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Footnotes
1 Alex. Bain, The Emotions and the Will.
2 George Trumbull Ladd, Philosophy of Conduct.
3 Bergson, Creative Evolution, p. 119.
4 William Wundt, Human and Animal Psychology, p. 143.
5 Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 120.
6 Chas. Ellwood, Sociology and Modern Social Problems, p. 39.
7 Ellen Key, The Renaissance of Motherhood, p. 27: “Because of her motherhood, woman’s sexual nature gradually became purer than man’s. The child became more and more the centre of her thoughts and her deeds. Thus the strength of her erotic instincts diminished. The tenderness awakened in her by her children also benefited the father. Out of this tenderness—as also out of the admiration for the manly qualities which the father developed in the defence of herself and her children—gradually arose the erotic feeling directed to this man alone. Thus love began.”
8 Kidd, Social Evolution, p. 138.
9 Lewes, History of Philosophy, vol. i., p. 338.
10 Ælian: the second book, chapter vii.
“This is a Theban law most just and humane: that no Theban might expose his child or leave it in a wilderness, upon pain of death. But if the father were extremely poor, whether it were male or female, the law requires that as soon as it is born it be brought in the swaddling clouts to the magistrate, who, receiving it, delivers it to some other for some small reward, conditioning with him that he shall bring up the child, and when it is grown up take it into his service, man or maid, and have the benefit of its labour in requital for its education.”
11 Mrs. John Martin.
12 Heaut., I., i., 23: Homo sum; humani nihil a me alienum puto.
13 See Appendix A.
14 A. H. Keane, Man Past and Present, p. 9.
15 Sir John Evans, Inaugural Address, British Association Meeting, Toronto, 1897.
16 A. Featherman, Social History of the Races of Mankind, vol. ii., p. 22.
17 “Man is affected by these four physical agents: climate, food, soil, and the general aspect of Nature.”—Buckle, History of Civilization, vol. i., p. 29.
18 Current Anthropological Literature, vol. ii., No. 1, p. 11.
19 Featherman, vol. ii., preface.
20 British Central Africa, p. 472.
21 G. Stanley Hall, The Relations between the Lower and the Higher Races.
22 J. Deneker, The Races of Man, p. 239.
23 Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, p. 9.
24 D. G. Brinton, Races and Peoples, p. 55. “The sequel of the sexual impulse is the formation of the family through the development of parental affection. This instinct is as strong in many of the lower animals as in human beings. In primitive conditions it is largely confined to the female parent, the father paying but slight attention to the welfare of his offspring. To this, rather than to doubt of paternity, should we attribute the very common habit in such communities of reckoning ancestry in the female line only.”
25 The ostrich forms, however, a curious exception. The male sits on the eggs, and brings up the young birds, the female never troubling herself about either of these duties.—Brehm, Bird-Life, p. 324.
26 Brehm, Bird-Life, p. 285, and Herman Müller’s Am Neste.
27 Rengger, Naturgeschichte der Saugethiere von Paraguay, p. 354.
28 Brehm, vol. iii., p. 206.
29 Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, vol. ii., p. 447.
30 Charles Morris Woodford, A Naturalist among the Head-Hunters, p. 31.
31 Report to the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia on Papua, for 1909, Appendix D, p. 107.
32 J. H. P. Murray, Papua or British New Guinea, 1912.
33 Murray, Papua or British New Guinea, p. 211.
34 Ibid., p. 214.
35 Op. cit., i., p. 76.
36 D. G. Brinton, Races and Peoples, pp. 53 and 54.
37 D. G. Brinton, Races and Peoples, p. 55.
38 Dapper, L’Afrique, p. 309.
39 Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 52.
40 Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 609.
41 Joseph Shooter, Kafirs of Natal, p. 88.
42 James Dawson, Australian Aborigines.
43 Nyendael, Ulricht, 1688, quoted by H. Ling Roth in Great Benin, pp. 35–36.
44 Mary H. Kingsley, Travels in West Africa, p. 472.
45 Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir, p. 202.
46 Slaughter, Australian Aborigines, p. 39.
47 M. Kracheninnikow, Histoire du Kamchatka, chap. xii.
48 Henry W. Little, Madagascar, p. 60.
49 H. H. Ploss, Das Kind in Brauch und Sitte der Völker, vol. ii., p. 257.
50 Ibid., vol. ii., p. 258.
51 Dale, Journal, Anthrop. Inst., vol. xxv., p. 183.
52 Godfrey Dale, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vol. xxv., p. 182.
53 Felix de Azara, Voyages dans l’Amérique Méridionale, vol. ii., pp. 93 and 115.
54 Tutila, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. i., p. 267.
55 Otto von Kotzebue, A Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Bering Straits, London, 1821, vol. iii., p. 173.
56 Edward M. Curr, The Australian Race, vol. i., p. 70.
57 H. B. Guppy, The Solomon Islands, p. 42.
58 H. H. Romilly, The Western Pacific, p. 68.
59 George Turner, Samoa, p. 284.
60 R. L. Stevenson, In the South Seas, p. 38.
61 Samuel Gason, “The Dieyerie Tribe,” in vol. ii. of Curr’s Australia.
62 J. L. Krapf, Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa, p. 69.
63 Brinton, Religions of Primitive Peoples, p. 17.
64 Kotzebue, A Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Bering’s Straits, vol. iii., p. 173.
65 Spencer and Gillen, Central Australia, p. 51.
66 Central Australia, p. 264.
67 Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, p. 484.
