres mon., 1714, vol. 6, pp. 83 ff.
533 Differing from settlements of the Gilbertine order, in which there were lay sisters also.
534 Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, pp. 156 ff. ‘Leben des heil. Norbert’ (written before 1155) transl. by Hertel in Pertz, Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit.
535 Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, p. 175; Jacopo di Vitriaco, Historia occidentalis, 1597, ch. 15.
536 Gonzague, Monastère de Storrington, 1884, p. 8.
537 They were Brodholm and Irford.
538 § 3 of this chapter.
[539] ‘Peregrinatio Relig. ergo.’
540 Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, pp. 11 ff.
541 Tanner, J., Notitia Monastica edit. Nasmith, 1787, Introd. XI.
542 Rohrbacher, Histoire universelle de l’église catholique, 1868, vol. 6, p. 252.
543 Labbé, C., Sacror. Conc. Collectio, 1763, year 816, part 2.
544 Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, p. 55.
545 Hugonin, ‘Essai sur la fondation de l’école St Victor à Paris,’ printed as an introduction to Hugo de St Victore, Opera (in Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Compl. vol. 175).
546 Comp. below, ch. 9, § 1.
547 Norgate, Kate, History of the Angevin Kings, 1887, vol. 1, p. 66.
548 Idung, De quatuor questionibus in Pez, B., Thesaurus anecdot. nov. 1721, vol. 2.
549 Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 7, pp. 366, 406. Jacopo di Vitriaco, Historia Occidentalis, 1597, c. 15.
550 Giraldus Cambrensis, Speculum Ecclesiae, edit. Brewer, 1873.
551 Map, W., De Nugis Curialium (written 1182-89), 1850, p. 38.
552 John of Salisbury, Polycraticus, edit. Giles, bk. VII. chs. 21-23.
553 Wirecker, N., Brunellus, 1662, p. 83.
554 Goldsmid, Political Songs, vol. 2, p. 64.
555 Freeman, Norman Conquest, 3rd edit. 1877, vol. 2, p. 609.
556 Ibid. p. 554; Map, De Nugis Curialium, 1850, p. 201 (Freeman: Map like other Norman writers speaks very ill of Godwin).
557 Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 6, p. 1618 (p. 1619 he says in connection with the destroyed nunnery Woodchester that the wife of Earl Godwin built it to make amends for her husband’s fraud at Berkley).
558 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 470.
559 Ibid. ‘Nunnaminster,’ vol. 2, p. 451.
560 Ibid. ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 436.
561 Ibid. ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 472. The abbess does not even seem to have been represented (as she was at the Diet abroad).
562 Ibid. p. 472; and p. 473 footnote.
563 Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 1, p. 472.
564 They were Godstow, Elstow, Malling.
565 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Amesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 333; Freeman, History of the Norman Conquest (3rd edit. 1877), vol. 2, p. 610; the event is dated 1177; perhaps the letters from John of Salisbury, Epist. edit. Giles, nrs 72, 74, are addressed to the abbess of Amesbury, who was deposed.
566 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Sopwell,’ vol. 3, p. 362.
567 Ibid. ‘Kilburn,’ vol. 3, p. 422.
568 Ibid. ‘St Clement’s,’ vol. 4, p. 323.
569 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Stanford,’ vol. 4, p. 257.
570 Ibid. ‘Sinningthwaite,’ vol. 5, p. 463.
571 Ibid. ‘Swine,’ vol. 5, p. 494, nr 2; ‘Nun-Cotham,’ vol. 5, p. 676, nr 2.
572 A. SS. Boll., St Margaret, June 10.
573 Dict. of Nat. Biography, Christina.
574 Brand, History of Newcastle, vol. 1, p. 204.
575 Freeman, History of William Rufus, vol. 2, pp. 596, 682.
576 Will. of Malmesbury, Gesta Reg. (Rolls Series), pp. 279, 470, 493.
577 Orderic Vitalis, Eccles. Hist., transl. by Forester, 1847, vol. 3, p. 12.
578 Eadmer, Historia (Rolls Series), p. 122.
579 Comp. below, ch. 8, § 2.
580 Anselm of Canterbury, Epistolae (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus completus, vol. 159), the numeration of which is followed in the text.
581 Hilarius, Versus et ludi, edit. Champollion-Figeac, 1838, p. 1. (Champollion prints Clinton, which he no doubt misread for Winton.)
582 Milner, J., History of Winchester, 1823, vol. 1, p. 212.
583 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wherwell,’ vol. 2, p. 634.
584 Ibid. ‘St Mary’s Abbey,’ vol. 2, p. 452.
585 Ibid. ‘Lillechurch,’ vol. 4, p. 378, charter nr 2.
586 Ibid. ‘Rumsey,’ vol. 2, p. 506.
587 Norgate, Kate, History of the Angevin Kings, 1887, vol. 1, p. 469.
588 Beket, Epistolae (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus compl., vol. 190), nr 196.
589 Petrus Blesiensis, Epistolae, edit. Giles, letters nrs 35, 36, 55, 239.
590 A. SS. Boll., St Gilbert, Feb. 4, contain two short lives; Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 6 inserted between pp. 946, 947, contains a longer account, the ‘Institutiones,’ and various references to Gilbert; Dict. of Nat. Biography refers to a MS. account at Oxford, Digby, 36, Bodleian.
591 Helyot, Histoire des ordres mon., 1714, vol. 2, p. 190.
592 Dict. of Nat. Biography.
593 A. SS. Boll., St Gilbert, Feb. 4, Vita, nr 2, ch. 3; Dugdale, Vita, p. xi.
594 The ‘precentrix’ is strictly speaking the leader of the choir. Cf. below ch. 10 § 2.
595 Dugdale, Institutiones, p. lxxxii.
596 Dict. of Nat. Biography.
597 Ailred, Opera (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus comp., vol. 195), p. 789. ‘De sanctimoniali de Wattun.’
598 Oliver, G., History of Beverley and Watton, 1829, p. 520 ff.; cf. above, p. 91.
599 Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 6, p. xcviii.
600 Report in Athenaeum, Oct. 7, 1893.
601 Oliver, G., History of Beverley and Watton, 1829, p. 531.
602 Wattenbach, W., Schriftwesen im Mittelalter, 2nd edit. 1875, p. 374.
603 Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 3 vols. 1866-71, vol. 1, p. 214.
604 Cf. above, p. 122.
605 Cf. above, pp. 122, 132.
606 Cf. above, p. 109.
607 Cf. above, p. 106.
608 Michel, F., Étoffes de soie au moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 339, contains this and other references.
609 Eddi, Vita Wilfredi, c. 65 (it is unknown over which house she presided).
610 Cf. above, p. 63.
611 Haddon and Stubbs, Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents, 1869.
612 Cf. above, pp. 103, 115, 198, and below, ch. 11, § 1.
613 Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 142.
614 Michel, F., Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 340.
615 Wharton, Anglia Sacra, vol. 1, p. 607.
616 Michel, F., Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 338.
617 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Albans,’ vol. 2, p. 186 footnote.
