Appendix C
Notes on Languages in the East of Netherlands New Guinea
By SIDNEY H. RAY, M.A.
I. Introduction
In considering the languages of Netherlands New Guinea it is convenient to divide the territory into six geographical divisions. These are:—
1. The North-western Coast and Islands (Waigiu, Salawati, and Misol).
2. The Western shore of Geelvink Bay and the islands adjacent (Mefor, Biak, and Jobi).
3. The Peninsula of Kumava (Orange Nassau) with the islands between Ceram and the Ké group.
4. The Southern and Eastern Shores of Geelvink Bay.
5. The North Coast from Kurudu Islands to Humboldt Bay.
6. The South-eastern Coast from Kamrau Inlet to the Bensbach River on the boundary between Netherlands and British territory.
The present notice only refers to languages in the three last of these divisions.
At the Western end of the South shore of Geelvink Bay is the district of Wandammen, of which the language is fairly well known. For this we have a vocabulary with grammatical examples (9),26 and also for Windessi, which is the same language, a mission text-book. Eastward from Wandammen the numerals only are recorded (7), but at the Southern point of the Bay, in the district around Jamur Lake we have the collections made by Van der Sande during the Wichmann Expedition of 1903 (8). He gives a vocabulary of Angadi, an island in the Jamur Lake, some words of the Nagramadu dialect on the North-west, and the numerals of Goreda on the South of the lake. The languages of the Western Shore of Geelvink Bay are represented only by numerals (7) but there is more information of the language of Pauwi at the mouth of the Wamberam or Amberno or Mamberamo River, where F. van Braam Morris collected a vocabulary published by Robidé van der Aa in 1885 (6). This was considered faulty by de Clercq.27
Westward along the Northern coast very little linguistic material is available, and the few words recorded show great differences. The places of which the speech is known are, on the mainland: Takar, Tarfia and Tana Merah, and on the islands: Liki (in the Kumamba Group), Moar (called also Wakde), Masimasi and Jamna (4, 5).
For the region about Humboldt Bay we have short vocabularies of Jotafa by various collectors, and a fuller one by G. L. Bink (2), also Sentani lists by P. E. Moolenburg (3) and van der Sande (8). Moolenburg also gives a list from Seka, West of the Bay.
For the Southern shore of Netherlands New Guinea, we have nothing but vocabularies, none of very large extent, the most extensive being that of Merauke in the extreme West (15) which has also been ably discussed by Dr. N. Adriani.28
Commencing at Kamrau Inlet, the languages of the shore and islands are illustrated by the Kowiai vocabularies of Miklucho-Maclay (13), the papers of G. W. Earl29 and the lists of S. Muller (10), the last two being derived from the collections made during the voyage of the Triton under Lieut. Modera in 1828. The following languages are named:—
Lobo at Triton Bay (including Namatote, Aiduma, Mawara, and Kaju-Mera).
Wuaussirau, inland on the Kamaka-Wallar Lake.
Mairassis, inland from Lobo.
Lakahia, on Telok Lakahia.
Kiruru, on Telok Kiruru.
Utanata, on the Utanata River.
Westward of the Utanata a vocabulary of the language spoken on the Mimika River people was obtained by Mr. Wollaston in 1910-11. A list of the same language is given also in the account of the South-west New Guinea Expedition of the Royal Netherlands Geographical Association.30 The latter work contains a few words of the language used at the mouth of the Kupĕra Pukwa River.
The language of Mĕraukĕ has been recorded by J. Seijne Kok (15), and by J. C. Montague and E. F. Bik,[C] that of Toro by S. Bik.31
II. Classification of the Languages
Of the three languages in the northern part of Eastern Netherlands New Guinea that of the Jotafa of Humboldt Bay has been ably discussed by Dr. Kern,32 who decides that in phonology, construction, numeration and word store it presents many points of agreement with the Mefoor or Nufōr of the North-west. But it undoubtedly also contains many words which are of non-Indonesian origin. The Sentani and Pawi languages seem to have very few or no words similar to the Indonesian, and may probably be found to be Papuan languages. But nothing is known of the grammar. The language of Wandammen presents agreements with the Mefoor (or Nufōr) in vocabulary and also in some points of grammar. It will probably be found to fall into the same class as the Nufōr and Jotafa. The languages of the north coast and islands also show a mixture of Indonesian with other words. So little is known of the structure of the languages in the Kumava Peninsula that their place cannot be determined with certainty. The numerals and much of the vocabulary appear to be Indonesian,33 but there are Papuan forms in the Grammar.