68 Its secrecy is insured by its indecency.
69 William Ellis, Polynesian Researches, p. 257.
70 George Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia, p. 394.
71 Charlevoix, History of Paraguay, vol. i., p. 405.
72 Fison and Howitt, The Kamilario and Kurnai, p. 190.
73 Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 46.
74 John Moore Davis, “Aborigines of Australia,” in Brough Smyth, vol. ii., p. 311, Aborigines of Victoria.
75 William Ellis, Tour through Hawaii, p. 300.
76 Sir John Lubbock, The Origin of Civilization, p. 3.
77 Stevenson, In the South Seas, p. 38.
78 Lucien Young, U. S. N., The Real Hawaii, p. 78.
79 John Foreman, The Philippine Islands, p. 206. Dean C. Worcester, The Philippine Islands, p. 208.
80 Mémoires sur les Chinois, tome ii., p. 396.
81 Ts’in Chi Hoang, Emperor of China, 220–210 B. C., was King of Ts’in, 246–221 B. C. Hirth, p. 334.
82 Se Ma Ts’ien, Traduits et Annotés, par Edouard Chavannes, tome ii., p. 130.
83 H. A. Giles, Chinese Biographical Dictionary.
84 Li-Ki, chapter i.
85 She-King, part iii., book ii., ode 1., verse 3, translated by James Legge.
86 She-King, part i., book viii., ode 7, verse 3.
87 Chu’un Ts’ew, book v., year xix., par. 4.
88 Ibid., book x., year xii., par. 9.
89 Demetrius Charles Boulger, History of China, vol. ii., p. 314. Palatre, p. 6.
90 P. G. Palatre, Annales de la Sainte-Enfance, tome xii., p. 304.
91 Lettres Edif., vol. x., p. 363.
92 P. Gabriel Palatre, L’Infanticide et l’Œuvre de la Sainte-Enfance en Chine, p. 16.
93 Te-i-lou, tome i., 2e partie, Tao-yng-hoei-Koei-taio, p. 16.
94 P. Gabriel Palatre, L’Infanticide et l’Œuvre de la Sainte-Enfance en Chine, p. 44, note No. 2, which reads: “Foochow—‘The Prefect and the local magistrates have within the last few days issued a stringent proclamation against the practice of female infanticide. It provides that all parents guilty of destroying a child shall be punished according to the law against the destruction of descendants, which, it seems, provides sixty blows and a year’s imprisonment, as the proper punishment. A midwife, who destroys a child, is to be punished by strangulation. Neighbours who know of the commission, and do not report it, are to be punished as accessories to murder; and the Tepo are to be punished in the same way. A vigorous execution of this proclamation would do much to remedy the evil; but it remains to be seen whether the proclamation is more than a periodical fulmination, with the probability that it is not.’ Foochow Herald.” Also note No. 1, p. 45, which reads:
“From the Foochow Herald. ‘The following proclamation was recently issued by the Prefect of Foochow, and is, we understand, extensively circulated throughout the city and suburban districts.
“‘“Weng, acting Prefect of Foochow, issues an emphatic proclamation.
“‘“It has been found that the drowning of newly-born female infants is of frequent occurrence in places under this prefectural jurisdiction. As a reason for this cruel and outrageous behaviour towards their children, the poor allege that they are without the means to support them; the rich that they dread the expense of providing them with dowries. The Acting Prefect has repeatedly issued prohibitory proclamations since assuming charge of this post, and has also instructed the magistrates to arrest delinquents. It has been reported of late that in the neighbourhood of Shang Kan, under the jurisdiction of the Min magistrate, the practice of female infanticide still exists; it is further reported that in one spot over ten infants have been found drowned, so that there is every reason to believe that this vicious practice extends to other places too. It is the Prefect’s duty to draw up the most stringent supervisory regulations in order to the reclaiming of people from this rooted habit. The Prefect has instructed the magistrates to act in this spirit, and has now to issue this proclamation peremptorily forbidding the practice.
“‘“Wherefore now know ye all, gentry, elders, scholars, civil and military, and all persons whatsoever in this prefecture, that it is your duty to act one and all of you in accordance with the spirit of the following Regulations, and exercise a watch upon each other. If any families are found drowning their female infants, it will assuredly be at once reported to the magistrates, who will severely punish the act in accordance (with law). If any persons favour or connive at this practice and do not act upon the instructions, on the discovery or report of a case the hundred-men, neighbours, and relatives will be held equally accountable. No leniency will be shown. Tremble at this! Obey this! Do not disobey! A special proclamation.”’
“Rules relating to midwives:
“‘Female infanticide must always be practiced immediately after birth, and is generally committed by the midwife, but even if the parents do it themselves, the midwife must know. The leading gentry and the hundred-men are hereby charged henceforward to take notice of midwives in their respective villages who may dare to assist in drowning female infants. The leading gentry, the hundred-men, members of families, and neighbours are authorized to ascertain and send in the names of such midwives, and apply for their punishment as accomplices.’
“Extract from The Shanghai Courier and China Gazette, number of the 24th of November, 1877.”