618 Middleton, J. H., Illuminated MSS., 1892, p. 112.
619 For example in the South Kensington Museum, nr 594-1884, Italian chasuble; nr 1321-1864, panel of canvas, from Bock’s Collection (Descriptive Catalogue of Tapestry and Embroidery, 1888).
620 Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 209, suggests that gold plaques may have been sewn into the work.
621 Cf. South Kensington Museum, nr 28-1892, a number of fragments of textile linen worked over in coloured silks and gold thread with scenes taken from the life of the Virgin. English work of the 14th century (Descriptive Catalogue of Tapestry and Embroidery, 1888).
622 Michel, F., Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 337, points out that the expression ‘opus anglicum’ was applied also to the work of the goldsmith; comp. Ducange, Glossarium, ‘Anglicum.’ ‘Loculus ille mirificus... argento et auro gemmisque, anglico opere subtilitater ac pulcherrime decoratus.’
623 Historia Major Angliae, sub anno.
624 South Kensington Museum, nr 83-1864 (Descriptive Catalogue of Tapestry and Embroidery, 1888).
625 Ibid. p. 168.
626 A. SS. Boll., St Eustadiola, June 8. Vita, ch. 3.
627 A. SS. Boll., SS. Herlindis et Renild, March 22, ch. 5 (videlicet nendo et texendo, creando ac suendo, in auro quoque ac margaritis in serico componendo).
628 Ibid. ch. 12 (palliola... multis modis variisque compositionibus diversae artis innumerabilibus ornamentis).
629 Stadler and Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, ‘Harlindis.’
630 Zeitschrift für Christl. Archaeologie, edit. Schnuetgen, 1856, ‘Münsterkirche in Essen,’ 1860, Beiträge.
631 Labarte, Arts industriels au moyen âge, 1872, vol. 1, p. 341.
632 Ibid. vol. 1, p. 84.
633 Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 2, p. 326.
634 Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 155.
635 Schultz, A., Höfisches Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger, 1889, cites many passages from the epics which refer to embroidery worn by heroes and heroines. A piece of work of special beauty described vol. 1, p. 326, had been made by an apostate nun.
636 Ekkehard IV., c. 10, in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Scriptores, vol. 2, p. 123.
637 Erath, Codex diplom. Quedliburg., 1764, p. 109.
638 Brunner, S., Kunstgenossen der Klosterzelle, 1863, vol. 2, p. 555.
639 Kugler, F., Kleine Schriften, 1853, vol. 1, pp. 635 ff.; part of the hanging is given by Muentz, E., Tapisseries, broderies et dentelles, 1890, plate 2.
640 Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 1, p. 121.
641 Kugler, F., Kleine Schriften, 1853, vol. 1, p. 540.
642 Büsching, F. G., Reise durch einige Münsterkirchen, 1819, p. 235.
643 Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 227.
644 Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 3, pp. 201 ff.
645 Ibid. 1866, vol. 3, p. 202.
646 Hefner, Oberbair. Archiv, 1830, vol. 1, p. 355.
647 Westermayer in Allgemeine Deutsche Biog., article ‘Diemud’; Catalogus Cod. Lat. Bibliothecae Reg. Monac., vol. 7, 1881, nrs 140, 146-154.
648 Wattenbach, W., Schriftwesen im Mittelalter, 2nd edit. 1875, p. 374.
649 Ibid. p. 177.
650 Ibid. p. 304.
651 Ibid. p. 374.
652 Middleton, J. H., Illuminated MSS., 1892, p. 216.
653 Michel, F., Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 350.
654 Reproductions par la Société pour la conservation des monuments de l’Alsace, Sept livraisons containing Plates 1-53 inclusive (till 1895).
655 Silbermann, J. A., Beschreibung von Hohenburg, 1781.
656 Roth, K. L., ‘Der Odilienberg’ in Alsatia, 1856, vol. 1, pp. 91 ff.
657 Comp. above, pp. 22, 24.
658 Wiegand, in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, article ‘Relind.’
659 It is possible but hardly probable that the miniaturist in colouring the picture gave free play to his fancy.
660 Gérard, Ch., Les artistes de l’Alsace, 1872, p. 92.
661 Ibid.; Engelhardt, Herrad von Landsperg und ihr Werk, 1818. p. 16, footnote.
662 The monument is represented in Schoepflin, Alsatia Illustrata, 1751, vol. 1, ad pag. 797.
663 Engelhardt, Herrad von Landsperg und ihr Werk, 1818, with sheets of illustrations, which in a few copies are coloured.
664 Woltman, in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, article ‘Herrad.’
665 Engelhardt, Herrad von Landsperg und ihr Werk, 1818, Vorwort p. xi.
666 Cf. above, p. 180.
667 Engelhardt, Herrad von Landsperg und ihr Werk, 1818, p. 104.
668 Piper, F., Kalendarien und Martyrologien der Angelsachsen, 1862.
669 Apparently following the ‘Psychomachia’ of Prudentius, a Christian poet of the 5th century.
670 Gérard, Ch., Les artistes de l’Alsace, 1872, Introd. p. xix., p. 46, footnote.
671 Probably with reference to Job xxxix., 14-15.
672 Hildegardis, Opera, 1882 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 197, which contains the acts of the saint reprinted from A. SS. Boll., St Hildegardis, Sept. 17; her life written by Godefrid and Theodor; the ‘Acta Inquisitionis’; the article by Dr Reuss, and the fullest collection of the saint’s works hitherto published).
673 Roth, F. W., Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth und die Schriften von Ekbert und Emecho von Schönau, 1884.
674 ‘Annales Palidenses’ in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 16, p. 90.
675 Neander, Der heil. Bernard und seine Zeit, 1848.
676 Opera (Vita, c. 17), p. 104.
677 Opera, ‘Scivias,’ pp. 383-738.
678 Ibid. (Vita, c. 5), p. 94.
679 Giesebrecht, W., Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, vol. 4, p. 505.
680 Opera (Epist. nr 29), p. 189.
681 Opera (Responsum), p. 189.
682 Ibid. ‘Epistolae,’ pp. 1-382.
683 Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, pp. 19 ff.
684 Ibid. pp. 53 ff.
685 Schneegans, W., Kloster Disibodenberg; Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879, pp. 45 ff.
686 Opera (Responsum to Bernard), p. 190.
687 Ibid. (Vita c. 14), p. 101.
688 Ibid. (Vita c. 19), p. 105.
689 Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879, p. 53.
690 Opera (Vita c. 21), p. 106.
691 Ibid.
692 Ibid. (Acta Inquisitionis), p. 136.
693 Ibid. (Epist. nr 4), p. 154.
694 Opera, p. 383.
695 Opera (lib. 2, visio 7), p. 555.
696 Opera (lib. 3, visio 11), p. 709.
697 Opera (lib. 3, visio 13), p. 733.
698 Opera (Epist. nr 1), p. 145.
699 Opera (Responsum), p. 145.
700 This interpretation is given by Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879, p. 157.
701 Jessen, ‘Ueber die medic. naturhist. Werke der heil. Hildegardis,’ in Kaiserl. Acad. der Wissenschaften, Wien, Naturwissensch. Abth. vol. 45 (1862), pp. 97 ff.