The Lobo languages of the Kowiai district on the south coast appear to be Indonesian, but those inland and south of Geelvink Bay have a distinct connection with those on the south coast west of the Kowiai district, and with those at the Utanata River and beyond the Mimika, at least as far as the Kupera Pukwa River. Beyond this point nothing is recorded until Princess Marianne Strait is reached, and here of two words known, one is Mĕraukĕ.34 The latter language extends to the Boundary. All west of the Lobo appear to be Papuan.
Using the scanty means available, the languages of the Eastern part of Netherlands New Guinea may be thus provisionally classified:—
North Coast and Islands (Including East and South Shore of Geelvink Bay)
| Papuan. | Seka | West of Lake Sentani. |
| Sentani | Lake Sentani. | |
| Moki (?) | Hinterland of Tana Mera Bay. | |
| ... | Tana Mera. | |
| Tarfia (?) | Coast West of Tana Mera Bay. | |
| Takar | Mainland East of Mamberamo R. | |
| Wamberan | ? Mamberamo R. | |
| Pauwi | Villages on Lower Mamberamo R. | |
| Angadi | Island in Jamur Lake. | |
| Goreda | South of Lake Jamur. | |
| Nagramadu | North-West of L. Jamur. | |
| Manikion | North of McCleur Inlet (Telok Berau). | |
| Indonesian35 | Jotafa | Humboldt Bay. |
| Jamna | Island opposite Takar. | |
| Masimasi | Island West of Jamna. | |
| Moar | Islands West of Masimasi. | |
| Kumamba | Islands and Coast West of Moar and Takar. | |
| Waropin | East shore of Geelvink Bay. | |
| Mohr | Island opposite Waropin. | |
| Tandia | Coast South of Waropin. | |
| Jaur | South-West shore of Geelvink Bay. | |
| Dasener | West of Jaur. | |
| Wandammen | North of Dasener. |
South Coast
| Papuan. | Mairassis | Inland from Lobo. |
| Wuaussirau | On Kamaka Wallar Lake. | |
| Lakahia | On Telok Lakahia. | |
| Kiruru | On Telok Kiruru. | |
| Utanata | Inland from Utanata River. | |
| Mimika | Inland from Mimika River. | |
| Kupera Pukwa | Kupera Pukwa River. | |
| Mĕraukĕ | Coast between the Kumbĕ River and the British Boundary. | |
| Toro | Bensbach R. | |
| Indonesian. | Onin | North of Kumava Peninsula. |
| Kapauer | North-West of Kumava Peninsula. | |
| Karufa | South of Kumava Peninsula. | |
| Lobo | Kowiai Coast and Islands of Namatote, Mawara, Aiduma, and Kaju-mera. |
III. Comparative Notes on the Angadi-Mimika Group of Languages
This group consists of the Angadi, Nagramadu, Goreda, Utanata, Lakahia, Mimika and Kupera Pukwa dialects, and perhaps also Kiruru.
1. Sound changes.36
A comparison of vocabularies shows a certain amount of sound change between the dialects. Thus Angadi m becomes b in Utanata and Mimika and vice versa.37
Ex. Angadi muti, Mimika and Utanata buïti, bamboo.
Angadi mopere, Nagramadu mobere(bu), Mimika bopere, navel.
Angadi mirimoi, Utanata birimbu, Mimika birim, nose.
Angadi mau, Utanata mouw, Mimika bauwe, foot.
Angadi tohoma-pare, Mimika to-mari, arm.
The Angadi m is represented sometimes by mb in Mimika, but is retained in Lakahia and Kiruru. Utanata examples are not found.
Ex. Angadi mi, Lakahia mu, Kiruru mi, Mimika mbi, mbu, water.
Angadi metaho, Mimika mbatau, spit.