95 Dr. Joseph Lauterer, China. Das Reich der Mitte, p. 130.
96 Robert K. Douglas, Society in China, p. 253.
97 Alexis Krausse, China in Decay, p. 38.
98 Arthur Judson Brown, New Forces in Old China, chap. v.
99 H. A. Giles, Civilization of China, p. 96.
100 Brinkley, vol. i., p. 61.
101 Kojiki, introduction, p. xl.
102 Chamberlain, Introduction, p. xi.
103 Kojiki, section xxv.
104 Chamberlain, Introduction, p. xl.
105 Captain F. Brinkley, Japan, p. 89.
106 G. Underwood, Religions of Eastern Asia, p. 75.
107 Ibid., p. 83.
108 Nihongi. See Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society, London, vol. i., translated by W. G. Aston.
109 Nihongi. See Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society, London, vol. i., p. 181, by W. G. Aston.
110 Capt. F. Brinkley, Japan, vol. v., p. 194.
111 Id., vol. v., p. 195.
112 W. E. Griffis, Japanese Nation in Evolution, p. 268.
113 Quoted by Garrett Droppers in “The Population of Japan in the Tokugawa Period,” extract from Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xxi., p. 253.
114 Brinkley, Japan, vol. iv., p. 56.
115 Brinkley, Japan, vol. iv., p. 57.
116 A. K. Faust, Christianity as a Social Factor in Modern Japan, p. 47.
117 E. J. Harrison, The Fighting Spirit of Japan, p. 350.
118 Karbara Ekken, Wisdom and Women of Japan, p. 45.
119 S. L. Gulick, Institutions of the Japanese, p. 100.
120 J. K. Goodrich, Our Neighbours: The Japanese, p. 32.
121 Leonard W. King, History of Sumer and Akkad, p.1.
122 Hall.
123 L. W. King, History of Sumer and Akkad, preface, p. ix.
124 A. H. Sayce, Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia, p. 253.
125 Sayce, The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia, pp. 466–469.
126 E. de Srazec, Découvertes en Chaldée, plates 48, and 48 bis.
127 Sayce, The Religions of Egypt and Babylonia, p. 466.
128 R. W. Rogers, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 162.
129 H. de Genouillac, Tablettes Sumériennes Archaïques, p. xxii.
130 Ibid., p. xxxii., Tablet 12.
131 H. de Genouillac, Revue Assyriologie, vol. viii., p. 18.
132 P. Dhorme, Revue d’Assyriologie, tome vii., p. 2.
133 Robt. Wm. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, p. 395.
134 C. H. W. Johns, Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters.
135 L. W. King, Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi.
136 M. E. Rivellout, “La Femme dans l’Antiquité,” Jour. Asiatique, tome vii., p. 1.
137 David Gordon Lyon, Studies in the History of Religions, article on “The Consecrated Women of the Hammurabi Code,” p. 342.
138 C. H. W. Johns, Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters, pp. 41 and 42. Laws of Hammurabi, Col. III., i. 22 to Col. IV., i. 22.
139 M. E. Rivellout, “La Femme dans l’Antiquité,” Jour. Asiatique, tome viii., p. 74.
140 The Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon about 2250 B. C., trans. by Robt. F. Harper, p. 71.
141 C. H. W. Johns, Assyrian Doomsday Book, pp. 26, 27, 28.
142 Dr. Robt. Wm. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, p. 393.
143 William Hays Ward, Seal Cylinders of Western Asia, p. 154.
144 René Dussaud, Les Sacrifices Humaines chez les Canaanéens.
145 A. H. Keane, Man, Past and Present, p. 479.
146 A. H. Keane, Man, Past and Present, p. 484.
147 G. Maspero, Dawn of Civilization, pp. 311–314.
148 G. Maspero, Dawn of Civilization, p. 52.
149 Harris Papyrus, No. 500, British Museum; Maspero, Études Égyptiennes.
150 F. Chabas, Œuvres Divers, tome i., pp. 183–214.
151 A. Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 150.
152 J. H. Breasted, History of Egypt, p. 86.
153 W. M. Flinders Petrie, Egyptian Tales.
154 L. W. King and H. R. Hall, Egypt and Western Asia in the Light of Recent Discoveries, p. 71.
155 Porphyry, De Abstin., book ii., chapter lv.
156 King and Hall, Egypt and Western Asia in the Light of Recent Discoveries, p. 73.
157 The Historical Library of Diodorus, the Sicilian, vol. i., par. 6, p. 79, trans. by G. Booth.
158 The Historical Library of Diodorus, trans. by G. Booth, vol. i., p. 82.
159 Terme et Malfalcon, p. 34.
160 Maspero, p. 215.
161 Diodorus Siculus, i., 90; E. A. W. Budge, The Mummy, p. 180.
162 Maspero, p. 216.
163 Adolf Erman, Egyptian Religion, p. 139.
164 Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Grenfell & Hunt, vol. iv., p. 244; Adolf Deissman, Light from the Ancient East, p. 154.