702 Opera, ‘Physica,’ pp. 1117-1352.
703 Virchow, R., ‘Zur Geschichte des Aussatzes, besonders im Mittelalter,’ in Archiv für pathol. Anatomie, vol. 18, p. 286.
704 Haeser, H., Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medizin, 1875, vol. 1, p. 640.
705 Jessen, Botanik der Gegenwart und Vorzeit, 1864, pp. 120-127.
706 Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, p. 83; an example of the musical notation as an appendix in Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879.
707 Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, p. 78, ‘Expositiones Evangeliorum.’
708 Opera, ‘Explanatio regulae St Benedicti,’ pp. 1053-1069.
709 Ibid. ‘Explanatio symboli St Athanasii,’ pp. 1066-1093.
710 Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, p. 38.
711 Opera, ‘Solutiones triginta octo quaestionum,’ pp. 1038-1053.
712 Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, p. 79.
713 Opera (Epist. nr 12), p. 164.
714 Ibid. (Epist. nr 6), p. 157.
715 Ibid. (Epist. nr 11), p. 163.
716 Opera (Epist. nr 62), p. 281.
717 Ibid. (Epist. nr 49), p. 253.
718 Ibid. (Epist. nr 22), p. 178.
719 Ibid. (Epist. nr 5), p. 156.
720 Ibid. (Epist. nr 10), p. 161.
721 Opera (Epist. nr 100), p. 321.
722 Ibid. (Epist. nr 101), p. 322.
723 Ibid. (Epist. nr 96), p. 317.
724 Ibid. (Epist. nr 48), p. 243; cf. below, p. 281.
725 Ibid. (Vita, c. 44), p. 122; also p. 142 (Reuss here misunderstands the Acta Inquisitionis, p. 138), comp. Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879, pp. 538 ff.
726 Opera, ‘Liber divinorum Operum,’ pp. 739-1037.
727 Ibid. (visio 4), pp. 807 ff.
728 Opera (visio 5, c. 36), p. 934.
729 Ibid. (visio 5, c. 43), p. 945.
730 Ibid. (visio 10, c. 25), p. 1026.
731 Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, pp. 95 ff.
732 Line 1401.
733 Cf. The Nunns prophesie... concerning the rise and downfall of... the... Jesuits, 1680.
734 Prédictions sur la révolution de la Belgique. Amsterdam, 1832.
735 Opera, ‘Vita St Rupertis,’ pp. 1081-1092.
736 Ibid. ‘Vita St Disibodi,’ pp. 1093-1116.
737 Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, p. 75, footnote.
738 Opera, p. 90; A. SS. Boll. St Hildegardis, Sept. 17.
739 Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879.
740 Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877.
741 Opera, p. 140, footnote.
742 Roth, F. W. E., Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth etc. 1884, Vorwort, p. cv.
743 Roth, Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth etc. 1884, Vorwort, pp. cvii. ff.
744 Ibid. ‘Liber Visionum primus,’ Prologus, p. 1.
745 Ibid. ‘Liber Visionum secundus,’ c. 31, p. 53; Anlage, p. 153.
746 Ibid. ‘Liber Viarum Dei,’ pp. 88-122.
747 Ibid. Vorwort, p. cix.
748 Ibid. ‘Liber Viarum Dei,’ c. 10, p. 92.
749 Roth, Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth etc. 1884, ‘Liber Viarum Dei,’ c. 13, p. 100.
750 Ibid. p. 104.
751 Roth, Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth etc. 1884, ‘Liber Viarum Dei,’ c. 20, p. 122.
752 Ibid. pp. 70, 178.
753 Ibid. p. 74.
754 Ibid. ‘De Sacro Exercitu Virginum Coloniensium,’ pp. 123-153.
755 Ibid. Vorwort, pp. cxi ff. Roth discusses the history of the development of this legend.
756 Comp. above, p. 40.
757 A. SS. Boll., St Ursula, Oct. 21.
758 Roth, Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth etc. 1884, Vorwort, p. cxxiv; Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive catalogue of MS. material, 1858, vol. 2, p. 417.
759 Roth, Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth etc. 1884, p. 253.
760 A. SS. Boll., St Elisabetha, June 18.
761 A. SS. Boll., St Severinus, Jan. 8.
762 A. SS. Boll., St Magnericus, July 25, Vita, c. 49.
763 Creighton, C., History of Epidemics in England, vol. 1, 1891, p. 85.
764 Ibid. p. 97.
765 Muratori, Antiquitates Italiae, 1738. Pope Hadrian I to Karl the Great, vol. 3, p. 581.
766 Salles, F., Annales de l’ordre de Malte, ou des hospitaliers de St Jean de Jérusalem, 1889.
767 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Hospital of St Gregory,’ vol. 6, p. 615, nr 1.
768 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Herbaldoun,’ vol. 6, p. 653; Creighton, C., History of Epidemics, vol. 1, 1891, p. 87.
769 Map, W., De Nugis Curialium, 1850, p. 228.
770 Ailred, Opera (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Completus, vol. 195), p. 368.
771 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Giles in the Fields,’ vol. 6, p. 635.
772 Creighton, C., History of Epidemics in England, vol. 1, 1891, p. 88.
773 Hormayr, ‘Die Grafen von Andechs und Tyrol,’ Sämtl. Werke, vol. 3.
774 Virchow, R., ‘Zur Geschichte des Aussatzes, besonders in Deutschland,’ in Archiv für pathol. Anatomie, vol. 18, article 2, p. 311.
775 Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, article ‘Hedwig.’
776 Stenzel, G. A. H., Scriptores rerum Siles., Breslau 1835, ‘Vita St Hedwigis’ vol. 2, pp. 1-114; also A. SS. Boll., St Hedwig, Oct. 17.
777 Verein für das Museum schles. Alterthümer, edit. Luchs, H., 1870. Also Luchs, H., Schlesische Fürstenbilder, 1872.
778 Virchow, R., ‘Zur Geschichte des Aussatzes, besonders in Deutschland,’ in Archiv für pathol. Anatomie, vol. 18, article 2, p. 275.
779 Wolfskron, Bilder der Hedwigslegende, 1846.
780 Stenzel, G. A. H., Scriptores rer. Siles., 1835, ‘Vita Annae ducissae Sil.’ vol. 2, p. 127.
781 A. SS. Boll., St Agnes de Bohemia, March 6, print two accounts, of uncertain date.
782 A. SS. Boll., Ibid., print these letters.
783 A. SS. Boll., Ibid., Vita 1, ch. 32.
784 Montalembert, C., Histoire de Ste Elisabeth de Hongrie, duchesse de Thuringe, edition de luxe 1878, with preface by Gautier, contains reproductions of some of those pictures; Potthast, A., Wegweiser, enumerates a number of accounts of the life of St Elisabeth.
785 Rieger, L., prints this ‘Leben der heil. Elisabeth’ in Literarisch. Verein, 1843, and discusses early MS. accounts of her life.
786 Justi, C. W., Elisabeth, die Heilige, 1797.
787 Montalembert, C., Histoire de Ste Elisabeth de Hongrie, 1836, 7th edit. 1855.
788 Wegele, F. X., ‘Die heil. Elisabeth von Thüringen’ in Sybel, Historische Zeitschrift, 1861, pp. 351-397, which I have followed in the text.