Angadi imiri, Mimika imbiri, shin.
Mimika amuri is Kupera Pukwa ambori.
Angadi in some words loses k or g which appears in Mimika and Lakahia.
Ex. Angadi irĕa, Mimika irĕka, Utanata eriki, fish.
Angadi kauwa, Mimika kaukwa, woman.
Angadi maare, Mimika makarĕ, armlet.
Angadi măe, Mimika mbage, Utanata make, cry, weep.
Angadi hehe, Lakahia eika, finger-nail.
Angadi (nata)pairi, Mimika pigeri, skin.
A few words show an interchange of r and n between Mimika and Lakahia.
Mimika marĕ, Lakahia mana, finger. (Utanata to-mare, Angadi mahare, hand.)
Mimika iribu, Utanata and Angadi iripu, Lakahia ini-fa, knee.
Mimika amuri, Utanata amure, Angadi amore, Lakahia amuno, bow, Kupera Pukwa ambori.
2. Vocabulary.
The great likeness of the dialects may be illustrated by the following examples:—
| Angadi. | Utanata. | Mimika. | ||
| Arm. | to (in compounds) | tō | to | Lakahia esu-rua (?) |
| Arrow. | ka-tiaro (in bundle) | tiăre | tiari | |
| Boat. | ku | ku | ku | |
| Chin. | kepare | .. | kepare | |
| Coconut. | utiri | uteri | uteri | Kupera Pukwa otiri. |
| Dog. | uwiri | wuri | wiri | Lakahia iwora, Nagramadu iwŏra, Kupera Pukwa uweri. |
| Ear. | ihani | iänī | ene | |
| Eye. | măme | mame | mame | |
| Fire. | utămai | uta | uta | Lakahia ŭsia, Kiruru uta, Nagramadu uha. |
| Give. | kema | .. | kema | |
| Hair. | rup-ere | uirī | viri | Kupera Pukwa, uïri |
| Hand. mahare | tu-mare | marĕ | Lakahia, mana (finger). | |
| Head. | rupau | upauw | kapa-uĕ | Lakahia uwua. |
| House. | kăme | kamī | kamĕ | |
| Iron. | jau (pot) | (puruti) | tau | |
| Laugh. | oko | oku | oko | |
| Lip. | iri | iri (mouth) | iri | Kiruru uru (mouth). |
| Moon. | pură | uran | pura | Lakahia bura. |
| Mountain | .. | (pamogo) | pukare | Lakahia bugura, Wuaussirau wara. |
| Neck. | amoiï | ema | ima | Lakahia umia, Nagramadu umeke. |
| Paddle. | pá | pō | poh | Lakahia boa. |
| Pig. | ŏhŏ | ū | u | Lakahia u(fa), Nagramadu ŏhă, Kupera Pukwa uwĕ. |
| Rain. | keke | komak | ke | Lakahia ge(fa), Kiruru kē. |
| Sago. | amata | (kinani) | amota | Lakahia ama, Nagramadu ĕma, Kupera Pukwa amĕta. |
| Sleep. | ete | ete | ete | Kupera Pukwa ete. |
| Sugarcane. | .. | mone | mŏni | Lakahia moni(fa). |
| Sun. | jăū | youw | yau | Lakahia aya. |
| Tongue. | mere | mare | malī | Lakahia mara. |
| Tooth. | titi | titi | titi | Nagramadu si. |
| Wind. | kimiri | lowri | kimire | Kiruru kemuru. |
3. Pronouns. These are given only in Mimika for the singular number, and in Utanata for the first person singular, but the words for “I,” Mimika doro and Utanata area are unlike. In Mimika the possessive is shown by the suffix -ta, which is used also with other words. Dorota, mine, oro-ta, yours, amare-ta his, wehwaída-ta of another man. Wehwaída is compounded apparently of uwe (rí) man and awaída other. In Mairassis “I” is omona.