165 Isaac Taylor, The Origin of the Aryans, p. 182.
166 M. M. Kunte, Aryan Civilization, p. 124.
167 F. A. Steel, India Through the Ages, p. 15.
168 Sankhayana-Grihya-Sutra, Khanda 20.
169 Manu, ix., 96.
170 Sir Monier-Williams, Brahmanism and Hinduism, p. 387.
171 Anaryan, Early Ideas, p. 11.
172 Journal of the Asiatic Society, vol. xiii., p. 104.
173 Monier-Williams, Brahmanism and Hinduism, p. 24.
174 Satapatha-Brahmana, intro. xxxvi.
175 Manava-dharma-castra, Lect. iv., Nos. 184 and 185.
176 A. C. Burnell, intro. to the Ordinances of Manu, p. xxiv.
177 Q. Curtius Rufus, book 9, chapter i.
178 Ibid.
179 Diodorus Siculus, book 17, chapter xci.
180 Strabo, book xv., c. i. par. 30.
181 Asiatic Researches, vol. iv., p. 342.
182 Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, p. 318.
183 Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxviii., part 1, p. 323.
184 Ibid., No. xxxix., part 2, p. 324. Letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.
185 Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, p. 327. Letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.
186 Ibid., No. xxxix., part 2, p. 328, par. 66. Letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.
187 Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, p. 329, par. 72. Letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.
188 Ibid., No. xxxix., part 2, p. 340, par. 171. Extract from the letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.
189 Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, pp. 361–362. Extract from the letter of Colonel Walker to Governor Duncan, dated March 15, 1808.
190 Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, No. xxxix., part 2, p. 374. Letter from Futteh Mahommed Jemadar to Lieut.-Col. A. Walker, received on the 21st of October, 1807.
191 Records of Government, Allahabad, 1871, vol. v., no. 2, p. 116.
192 Keane, Man Past and Present, p. 499.
193 George Aaron Barton, A Sketch of Semitic Origins, p. 269.
194 Archibald Duff, The Theology and Ethics of the Hebrews, p. 17.
195 D. Chwolson, The Semitic Nations, p. 25.
196 Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. i., p. 43.
197 Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. ii., p. 362.
198 M. L. Milloue, Le Sacrifice, Conférences faites au Musée Guimet, p. 3.
199 Lord Avebury, Marriage, Totemism, and Religion, preface, p. vi.
200 R. Campbell Thompson, Semitic Magic, p. xiii.
201 Wm. Mariner, The Natives of the Tonga Islands, vol. ii., p. 220.
202 Mariner, The Natives of the Tonga Islands, vol. i., p. 229.
203 Father Joseph de Acosta, The Natural and Moral History of the Indies, vol. ii., p. 344.
204 Francisco de Jerez, Conquista del Peru, under cover of Biblioteca ed Aurores Españoles, vol. xxvi., part 2, p. 327.
205 P. Lafaitau, quoting Le Moyne in Mœurs des Sauvages Américains, vol. i., p. 181.
206 Narrative of Le Moyne, transl. from the Latin of De Bry, p. 13, Boston, 1875.
207 Antonio de Herrera, The General History of the Vast Continent and Islands of America, commonly called the West Indies, vol. ii., pp. 347–348.
208 Wm. Strachey, The History of Travaile into Virginia Britannia, p. 84.
209 R. Brough Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, vol. ii., p. 311
210 W. Crooke, The Popular Religion and Folk-Lore of Northern India, vol. ii., p. 169.
211 Ibid., vol. ii., p. 172.
212 W. H. Sleeman, Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official, vol. i., p. 133.
213 R. Cain, “Bhadrachellam and Rekapalli Taluquas,” the Indian Antiquary, vol. viii., p. 219, Bombay, 1879.
214 J. J. M. de Groote, The Religious System of China, vol. ii., book i., p. 679.
215 R. A. S. MacAlister, The Excavation of Gezer, pp. 405–6, 432.
216 Ernest Sellin, “Tell Ta’Annek,” Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vols. l.-li., 1904–1906.
217 Driver, Modern Research as Illustrating the Bible, p. 68.
218 W. K. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 128.
219 H. C. Trumbull, Threshold Covenant, p. 49.
220 Jacob Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. iii., p. 1144.
221 Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. i., p. 96.
222 Theodor Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvolker, vol. ii., p. 197.
223 H. C. Trumbull, The Threshold Covenant, p. 146.
224 Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. i., p. 96.
225 Jacob Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. iii., p. 1142.
226 Jacob Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. iii., p. 1142.
227 W. Crooke, The Religion, etc., Northern India, vol. ii., p. 174.
228 The Journal of American Folk-Lore, vol. vi., p. 51, Boston, New York, and London, 1893.
229 E. Renan, History of the People of Israel, vol. i., preface, p. viii.
230 J. F. McCurdy, Jewish Encyclopædia.
231 A. Kuenen, The Religion of Israel, p. 102.
232 Genesis xxii., 13.
233 Renan, History of the People of Israel, p. 63.
234 Genesis xvii., 10.
235 P. C. Remondino, History of Circumcision, p. 31. Remondino cites Benjamin—David brought 200 prepuces to Saul to show the number of slain Philistines.
236 Remondino, p. 32.
237 Exodus, chap. xii.
238 Joshua, chap. xxiv., v. 14.
239 Renan, History of the People of Israel, vol. i., p. 149.
240 Judges, chap. ix.
241 Renan, History of the People of Israel, vol. i., p. 150.
242 Judges, chap. xii., v. 38–39.
243 Renan, History of the People of Israel, vol. i., p. 278.
244 2 Samuel, chap. xxi.