789 Virchow, R., ‘Zur Geschichte des Aussatzes, besonders in Deutschland,’ in Archiv für pathol. Anatomie, vol. 18, article 2, p. 313.
790 Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, article ‘Konrad von Marburg.’
791 Hauréau, Histoire de la philosophie scolastique, 1850, vol. 1, pp. 319 ff.
792 Dictionary of National Biography, article ‘Hales, Thomas.’
793 ‘A luve ron,’ edit. Morris, Old English Miscellany, p. 93, for the Early Engl. Text Soc. 1872.
794 Edit. Morton for the Camden Soc. 1853.
795 ‘Die angelsächsischen Prosabearbeitungen der Benedictinerregel,’ edit. Schröer, 1885 (in Grein, Bibliothek der angels. Prosa, vol. 2), p. 9.
796 Schröer, Winteney Version der Regula St Benedicti, 1888, p. 13.
797 ‘De vita eremetica’ (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 32, by an oversight it is included among the works of St Augustine), p. 145.
798 Anselm, Opera (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 158), ‘Meditationes’ (nr 15-17), pp. 786 ff.
799 Edit. Koelbing, Englische Studien, vol. 7, p. 304.
800 Scenes and characters of the Middle Ages, 1872, pp. 93-151.
801 Wilkins, D., Concilia, 1737, vol. 1, p. 693.
802 Brink, B. ten, Early English Literature, trans. Kennedy, 1883, p. 205.
803 First advanced by Morton, Ancren Riwle, Introd. pp. xii-xv; it is supported neither by tradition nor by documentary evidence.
804 Dalgairns, Introd. to Hylton, Scale of Perfection, 1870, thinks it possible that the author was a Dominican friar.
805 Comp. throughout Ancren Riwle, edit. Morton for the Camden Soc. 1853.
806 That is bands or ligatures to be used after the letting of blood.
807 Old English Homilies, First Series, edit. Morris, 1867, p. 268.
808 Hali Meidenhad, edit. Cockayne, for the Early English Text Soc., 1866.
809 Comp. Revelationes Gertrudianae ac Mechtildianae, edit. Oudin, for the Benedictines of Solesmes 1875, 2 vols., which contain the works of these three nuns; Mechthild von Magdeburg, Offenbarungen, oder Das Fliessende Licht der Gottheit, edit. Gall Morel, 1869; Preger, W., Geschichte der deutschen Mystik im Mittelalter, 1874, vol. 1, pp. 70-132.
810 Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 1, Praefatio.
811 Ibid. vol. 1, pp. 497 ff.
812 Comp. Preger, ‘Dante’s Matelda,’ Acad. Vortrag, 1873; Paquelin and Scartazzini, ‘Zur Matelda-Frage’ in Jahrbuch der Dante Gesellschaft, Berlin, 1877, pp. 405, 411; Lubin, Osservazioni sulla Matilda svelata, 1878.
813 Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, article ‘Mechthild’ by Strauch, Ph.
814 Keller, L., Die Reformation und die älteren Reformparteien, 1885, pp. 29 ff.; also Hallman, E., Geschichte des Ursprungs der Beguinen, 1843.
815 Mechthild von Magdeburg, Offenbarungen, oder Das Fliessende Licht der Gottheit, edit. Gall Morel, 1869; the abridged Latin version in Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2, pp. 423-710.
816 Heinrich not to be confounded with Heinrich who translated her work.
817 Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2, pp. 298, 329, 332, etc.
818 Ibid. vol. 1, p. 542; vol. 2, pp. 325, 330.
819 Mechthild, Offenbarungen, etc. edit. Gall Morel, p. 3 ‘Wie die minne und die kuneginne zesamene sprachen.’
820 Ibid. p. 6 ‘Von den megden der seele und von der minne schlage.’
821 Ibid. p. 18 ‘Von der minne weg,’ etc.
822 Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 43 ‘Wie die minne vraget,’ etc.
823 Ibid. p. 38 ‘Wie die bekantnisse und die sele sprechent zesamne,’ etc.
824 Ibid. p. 232 ‘Wie bekantnisse sprichet zu dem gewissede.’
825 Ibid. p. 30 ‘Von der armen dirnen’ (I have retained the designation ‘saint’ where it is used in the allegory).
826 Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 210 ‘Da Johannes Baptista der armen dirnen messe sang.’
827 Ibid. p. 46 ‘Wie sich die minnende sele gesellet gotte,’ etc.
828 Ibid. p. 82 ‘Von der helle,’ etc.
829 Ibid. p. 270 ‘Ein wenig von dem paradyso.’
830 Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 52 ‘Von diseme buche,’ etc.
831 Ibid. p. 90 ‘Dis buch ist von gotte komen,’ etc.
832 Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 110 ‘Von einer vrowe, etc.’
833 Ibid. p. 68 ‘Von siben dingen die alle priester sollent haben.’
834 Ibid. p. 171 ‘Wie ein prior, etc.’; p. 177 ‘Von der regele eines kanoniken, etc.’; p. 178 ‘Got gebet herschaft.’
835 Ibid. p. 198 ‘Wie böse pfafheit sol genidert werden.’
836 Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2, p. 524.
837 Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 115 ‘Von sehs tugenden St Domenicus’; p. 116 ‘Dur sehszehen ding hat got predierorden liep’; ibid. ‘Von vierhande crone bruder Heinrichs’; p. 154 ‘Von sehsleie kleider, etc.’
838 Ibid. p. 166 ‘Von funfleie nuwe heligen.’
839 A. SS. Boll., St Peter of the Dominican Order, April 29.
840 Ibid., St Jutta vidua, May 5, appendix.
841 Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 256 ‘Wie ein predierbruder wart gesehen.’
842 Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 243 ‘Von der not eines urluges.’
843 Ibid. p. 249 ‘Von einem geistlichen closter.’
844 Comp. below, ch. 11, § 1.
845 Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 68 ‘Von dem angenge aller dinge’; p. 107 ‘Von der heligen drivaltekeit, etc.’; p. 147 ‘Von sante marien gebet, etc.’
846 Ibid. p. 14 ‘In disen weg zuhet die sele, etc.’
847 Ibid. p. 16 ‘Von der pfrunde trost und minne.’
848 Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 98 ‘Von zwein ungeleichen dingen, etc.’
849 Ibid. p. 214 ‘Bekorunge, die welt und ein gut ende prüfent uns.’
850 ‘Liber Specialis Gratiae,’ in Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2, pp. 1-421.
851 Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2, p. 727.
852 Preger, W., Geschichte der deutschen Mystik im Mittelalter, 1874, vol. 1, p. 87.
853 Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2 (‘Liber Specialis Gratiae,’ bk 1, ch. 30, De angelis), p. 102.
854 Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2 (‘Liber Specialis Gratiae,’ bk 2, ch. 2, De vinea domini), p. 137.
855 Cf. Gal. v. 22-3, to which Mechthild adds.
856 Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2 (‘Liber Specialis Gratiae,’ bk 1, ch. 10, De veneratione imaginis Christi), p. 31.