4. Numerals. No numerals are given by Müller or Earl for Utanata. “People of Utanata had very little knowledge of counting. When wishing to make known any number, they made use of the word awerí and counted on their fingers and toes.”38 In Angadi, Nagramadu, Goreda, Lakahia and Mimika, the numbers appear as follows:
| Angadi. | Nagramadu. | Goreda. | Lakahia. | Mimika. | |
| 1. | janăūwă | nadi | unakwa | onarawa | inakwa |
| 2. | jaminatia | ăbåmă | jămanini | aboma | yamani |
| 3. | jaminati-janăūwa | ăbåmă-nadi | .. | (torua) | yamani-inakwa |
| 4. | awaitămă-jaminatia | abama-båmŏ | .. | (fāt) | ama-yamani |
| 5. | măhăre-ajăherauri | măma-riba | maheri-herori | (rim) | .. |
| 6. | măhăre-janăūwa | mariba-nadi | .. | rim-onarawa | .. |
| 10. | măhăre-jăminatia | măma răbåmă | tăoru | .. | .. |
These show a numeration only as far as two. “Three” and “four” are made by additions, 2 + 1 = 3 and 2 + 2 = 4, except in Angadi where awaitămă-jaminatia means “another two” with which cf. the Mimika awaida, other. Măhăre, maheri, mari in the words for “five” also mean “hand,” abbreviated to mă in măma of Nagramadu. The Goreda tăoru given for “ten,” is the Angadi tăöru, much, Mimika takiri, many. In Lakahia the words for “three,” “four,” “five,” “six” have the Ceram numerals which are also used in Lobo and Namatote. The Mairassis and Wuaussirau numerals agree with one another, but differ entirely from those of the Angadi-Mimika group.
| One | Two | Three | Four | Five | Six | Ten | |
| Mairassis | tangauw | amoōi | karia | āi | iworo | iwora-mōi | werowa-mōi |
| Wuaussirau | anau | amōi | karia | aiwera | iworo | iwor-tanau | iwor-toki-tani |
The low numeration in all these languages may be regarded as an indication of their Papuan character.
5. Construction.
A few grammatical forms which appear to be indicated in the vocabularies may be noted here.
a. The possessive with pronouns and pronominal words is indicated by a suffix -ta. Mimika, doro-ta, of me, mine; oro-ta, thine; amare-ta, his; wehwaída-ta, of another man. In Angadi several compound words end in nata, which thus appears to be a noun, na (thing?), with the possessive suffix; and it seems possible to explain such words as ută-nata, firewood; kara nata, head of javelin—i.e. fire-thing-of, javelin-thing-of. Cf. also nata pairi given by v. d. Sande for “skin,” with Mimika pīgīri, skin, which suggests that nata pairi means skin of something.
b. The adjective follows the noun. Utanata warari napetike, water big, river.
c. A noun in the genitive relation precedes its substantive. Mimika bau mame, leg’s eye, ankle; iwau makarĕ, belly’s band. Angadi mahare hehe, finger nail; māū hehe, toe nail; mirimoi ipa, nose hole, nostril; ihani ipa, hole in ear lobe; ămore eme, bow’s rattan, bowstring.
d. The subject precedes the verb. Angadi jăū hinau-mara, sun rises (?), morning; jăū emapojemia, sun sets (?), evening.
e. The object also precedes the verb. Angadi ihani aimeri, ear pierce; mirimoi aimeri, nose pierce.
These five points indicate a Papuan structure of the languages.
6. Comparison with Merauke and the Languages of British New Guinea West of the Fly River.
The Papuan languages usually show so few agreements in vocabulary that the likeness of words, unless frequent, cannot be held to establish relationship. In the comparative vocabulary, words and numerals are added from the languages on British Territory.39 These show a few likenesses, which may, however, be accidental.
Arm. Mimika to, Dungerwab tond, Dabu tang, Miriam tag, Kiwai tu
Arrow. Mimika tiari, Kiwai tere.
Arrow barb. Mimika imari, Kiwai were.
Basket. Mimika temone, Kunini diba, Jibu dimba, Mimika eta, Kiwai sito, Mowata hito.
Bird. Mimika pateru, Bugi pa (?), Dabu papa (?).
Earth. Mimika tiri, Bangu tiritari.
Eat. Mimika namuka, Bangu jamukwa.
Elbow. Mimika to-mame, Mowata tu-pape.
Fire. Mimika uta, Miriam ur.