245 Ewald, History of Israel, vol. iv., p. 90.
246 2 Kings, chap. xvi., v. 3; and 2 Chronicles, chap. xxviii., v. 3.
247 2 Kings, chap. xxi., v. 6.
248 Hosea, chap. vi., v. 6.
249 Ibid.
250 Jeremiah, chap. vii., v. 21 et seq.
251 Micah, chap. vi., v. 6 et seq.
252 R. A. Nicholson, Literary History of the Arabs, p. xvi.
253 The Sabeans were inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Sheba, located in south-western Arabia. According to the records of Mohammed Abu-Taleb Dimeshqi, the Sabeans’ sacrifices were made to the planets when they reached their point of culmination. They sacrificed either a man or a woman according to the divinity who was being worshipped. To the Sun, a selected girl was sacrificed; to the Moon, a man with full face. To Jupiter, a boy three days old, the child of the girl who was sacrificed to the Sun. To Mercury they sacrificed a young man of brownish colour who was a scribe and well educated; to Mars, a very red man with a red head; to Venus, a beautiful woman. These sacrifices were connected with various preparations and mysterious ceremonies.
The following passage, showing the extreme of horrible barbarism, describes one of their sacrificial ceremonies; it is from Dr. D. Chwolsohn’s Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus (vol. ii., pp. 28–29).
“On the 8th of August the Sabeans pressed the wine for the gods and called it by many different names. On this day they sacrificed to the gods, in the middle of the forenoon, a new-born male child. First the child was slaughtered, then boiled until it became very soft, when the flesh was taken off (the bones). The flesh was then kneaded with fine flour, oil, saffron, spikenard and other spices, and, according to some, with raisins. It was then made into small cakes of the size of a fig, and baked in a new oven. This was used by the participants in the mystery of Shemal.... No woman, no slave or son of a slave, or no idiot was allowed to eat of it. To the killing and the preparation of the child only three priests were admitted. Everything remaining, such as the bones and other things not eatable, the priests offered as a burnt sacrifice to the gods.”
[Ab (August) Den 8. dieses Monats pressen sie neuen Wein für die Götter und legen ihm viele verschiedene Namen bei. An diesem Tage opfern sie in der Mitte des Vormittags den durch Standbilder dargestellten Göttern ein neugeborenes männliches Kind. Zuerst wird der Knabe geschlachtet und dann gesotten, bis er ganz weich wird, dann wird das Fleisch abgenommen und mit feinem Mehl, Safran, Spikenard, Gewürznelken und Oel (nach der andern Lesart: Rosinen) zusammengeknetet, daraus werden kleine Brode, von der Grösse einer Feige, gemacht (oder geknetet) und in einem neuen (oder eisernen) Ofen gebacken. Dies dient den Theilnehmern an dem Mysterion des Schemal (zur Speise) für das ganze Jahr. Es darf aber kein Weib, kein Sklave, kein Sohn einer Sklaven und kein Wahnsinniger etwas davon essen. Zu dem Schlachten und Zurichten dieses Kindes werden blos drei Priester zugelassen. Alles aber, was von seinen Knochen, Gliedmassen, Knorpeln, Arterien und Nerven übrig geblieben ist, verbrennen die Priester den Göttern zum Opfer.]
254 R. A. Nicholson, Literary History of the Arabs, p. xxvii.
255 George Sale, Introduction to the Koran, p. 93.
256 George Sale, Introduction to the Koran, p. 93.
257 Aghani, vii., 150, quoted by W. Robinson Smith, Kinship and Marriage, p. 222.
258 Sale, Introduction to Koran.
259 Koran, chapter 5, p. 86.
260 Nicholson, Literary History of the Arabs, p. 243.
261 E. W. Lane, Selections from the Kur-an, Introduction, p. xxi.-xix.
262 Hamasa, quoted by W. Robinson Smith in Kinship and Marriage, p. 293.
263 Porphyry, book 2, chap. lvi.
264 Ammianus, book xxxi., chapter xvi.
265 Procopius, Bell. Pers., part i., chap. xix.
266 W. Robinson Smith, Kinship and Marriage, p. 296.
267 Trans. by George Sale, Al Koran, chap. vi., p. 114.
268 Ibid., chap. xvi., p. 218.
269 Ibid., chap. lxxxi., pp. 480–481.
270 “Al Hedaya Fil Foroo,” by Sheik Burhan-ad-deen Alee, trans. by Charles Hamilton, vol. i., p. xxxiii.
271 Id., book x., vol. ii.
272 “Al Hedaya Fil Foroo,” vol ii., book x., par. 3.
273 Id., vol. ii., book x., par. 6.
274 The commentary of Ahmed Ben Mohammed Khadooree, published A.H. 420 and an authoritative work on the duties of a magistrate.
275 The Hidaya, trans. by Charles Hamilton, vol. ii., book ix., chap. ii.
276 The Hidaya, trans. by Charles Hamilton, vol. i., book iv., chap. xiv., pp. 385, 386.
277 J. P. Mahaffy, Social Life of the Greeks.
278 Andrew Lang, Homeric Studies.
279 Thomas D. Seymour, Life in the Homeric Age, p. 139.
280 Id., p. 139.
281 Hesiod, Theogony, 483–4; Daremberg and Saglio, art. Exposito.
282 Pausanias, book 8, chap. viii.
283 Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, book i., caput 3, par. 5.