857 Ibid. vol. 2 (‘Liber Specialis Gratiae,’ bk 2, ch. 23, De coquina domini), p. 165.
858 Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2 (bk 2, ch. 43, De nomine et utilitate hujus libri), p. 192.
859 Ibid. vol. 1, pp. 46, 269.
860 Ibid. vol. 1, p. 218.
861 Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 1, pp. 1 ff. on her life.
862 Ibid. vol. 1, p. 14.
863 Ibid. vol. 1, p. 23.
864 Ibid. vol. 1, p. 227.
865 Ibid. vol. 1, p. 27.
866 Ibid. vol. 1, p. 39.
867 ‘Legatus Divinae Pietatis’ in Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 1, pp. 1 ff.
868 ‘Legatus Divinae Pietatis’ in Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 1, p. 61.
869 Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 1, p. 113.
870 Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 1, p. 351.
871 Preger, W., Geschichte der deutschen Mystik im Mittelalter, 1874, vol. 1, p. 78.
872 ‘Exercitia Spiritualia,’ in Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 1, pp. 617-720.
873 Ibid. pp. 701 ff.
874 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Rumsey,’ vol. 2, p. 507 footnote.
875 Ibid. ‘Davington,’ vol. 4, p. 288.
876 Ibid. ‘Sopwell,’ vol. 3, p. 365, charter nr 7.
877 Jusserand, J., Histoire littéraire du Peuple Anglais, 1894, pp. 121 ff., 235 ff.
878 Romania, edit. Meyer et Paris, vol. 13, p. 400.
879 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Ankerwyke,’ vol. 4, p. 229, charter nr 4.
880 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 471, charter nr 21.
881 Ibid. ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 441.
882 Ibid. ‘Legh,’ vol. 6, p. 333, footnote t. MS. Harleian 3660.
883 Bateson, M., ‘Register of Crabhouse Nunnery’ (no date), Norfolk and Norwich Archæol. Society.
884 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Littlemore,’ vol. 4, p. 490, charter nr 14.
885 Koelbing, Englische Studien, vol. 2, pp. 60 ff.
886 This supposition is based on certain peculiarities in the language of the rule for men. Cf. ‘Die angelsächsischen Prosabearbeitungen der Benedictinerregel,’ edit. Schröer, 1885 (in Grein, Bibliotek der angels. Prosa, vol. 2) Einleitung, p. xviii.
887 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Godstow,’ vol. 4, p. 357, charter nr 23.
888 Lansdowne MS. 436.
889 Early English Text Soc., nr 100. Arundel MS. 396.
890 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Kilburn,’ vol. 3, p. 424.
891 Blaauw, W. H., ‘Episcopal visitations of the Benedictine nunnery of Easebourne’ in Sussex Arch. Collections, vol. 9, p. 12. According to Bradshaw, H., ‘Note on service books’ (printed as an appendix in Middleton, J. H., Illuminated Manuscripts, 1892) the missal was used for celebration of the mass; while the breviary contained the services for the hours, including the antiphony (anthems to the psalms)—the legenda (long lessons used at matins),—the psalter (psalms arranged for use at hours),—and the collects (short lessons used at all the hours except matins). In the list above, these are enumerated as separate books. He further says that the ordinale contained general rules for the right understanding and use of the service books. It is noteworthy that this is in French in the list of books at Easebourne.
892 Maskell, W., Monumenta Ritualia, 1882, vol. 3, p. 357 footnotes.
893 Placita de Quo Warranto published by Command.
894 Placita de Quo Warranto, pp. 11, 97, 232, 233.
895 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Malling,’ vol. 3, p. 381, charter nr 5.
896 Ibid. ‘Stratford,’ vol. 4, p. 119, charter nr 3.
897 Ibid. ‘Wroxhall,’ vol. 4, p. 88.
898 Ibid. ‘Redlingfield,’ vol. 4, p. 25, charter nr 2.
899 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII and the English Monasteries, 1888, appendices to vols. 1 and 2.
900 The word ‘mynchyn’ was I believe never applied to them.
901 Holstenius, Codex regularum, 1759, vol. 3, p. 34.
902 Cf. above, p. 204.
903 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 473.
904 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Mary Prée,’ vol. 3, p. 353, charter nr 9.
905 Ibid. ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 474.
906 Blaauw, W. H., ‘Episcopal Visitations of the Benedictine Nunnery of Easebourne,’ Sussex Archæol. Collections, vol. 9, p. 7.
907 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Mary Winchester,’ vol. 2, p. 452, footnote.
908 Ibid. ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 473.
909 Ibid. ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 441, charter nr 8.
910 Schröer, Winteney Version der regula St Benedicti, 1888, p. 16.
911 Edit. Koelbing, Englische Studien, vol. 2, pp. 60 ff. (line references in the text throughout this section are to this version).
912 Shermann, A. J., Hist. Coll. Jesus Cantab., edit. Halliwell, 1840, p. 16.
913 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Langley,’ vol. 4, p. 220.
914 Maskell, W., Monumenta Ritualia, 1882, vol. 3, p. 358 footnote.
915 Cf. above, p. 206.
916 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Catesby,’ vol. 4, p. 635.
917 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Bromhall,’ vol. 4, p. 506.
918 Jessopp, A., Visitations of the Diocese of Norwich (1492-1532), pp. 185, 190, 318.
919 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wilton,’ vol. 2, p. 317.
920 Benedictus, Regula, c. 65 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl. vol. 66).
921 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 437, footnote k.
922 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 445 Computus.
923 Dugdale, Monasticon, charter nr 15.
924 I am unable to ascertain the quantity indicated by the ‘piece.’
925 I am unable to ascertain the difference between ‘stubbe’ and ‘shafte.’
926 Rogers, Th., Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 1884, p. 101.
927 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Mary’s, Winchester,’ vol. 2, p. 451, charter nr 4.
928 Jessopp, A., Visitations of the Diocese of Norwich (1492-1532), p. 290.
929 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 472.
930 Ibid. ‘St Mary, Winchester,’ vol. 2, p. 451, charter nr 4.
931 Ibid. ‘Kilburn,’ vol. 3, p. 424.
932 Blaauw, W. A., ‘Episcopal Visitations of the Benedictine Nunnery of Easebourne,’ Sussex Arch. Collections, vol. 9, p. 15.
933 Jessopp, A., Visitations of the Diocese of Norwich (1492-1532), p. 138.
934 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Elstow,’ vol. 3, p. 411, charter nr 8.
935 Ibid. ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 438, footnote b.
936 ‘Here begynneth a matere’ etc. (by John Alcock (?)), printed by Wynkyn de Worde (1500), last page but one.
937 Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 1884, p. 166.
938 Rye, W., Carrow Abbey, 1889, p. 48 ff.
939 Skelton, Poetical Works, 1843, vol. 1, p. 51, ‘Phyllyp Sparowe.’
940 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Rumsey,’ vol. 2, p. 507, footnote p.
[941] Jessopp, A., Visitations of the Diocese of Norwich (1492-1532), p. 140.
942 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Helen’s,’ vol. 4, p. 551, charter nr 3.
943 Ibid. ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 437, footnote m.
944 Fosbroke, British Monachism, 1843, p. 176.
945 Way, A., ‘Notices of the Benedictine Priory of St Mary Magdalen, at Rusper,’ Sussex Arch. Collections, vol. 5, p. 256.