284 Pausanias, book 8, chap. xxviii.
285 Ibid., book i., chap. xlvi.
286 Apollodorus, book ii, caput 7, par. 4. Pausanias, book viii., chap, xlviii.
287 Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography.
288 Apollodorus, book iii., caput 5.
289 Plato, B. Jowett, vol. iv., p. 216.
290 Ibid., vol. i., p. 91.
291 Gortyniorum Leges, Daremberg and Saglio.
292 “Law Code of the Cretan Gortyna,” American Journal of Archæology, vol. i., p. 335.
293 Euripides, transl. by Arthur S. Way, vol. iii., p. 345.
294 Wm. Botsford, Development of the Athenian Constitution, p. 10.
295 Plutarch, Life of Alcibiades.
296 Heliodorus, Ethiopica.
297 G. Glotz, Daremberg and Saglio, art. Exposito.
298 Longus, Daphnis and Chloë, book iv.
299 Hesiod, Works and Days.
300 Terence, Adelphi, act v., scene iii.
301 Musonius, quoted by Glotz.
302 Longus, Daphnis and Chloë, book iv.
303 Heaut., Terence., act iv., scene i.
304 Aristophanes, Thesmophor., act v.
305 Longus, Daphnis and Chloë, book i.
306 Euripides, Ion, 1489.
307 Plautus, Cestellaria.
308 Plautus, Casina.
309 Longus, Daphnis, book i.
310 Plautus, Cistellaria, act i., scene i.
311 Poetarum Comicorum Græcorum Fragmenta. Ed. Didot, p. 57; Athenæus, Trans. C. D. Yonge, vol. ii., p. 804.
312 Poet. Comic. Græc. Frag., p. 687; Athenæus, vol. ii., p. 794.
313 Ibid., p. 710; Ibid., p. 575.
314 Thesmophoriazusæ, 502, 516.
315 Euripides, Ion, line 144.
316 Xenophon, Œconomicus, chapter iv., par. 5.
317 Ælian, liber ii., caput vii.
318 Plutarch, Lycurgus (Dryden trans.), vol. i., p. 82.
319 Dionysius Halic., bk. ii., par. vii.
320 Livy, i., 4.
321 Thos. Collett Sandars, Institutes of Justinian, p. 3.
322 Sandars, p. 4.
323 Gibbon, vol. iv., p. 341: “The law of nature instructs most animals to cherish and educate their youthful progeny. The law of reason inculcates to the human species the returns of filial piety. But the exclusive, absolute and perpetual dominion of the father over his children is peculiar to the Roman jurisprudence and seems to be coeval with the foundation of the city.”
324 Dionysius Halic., bk. ii., par. 15.
325 W. A. Hunter, Roman Law, p. 190, calls the conclave of neighbours a “humane and interesting exception.” John P. McLennon, in Primitive Marriage, says it is a “fine example of good old savage law.” According to Hunter, infanticide receives its first customary check when the destruction of males and the eldest female is forbidden: the ancient tribes preferring rather to steal their wives than to rear them.
326 Dionysius Halic., bk., ii., par. 26.
327 “Numa Pompilius,” Plutarch, Dryden’s Translations, vol. ix., p. 106: “He is also much to be commended for the repeal, or rather amendment, of that law which gives power to fathers to sell their children; he exempted such as were married, conditionally that it had been with the liking and the consent of their parents; for it seems a hard thing that a woman who had given herself in marriage to a man she judged free, should afterwards find herself living with a slave.”
328 Valerius Maximus, edition of 1678, lib. v., cap. viii. According to Niebuhr, the story was disbelieved, and the historian himself says it is an invention by those who found it difficult to believe that after three consulships and as many triumphs, Cassius was still in his father’s potestas. Hist. of Rome, vol. ii., p. 167.
329 Stephen, Hist. of the Criminal Law of England, p. 1.
330 Ortolan.
331 Madame Dacier observes upon this passage, that the ancients thought themselves guilty of a heinous offence if they suffered their children to die without having bestowed on them some of their property; it was consequently the custom of the women, before exposing children, to attach to them some jewel or trinket among their clothes, hoping thereby to avoid incurring the guilt above mentioned, and to ease their consciences.
332 Madame Dacier says that the meaning of this passage is this: Chremes tells his wife that by having given this ring, she has done two good acts instead of one—she has both cleared her conscience and saved the child; for had there been no ring or token exposed with the infant, the finder would not have been at the trouble of taking care of it, but might have left it to perish, never suspecting it would be inquired after, or himself liberally rewarded for having preserved it. (Bohn trans.) See chapters xii. and xiii.
333 This he says by way of palliating the cruelty he was guilty of in his orders to have the child put to death.
334 Greenidge, Roman Public Life.
335 Becker’s Gallus, p. 178.
336 According to Festus (De Verborum Significatione), there was a celibate fine. Cicero, De Leg., iii., 3, and Val. Max., ii., 9, i.
337 Becker’s Gallus, p. 179.
Apæcides—“I’ faith, money’s a handsome dowry.” Periphanes—“Indeed it is, when it isn’t encumbered with a wife.”—Plautus, Epidicus, act ii., scene i.
338 Becker’s Gallus, pp. 42 to 46; Suetonius, Claudius, p. 25; Horace, Epistle, ii., 2, 27; Martial, xii., 57, 14; Plautus, Merc., iii., 4, 78; Roman Life Under the Cæsars, Emile Thomas, p. 59.
339 M. Dezobry, Rome au Siècle d’Auguste, Plautus, Hecyra, Prologue.
340 “Those funerals with their horns and trumpets meeting in the Forum” was Horace’s idea of the height of noise.
341 Becker’s Gallus, p. 46; Martial, vii., 61.
342 Gaius, ii., 286: “Unmarried persons who by the lex Julia are debarred from taking inheritances and legacies were in olden times considered capable of taking fideicommissa. Likewise childless persons, who by the lex Papia lose half their inheritance and legacies because they have no children, were in the olden time considered capable of taking fideicommissa in full. But afterward by the senatus consultum Pegasianum they were forbidden to take fideicommissa as well as inheritances and legacies. And those were transferred to those persons named in the testament who had children, or if none of them had children, to the populus, just as the rule is regarding legacies and inheritances.”
343 Tacitus, Ann., iii., p. 28.
344 Suetonius, Octavius, par. 65.
345 Suetonius, Life of Claudius, par. 27.
346 Velia was a town in Liguria destroyed by a mountain slide. It was near the present town of Piacenza, about an hour’s railway ride from Milan. In 1747 the inscription was found, one of the longest that has come down to us, containing six hundred and thirty lines in seven columns.
347 The usual rate in provinces was twelve per cent. Pliny, Epist., x., 62 (duodenis assibus). Later, Alex. Severus lent money to the poor to enable them to buy land at three per cent.
348 Tacitus, Ann., iv., 27.
349 Pliny’s Letters, Letter 72, vol. ii.
350 Tertullian, Epst., 9.
351 Digest, xlviii., 9, 5.
352 De Verborum Significatione, p. 188, edition Lipsiæ, 1880. Line six reads: “Lactaria columna in foro olitorio dicta, quod ibi infantes lacte alendos deferebant.”
353 M. A. Seneca, Opera. Biponti, 1783.
354 Hunter, Spartianus, part xvii., p. 67.
355 Julianus, 611; Walker, p. 77.
356 Gerardus Noodt, Opera Omnia, 1767. Cornelius Van Binkershoek, Opera Omnia, 1761.
357 Abdy and Walker, Institutes of Justinian, Appendix A. Ortolan, p. 325.
358 Duruy, vol. v., p. 175.
359 Cambridge University Press, p. 122.
360 Duruy, vol. v., p. 467. E. E. Bryant, Life of Antoninus Pius, p. 122, refers to the inscription at Aquileia of a “præfectus alimentorum” as indicative of what Pius had done.
361 Hunter, p. 68.
362 Gibbon, vol. i., p. 497.
363 Zosimus, book ii., says parents were obliged to sell their children to pay the tax collectors.
364 Codex Theodosianus, xi., 27, 1–2.
365 Chapter xx., p. 407, vol. i.
366 Justinian Code, viii., 52, 2. Quod si exponendam putave it; animadversoni, quæ constituta est, subjacebit.
367 Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, p. 1. E. A. Freeman, Historical Studies.
368 Charles Loring Brace, Gesta Christi, p. 111.
369 W. E. H. Lecky, History of European Morals, vol. ii., p. 27.
370 Barnabas, Epistle, chapter xix.
371 Justin, Apol., i., chapter xxvii., p. 30.
372 Justin, Apol., i., chapter xxix., p. 31.
373 Athanagoras, Plea, chapter xxxv., p. 419.
374 A. J. Dogour, Recherches sur les Enfants Trouvés, p. 61.
375 Tertullian, Apologeticus, par. 90.
376 Tertullian, Ad Nationes, chapter xv.
377 Clement of Alexandria, Pædagogus, chapter iii., p. 3.
378 Minucius Felix, Oct., chapters xxx. and xxxi.
379 Vision of Paul, par. 40.
380 Codex Theodosianus, xi., xxvii., 1.
381 Ibid., lib. ii., tit. 27.
382 Ibid., lib. v., tit. 7 and 8.
383 Codex Theodosianus, chapter iii., title 3.
384 Codex Theodosianus.
385 Terme et Monfalcon, p. 79.
386 Acta Conciliorum Parisiis, 1715. Tome i., p. 1789. Chapters Concilium Vasense, Anno Christi 442, chapters 9 and 10.
387 Terme et Monfalcon, p. 80.
388 S. A. Dunham, Europe in the Middle Ages, p. 8.
389 Matthew xxviii., 19, 20.
390 Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, book iii., chapter i.
391 Theodoretius, History of the Church, book iv., chapter xxx.
392 Smith and Chetam, Dict. of Ch. Antiq. Missions (see also Socrates, Ecc. Hist., vii., 30; Ozanam, Civilisation chez les Francs, p. 51).
393 Thomas Moore, History of Ireland, vol. i., p. 49.
394 Guizot, Civilization, vol. i., p. 429.
395 La Boulaye, Recherches sur la condition de la femme depuis les Romains jusque au nos jours.
396 Ammian. Marcell., xvii., 8.
397 Codex, second edition of Hessels and Kern, xxviii., section 4, and the Wolfenbuttel edition as quoted by Garabed Artin Davoud-Oghlou, Histoire de la législation des Anciens Germains, vol. i., p. 496.