946 Bateson, M., ‘Visitations of Archbishop Warham in 1511,’ in English Hist. Review, vol. 6, 1891, p. 28.
947 Maskell, W., Monumenta Rit., 1882, vol. 3, p. 331, ‘The order of consecration of Nuns,’ from Cambridge Fol. Mm. 3. 13, and Lansdown MS., 388; p. 360 ‘The manner to make a Nun,’ from Cotton MS., Vespasian A. 25, fol. 12.
948 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Chatteris,’ vol. 2, p. 614.
949 Way, A., ‘Notices of the Benedictine Priory of St Mary Magdalen at Rusper,’ Sussex Arch. Collections, vol. 5, p. 256.
950 Comp. Smith and Cheetham, Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, 1875, article ‘Hours of Prayer.’
951 Aungier, G. J., History and Antiquities of Syon, 1840; Myroure of Oure Ladye, Early English Text Soc., 1873, Introduction by Blunt, J. H.
952 Hammerich, Den hellige Birgitta, 1863.
953 A. SS. Boll., St Birgitta vidua, Oct. 8.
954 Myroure of Oure Ladye, Introd. p. xiv.
955 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII and the English Monasteries, 1888, vol. 1, p. 42.
956 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Amesbury,’ vol. 1, p. 333.
957 Ibid. ‘Westwood,’ vol. 6, p. 1004.
958 Ibid. ‘Levenestre,’ vol. 6, p. 1032.
959 Aungier, G. J., History and Antiquities of Syon, 1840, p. 249 ff., from Arundel MS. nr 146 (chapter references throughout the text in this chapter are to this reprint).
960 Myroure of Oure Ladye, Introd. p. xxxv.
961 Aungier, G. J., History and Antiquities of Syon, 1840, pp. 312 ff., from Additional MS. nr 5208.
962 Aungier, G. J., History and Antiquities of Syon, 1840, pp. 405 ff. ‘A table of signs.’
963 Myroure of Oure Ladye, Introd. p. xxvi.
964 Myroure of Oure Ladye, Introd. p. xxix.
965 Aungier, G. J., History and Antiquities of Syon, 1840, p. 421, ‘Indulgentia monasterii de Syon,’ MS. Ashmol. nr 750; p. 422, ‘The Pardon of the monastery of Shene which is Syon,’ MS. Harleian 4012, art. 9.
966 Ibid. p. 426, footnotes.
967 Myroure of Oure Ladye, Introd. p. xlv. B. M. Addit. MS., nr 22285.
968 Printed by Wynkyn de Worde (?), 1526; reprinted for the Bradshaw Society, 1893.
969 Aungier, G. J., History and Antiquities of Syon, 1840, p. 529. MS. Harleian 2321, fol. 17 ff.
970 Ibid. p. 527.
971 Ibid. p. 527.
972 Ibid. p. 526.
973 Myroure of Oure Ladye, Introd. p. ix.
974 Ibid. p. 2.
975 Myroure of Oure Ladye, pp. 65 ff.
976 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Godstow,’ vol. 4, p. 357, Charter nr 16.
977 Ibid. ‘St Radegund’s,’ vol. 4, p. 215, Charter nr 3.
978 Ducange, ‘burnetum, pannus ex lana tincta confectus.’
979 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Rumsey,’ vol. 2, p. 507, footnote p.
[980] Ibid. ‘Swine,’ vol. 5, p. 493.
981 Ibid. ‘Sopwell,’ vol. 3, p. 362, charter nr 7.
982 Ibid. ‘Chatteris,’ vol. 2, p. 614, charter nr 11.
983 Ibid. ‘Nun-Monkton,’ vol. 4, p. 192, charter nr 2.
984 Gasquet, A., The Great Pestilence, 1893, Introd. p. xvi.
985 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Thetford,’ vol. 4, p. 475.
986 Jessopp, A., Visitations of the Diocese of Norwich, 1492-1532, pp. 90, 155.
987 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Malling,’ vol. 3, p. 382; Gasquet, A., The Great Pestilence, 1893, pp. 104, 106.
988 Gasquet, p. 137.
989 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wyrthorp,’ vol. 4, p. 266.
990 Ibid. ‘Seton,’ vol. 4, p. 226, charter nr 2.
991 Ibid. ‘St Sepulchre’s,’ vol. 4, p. 413, footnote l.
992 Way, A., ‘Notices of the Benedictine Priory of St Mary Magdalen at Rusper,’ Sussex Archæol. Collections, vol. 5, p. 244; Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Rusper,’ vol. 4, p. 586.
993 Blaauw, W. H., ‘Episcopal Visitations of the Priory of Easebourne,’ Sussex Archæol. Collections, vol. 9, pp. 1-32; Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Easebourn,’ vol. 4, p. 423.
994 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Sele,’ vol. 4, p. 668.
995 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St John’s,’ vol. 6, p. 678.
996 Ibid. ‘Selbourne,’ vol. 6, p. 510.
997 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries, 1888, vol. 1, p. 52.
998 Wilkins, D., Concilia, 1737, vol. 3, pp. 413, 419, 462.
999 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Albans,’ vol. 2, p. 205.
1000 Wilkins, D., Concilia, 1737, vol. 3, p. 390.
1001 Ibid. 1737, vol. 3, p. 630.
1002 Ibid. Year 1490, vol. 3, p. 632. Froude without taking into consideration the circumstances under which this letter was penned takes its contents as conclusive evidence of the abuses of the monastic system at the time of the Reformation. Comp. History of England, 1893, vol. 2, p. 304; Life and Letters of Erasmus, 1894, p. 18.
1003 Newcome, P., History of the Abbacy of St Albans, 1793, p. 399.
1004 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Albans,’ vol. 2, p. 206, footnote c; ‘the Book of Ramryge,’ MS. Cotton. Nero D. VII.
1005 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Mary de Prée,’ vol. 3, p. 353, charter nr 9.
1006 Ibid. ‘Sopwell,’ vol. 3, p. 363.
1007 ‘Land of Cockayne,’ in Early English Lives of Saints, etc., Philological Society, 1858, p. 156.
1008 ‘Why I cannot be a nun,’ in Early English Lives of Saints, etc., Philological Society, 1858, p. 138.