398 A sou was worth about 1000 grains of silver and the denier had a weight of about 25 grains of silver. Davoud-Oghlou, vol. i., p. 465.
399 Leys Salica, column 491.
400 J. F. A. Payre, Lois des Francs, pp. 82 and 83. The kings and the nobles wore their hair long, while the plain people wore their hair short, as did the Romans for whom these barbarians had a great contempt.
401 Dugour, p. 93; Davoud-Oghlou, vol. i., p. 613; Lallemand, p. 91.
402 “Parentes qui cogente necessitate filios suos alimentorum gratia vendiderint ingenuiati eorum non pare juicant. Homo enim liber pretio nullo æstimatur.” Edictum Theodorici, art. 94.
403 Thomas Hodgkin, The Letters of Cassiodorus, book viii., letter 33.
404 Terme et Monfalcon, Hist. des Enfants Trouvés, p. 28.
405 Terme et Monfalcon, p. 84.
406 Lerousse, Bathilde.
407 Lebeau, Hist. du Bas Empire, vol. vi., p. 179.
408 The History of England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings, vol. i., p. 414, translated by Benj. Thorpe.
409 Laws of Hloth. and Ead., vi. Ine, vii. Æthels., v. i. By the Salic law also (tit. xxvi., art. 6) twelve was fixed as the age of responsibility.
410 See Laws of Cnut, lxxvii.
411 Thorpe, p. 414.
412 Gaillard, p. 83.
413 Muratori, Antiquates italicæ medii ævi, Mediolani, 1740, vol. iii., p. 587.
414 Pontani, Opera, Basil, 1566, t. i., chapter xix.
415 Gaillard, vol. i., p. 85.
416 Histoire de Languedoc.
417 Ramcle, p. 34.
418 Ramcle, p. 360.
419 Gaillard, vol. i., p. 85. Bulletin Ferussac, pact de la Geog., t. xvi., p. 66.
420 Ramcle, p. 34. Bullarium Romanorum, t. i., p. 74.
421 See Bull of Innocent III., 28th of April, 1198.
422 Beckmann, Histoire des Inventions et Découvertes, tome iv.
423 Dictionnaire des Sciences Medicales, “Enfans Trouvés.”
424 Ramcle, 38. Bullarium Romanorum, Nicholas IV.
425 Ramcle, p. 40.
426 Cited by de Breuil.
427 Histoire de Languedoc, tome iii., p. 43.
428 Ramcle, p. 63.
429 Rapport fait à l’Académie Royale des Sciences. Par MM. Dumeril et Coquebert-Monbret. Paris, 1825, p. x.
430 Considérations sur les Enfants Trouvés, Benoiston de Chateauneuf, p. x.
431 Gaillard, p. 90.
432 Gaillard, p. 90.
433 Id., p. 90. Chateauneuf.
434 At that time Louis was at war with Germany in the Pays-Bas and in Cologne, and the conspiracy of Cinq-Mars had just been discovered.
435 Terme et Monfalcon, p. 100.
436 Gaillard, p. 92.
437 Curzon, p. 11.
438 L. F. Salzman, English Industries of the Middle Ages, p. 229.
439 Memorials of London and London Life, ed. by H. T. Riley, p. 549.
440 W. J. Ashley, The English Economic History, p. 9.
441 O. J. Dunlop and R. D. Denman, English Apprenticeship and Child Labour, p. 29.
442 Id., p. 56.
443 H. T. Riley, Memorials of London and London Life, p. 278.
444 Act of Henry VIII., passed by the Common Council of London, September 27, 1556. See A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London, vol. i., ed. by Ed. Arber, introduction, p. xli.
445 H. de B. Gibbins, Industry in England, p. 341.
446 Rep., 7 and 8 Vict. c. 101, s. 13.
447 Macaulay, History of England, vol. i., pp. 389 and 390.
448 Chamberlayne’s State of England; Petty’s Political Arithmetic, chapter viii.; Dunning’s Plain and Easy Method; Firmin’s Proposition for the Employing of the Poor. “It ought to be observed that Firmin was an eminent philanthropist,” Macaulay observes.
449 H. de B. Gibbins, Industry in England, p. 388.
450 The Quarterly Review, vol. lxvii., 1841, pp. 175 and 176.
451 Alfred, History of the Factory Movement, vol. i., pp. 21, 22.
452 Quoted in Alfred’s History of the Factory Movement, i., 43.
453 H. de B. Gibbins, Industry in England, par. 226, p. 393.
454 H. de B. Gibbins, Industry in England, p. 398.
455 W. Cooke Taylor, Factories and the Factory System, pp. 20 and 21.
456 H. de B. Gibbins, Industry in England, p. 402.
457 Edith Abbott, Journal of American Society, 14, 37.
458 Edith Abbott, Journal of American Society, 14, 21.
459 Id., 14, 32.
460 Duprat, p. 200, and Steinmetz, “Das Verhaltniss zwischen Eltern und Kindern bei den Naturvolken,” Zeitschrift für Socialwissenschaft, vol. i.
461 Copy of triplicate report, as above indicated.