1009 Comp. above, pp. 339, 377.
1010 Möhler, J. A., Kirchengeschichte, edit. 1867, vol. 2, pp. 612 ff.
1011 Comp. Leuckfeld, Antiquitates Bursfeldenses, 1713; Pez, Bibliotheca ascetica, vol. 8, nrs 6 ff.
1012 Discussed in Klemm, G. F., Die Frauen, vol. 4, p. 181, using Ordinarius preserved at Dresden (MS. L. 92).
1013 Busch, J., Liber de reformatione monasteriorum (written between 1470-1475), edit. Grube, 1887.
1014 Deutsche Allgemeine Biographie, article ‘Busch, Joh.’
1015 Busch, Liber de reformatione monasteriorum, ‘Derneburg,’ p. 588.
1016 Ibid. ‘Wennigsen,’ ‘Mariensee,’ ‘Werder’ pp. 555 ff.
1017 Busch, Liber de reformatione monasteriorum, ‘Wienhausen,’ p. 629.
1018 Ibid. ‘St Georg in Halle,’ p. 568.
1019 Ibid. ‘Heiningen,’ p. 600.
1020 Ibid. ‘Frankenberg,’ p. 607.
1021 Ibid. ‘Dorstad,’ p. 644.
1022 Ibid. ‘Neuwerk,’ p. 609.
1023 Ibid. ‘Fischbeck,’ p. 640.
1024 Ibid. ‘Marienberg,’ p. 618.
1025 Busch, Liber de reformatione monasteriorum, ‘Marienborn,’ ‘Stendal,’ p. 622.
1026 Ibid. pp. 664 ff.
1027 Ibid. pp. 659 ff.
1028 Remling, F. X., Urkundl. Geschichte der Abteien und Klöster in Rheinbayern, 1836, ‘Schönfeld,’ vol. 1, p. 165; ‘Ramsen,’ vol. 1, p. 263; ‘Kleinfrankenthal,’ vol. 2, p. 79.
1029 Marx, J., Geschichte des Erzstifts Trier, 1860, vol. 3, p. 466 (Benedictine nunneries, pp. 457-511, Cistercian nunneries, pp. 579-593).
1030 Brusch, C., Chronol. Mon. Germ., 1682, p. 508.
1031 Fabri, F., De Civitate Ulmensi, edit. Veesenmeyer, Liter. Verein, Stuttgart, 1889, pp. 180 ff.
1032 Fabri, F., De Civitate Ulmensi, pp. 202 ff.
1033 Jäger, A., Der Streit des Cardinals N. von Cusa mit dem Herzoge Sigmund von Oesterreich, 1861, 2 vols, (the struggle over Sonnenburg is in vol. 1).
1034 Ibid. vol. 1 (page references in the text throughout this section are to the above account).
1035 Jäger, A., Der Streit des Cardinals N. von Cusa etc., 1861, Vorwort, p. x.
1036 Tritheim, Opera pia et spiritualia, edit. Busaeus, 1604, ‘Orationes,’ pp. 840-916.
1037 Tritheim, Opera, etc., Epist. nr 3, p. 921 (written 1485).
1038 Geiler, Predigten Teutsch, 1508; Seelen-Paradies, 1510, etc.
1039 Information on those works of Butzbach which are not published is given in the second supplementary volume, pp. 439 ff. of Hutten, U. v., Opera, edit. Böcking, 1857.
1040 Wimpheling, Germania, transl. Martin, E., 1885, ch. 77.
1041 Erasmus, Colloquies, transl. Bailey, edit. Johnson, 1878, ‘The Virgin averse to Matrimony,’ vol. 1, p. 225.
1042 Erasmus, Colloquies, ‘The Penitent Virgin,’ vol. 1, p. 237.
1043 Ibid. ‘The Uneasy Wife,’ vol. 1, p. 241.
1044 Ibid. ‘The Young Man and Harlot,’ vol. 1, p. 291.
1045 Ibid. ‘The Lying-in Woman,’ vol. 1, p. 441.
1046 Erasmus, Colloquies, ‘The Assembly or Parliament of Women,’ vol. 2, p. 203.
1047 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Radegund’s,’ vol. 4, p. 215, charter nr 3.
1048 Gasquet, F. A., Henry VIII and the English Monasteries, 1888, vol. 1, p. 62.
1049 At a meeting of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society (reported in the Academy, Feb. 23, 1895), Mr T. D. Atkinson read a paper on ‘The Conventual Buildings of the priory of St Radegund,’ illustrated by a plan showing such of the college buildings as were probably monastic, and also the position of some foundations discovered in the previous summer. According to this paper the present cloister occupies the same position as that of the nuns, and the conventual church was converted into a college chapel by Alcock. The college hall which is upstairs is the old refectory, the rooms below being very likely used as butteries, as they still are. The present kitchen is probably on the site of the old monastic kitchen, and very likely the rooms originally assigned to the Master are those which had been occupied by the prioress. Further details of arrangement were given about the dormitory, the chapter house, the calefactory and common-room, etc., from which we gather that the men who occupied the nunnery buildings, put these to much the same uses as they had served before.
1050 Fiddes, ‘Life of Card. Wolsey,’ 1726, Collect., p. 100.
1051 Ibid. p. 99.
1052 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Bromhall,’ vol. 4, p. 506.
1053 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Lillechurch,’ vol. 4, p. 379, footnote e.
1054 Gairdner, J., Letters and papers of the reign of Henry VIII, Rolls Series, vol. 10, Preface, p. 43, footnote, and nr 890.
1055 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Frideswith’s,’ vol. 2, p. 138. Fiddes, ‘Life of Card. Wolsey,’ 1726, Collect., p. 95.
1056 Wilkins, D., Concilia, 1737, ‘Bull’ (Sept. 1524), vol. 3, p. 703; ‘Breve regium,’ ibid. p. 705.
1057 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Frideswith’s,’ vol. 2, p. 138, footnote x.
1058 Ibid. ‘Wykes,’ vol. 4, p. 513; ‘Littlemore,’ vol. 4, p. 490, nr 12.
1059 Rymer, Foedera, ‘Bulla pro monasteriis supprimendis,’ vol. 6, p. 116; ‘Bulla pro uniendis monasteriis,’ p. 137.
1060 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII and the English Monasteries, 1888, vol. 1, pp. 101 ff.
1061 Blunt, The Reformation of the Church of England, 1882, vol. 1, p. 92, footnote, says that the lady in question was ‘Eleanor the daughter of Cary who had lately married (Anne’s) sister Margaret.’
1062 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wilton,’ vol. 2, p. 317, gives the correspondence. The abbess who succeeded to Isabel Jordan was probably Cecil Bodman or Bodenham, of whom more p. 441.
1063 Fish, S., ‘A Supplicacyon for the Beggers,’ republished Early Engl. Text Soc., 1871.
1064 More, Th., ‘The Supplycacyon of Soulys,’ 1529 (?).
1065 Wright, Th., Three chapters of letters on the Suppression (Camden Soc., 1843), nrs 6-11.
1066 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII and the English Monasteries, vol. 1, pp. 110-150.
1067 Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers etc., vol. 8, Preface, pp. 33 ff.
1068 Wilkins, D., Concilia, 1737, vol. 3, p. 755.
1069 Dict. of Nat. Biography, article ‘Legh, Sir Thomas.’
1070 Wright, Three chapters etc., p. 56.
1071 Gairdner, J., Letters etc., vol. 9, nr 139.
1072 Ibid. Preface, p. 20.
1073 Ibid. vol. 9, nr 280.
1074 Gasquet, Henry VIII etc., vol. 1, p. 273.
1075 Wright, Three chapters of letters, p. 55.
1076 Gasquet, Henry VIII etc., vol. 1, p. 276; Ellis, H., Original Letters, Series 3, vol. 3, p. 11, says that after resigning at Little Marlow she became abbess at Malling.
1077 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Little Marlow,’ vol. 4, p. 419; ‘Ankerwyke,’ vol. 4, p. 229.
1078 Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers etc., vol. 9, nr 1075 (her house is unknown).
1079 Ellis, H., Original Letters, Series 1, vol. 2, p. 91.
1080 Wright, Three chapters etc., p. 74.
1081 Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers etc., vol. 9, nr 357.
1082 Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers etc., vol. 9, nr 732.
1083 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 1, p. 293.
1084 Wright, Three chapters etc., p. 107.
1085 Ibid. p. 114; Gasquet, Henry VIII etc., vol. 1, p. 303.
1086 Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers etc., vol. 10, nr 364.
1087 Wright, Three chapters etc., p. 91.
1088 Ellis, H., Original Letters, Series 3, vol. 3, p. 38.
1089 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Harwold,’ vol. 6, p. 330.
1090 Ellis, H., Original Letters, speaks of the image of Our Lady of Caversham which was plated all over with silver, Series 1, vol. 2, p. 79; of that of St Modwen of Burton on Trent with her red cowl and staff, Series 3, vol. 3, p. 104; of the ‘huge and great image’ of Darvellgathern held in great veneration in Wales, Series 1, vol. 2, p. 82; and of others, which were brought to London and burnt.
1091 Wright, Three chapters etc., p. 116.
1092 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 2, p. 47.
1093 Ibid. Appendix 1.
1094 Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers etc., vol. 9, nr 1094.
1095 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 2, App. 1.
1096 Wright, Three chapters etc., p. 139.
1097 Ellis, H., Orig. Letters, Series 3, vol. 3, p. 37.
1098 Ibid. p. 116.
1099 Ibid. p. 39.
1100 Wright, Three chapters etc., p. 129.
1101 Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers etc., vol. 10, nr 383 (1536).
1102 Wright, Three chapters etc., p. 136.
1103 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 2, App. 1.
1104 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Mary’s,’ vol. 2, p. 451, charter nr 4.
1105 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 2, App. 1.
1106 Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers etc. vol. 11, nr 385 (20).
1107 Ibid. (22, 23, 35).
1108 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Chatteris,’ vol. 2, p. 614, calls her ‘Anne Gayton.’
1109 Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers, vol. 11, nr 519 (11); nr 1217 (26).
1110 Ibid. vol. 10, nr 364.
1111 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 2, p. 206; Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers etc., vol. 10, Preface, p. 46.
1112 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Dennis,’ vol. 6, p. 1549.
1113 Ellis, H., Orig. Letters, Series 3, vol. 3, p. 117.
1114 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 2, p. 203.
1115 Ibid. vol. 2, pp. 449 ff.
1116 Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers etc., vol. 11, nr 42.
1117 Ibid. vol. 11, Preface, p. 12.
1118 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 2, pp. 84 ff.
1119 Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers etc., vols. 11, 12.
1120 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Seton,’ vol. 4, p. 226.
1121 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 2, p. 340.
1122 Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers etc., vol. 12, pt 2, nr 27.
1123 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 2, p. 279.
1124 Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers etc., vol. 13, pt 1, nr 1115 (19), nr 1519 (44).
1125 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 2, p. 222.
1126 Gairdner, J., Letters and Papers etc., vol. 10, nr 364.
1127 Ibid. vol. 13, pt 1, nr 235.
1128 Ellis, H., Orig. Letters, Series 3, vol. 3.
1129 Wright, Three chapters etc., p. 229.
1130 Wright, Three chapters etc., p. 227.
1131 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 2, p. 225.
1132 Ibid. 456.
1133 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Mary’s,’ vol. 2, p. 451; Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 2, p. 476.
1134 Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wherwell,’ vol. 2, p. 634.
1135 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 2, p. 481.
1136 Ibid. p. 479.
1137 Ellis, H., Orig. Letters, Series 3, vol. 3, p. 34, gives an interesting account.
1138 Lindesay, Ane Satyre of the thrie Estaits, edit, by Hall for the Early Engl. Text Soc., 1869, pp. 420 ff.
1139 Gasquet, A., Henry VIII etc., vol. 2, p. 221.
1140 Fuller, Th., Church History, edit. Brewer, 1845, vol. 3, p. 336.
1141 Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, 1878, pp. 14 ff.
1142 Ibid. pp. 67 ff.
1143 Nider, Jos., Formicarius, bk. 1, ch. 4 (p. 8, edit. 1517).
1144 Muench, E., Charitas Pirkheimer, ihre Schwestern und Nichten, 1826, contains some of Clara’s letters.
1145 Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 67.
1146 ‘Briefe der Aebtissin Sabina,’ edit. Lochner in Zeitschrift für hist. Theologie, vol. 36, 1866.
1147 Pirckheimer, B., Opera, edit. Goldast, 1610, p. 345; Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 52.
1148 Pirckheimer, Opera, edit. Goldast, 1610, p. 341; Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 81.
1149 Pirckheimer, Opera, p. 343; Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 84.
1150 Pirckheimer, Opera, p. 342; Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 85.
1151 Pirckheimer, Opera, p. 344; Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 87.
1152 Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 88.
1153 Ibid. p. 220, note 26.
1154 Pirckheimer, Opera, p. 340; Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 89.
1155 Born in Venice in 1465, was acquainted both with Latin and Greek, and studied history, philosophy and theology. She disputed at Padua in public, wrote several learned treatises, and was much admired and esteemed.
1156 Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 96.
1157 Pirckheimer, Opera, p. 230; Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 55.
1158 Pirckheimer, Opera, p. 344; Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 58.
1159 Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 65, footnote.
1160 Ibid. p. 66.
1161 Pirckheimer, Opera, p. 247; Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 61.
1162 Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 62
1163 Ibid. p. 35.
1164 Thausing, M., Dürer’s Briefe etc., 1872, p. 167.
1165 Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 105.
1166 Eyn Missyve oder Sendbrief etc., 1523.
1167 Pirckheimer, Opera, p. 375.
1168 ‘Pirkheimer, Charitas’: Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Reformationszeitalter, herausg. Höfler, C., Quellensammlung für fränk. Geschichte, vol. 4, 1852 (page references in the text to this edition).
1169 Muench, E., Charitas Pirckheimer etc., 1826, p. 104.
1170 Binder, F., Charitas Pirckheimer, p. 125, from an unpublished letter.
1171 Muench, E., Charitas Pirckheimer etc., p. 110.
1172 Ibid., p. 118 (on a letter written to Nützel).
1173 Muench, E., Charitas Pirckheimer etc., p. 106.
1174 Ibid. p. 109.
1175 Pirckheimer, Opera, p. 374.
1176 Muench, E., Charitas Pirckheimer etc., p. 108.
1177 Binder, F., Charitas Pirckheimer, p. 118.
1178 Ibid. p. 150, from an unpublished letter.
1179 Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 153.
1180 Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 161.
1181 ‘Briefe der Aebtissin Sabina,’ edit. Lochner in Zeitschrift für hist. Theologie, vol. 36, 1866, pp. 542, 545.
1182 Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, pp. 183 ff.
1183 Pirckheimer, Opera, ‘Oratio apologetica,’ pp. 375-385; Binder, F., Charitas Pirkheimer, p. 198.