Forehead. Mimika metar(re), Bangu mithago, Miriam mat.
Head. Mimika kapane, Bangu kambu.
Iron. Mimika tau, Dungerwab tod.
Nose. Mimika birim, Dabu murung, Saibai, Miriam pit.
Pig. Mimika ap, Meranke sapi.
Rat. Mimika kemako, Bugi makata, Saibai makas, Miriam mokeis.
Shore. Mimika tiri, Dungerwab tredre.
Sleep. Mimika ete, Bangu ete-betha, Dungerwab eda-bel, Miriam ut-eid.
Tree. Mimika uti, Kiwai ota.
IV. Malayan Influence on the South Coast of Netherlands New Guinea
In a discussion of the languages of the south-eastern shores of Netherlands New Guinea, the extent of Malay influence in that region must be taken into account. Mr. William Churchill has lately put forward a theory that the Polynesian people entered the Pacific not only by coasting along the northern shores of New Guinea to the Solomon Group, but also by a passage through Torres Straits, and thence along the south-eastern coast of British New Guinea to the New Hebrides.40 On tracing the languages westward from Polynesia, it is an indisputable fact that many words which are identical with Polynesian are found in use along the shores of British New Guinea, though they are not used in a Polynesian syntax, or in the simplified forms usual in the Eastern tongues. It is also a fact that many of these same words are current also in the western islands of Indonesia. For example, hua, fruit; ina, mother; lala, blood; lau, leaf; au, I; ruma, house; inu, drink; utu, louse; tohu, sugar cane, and many other words are identical in the south-east of British New Guinea and in Ceram. But in British New Guinea the languages which show likeness to Polynesian end abruptly at Cape Possession, and are not found west of that point.41 Hence it becomes important to inquire how far the similar tongues of Amboyna and Ceram have influenced the New Guinea languages to the east of them. That there is such an influence is plain from the vocabularies of the languages. Indonesian words, such as the Onin (10) kayu, wood; tanigan, ear; nifan, tooth; fenu, turtle; mani, bird; afi, fire, are of common occurrence in the islands of the Arafura Sea, and on the coast of the mainland. But these words are more common in the west, and gradually disappear towards Torres Straits, and are not found beyond. In Rosenberg’s Karufa list (12) we find such characteristically Indonesian words as ulu, hair; mata, eye; uhru, mouth; taruya, ear; nima, hand; ora, sun; uran, moon; niyu, coconut. Words of this kind are found also in Lobo (10) and Namatote (13), as, for example, wuran, moon; labi, fire; nima, hand; nena, mother; rara, blood; metan, black; tobu, sugar cane; wosa, paddle; matoran, sit; mariri, stand. Some of these words seem to have passed into Utanata (10) and Lakahia (13), and apparently, though not so freely, into Wuaussirau (13), Mairassis (10), and Mimika (14). The Kiruru vocabulary of Maclay does not appear to show any words of this kind. The following are examples of Indonesian or Ceram words in the Utanata-Mimika group of languages.
Utanata uran, Lakahia bura, Mairassis furan, Mimika pura, Ceram wulana, moon. The Angadi has also pura.
Lakahia bugura, Wuaussirau wara, Mimika pukare, Ceram uhara, mountain. Utanata has pamogo.
Utanata pō, Lakahia boa, Mimika poh, Ceram wosa, paddle.
Utanata kai, Ceram kai, wood. For this the Mimika is uti.
A word of much interest in this region is turika or turi. This is given by Muller in his Ceram list as turika, knife, in Lobo turi, Onin tuni. Maclay gives the Ceram (Keffing) as turito, Namatote and Wuaussirau turi, also for “knife.” The word does not appear in Angadi or in the list of Ekris (19). Though not apparently used in Merauke turik has travelled eastward as far as Torres Straits and the Fly River, and even to the borders of the Papuan Gulf. Thus Bangu turik, Dabu turikata, Sisiami (Bamu R.) turuko, and Tirio turuko mean “knife” (i.e. iron knife). In Bugi, Saibai, Mowata and Kiwai, turika and in Murray Island tulik mean “iron.”42
Dr. N. Adriani has pointed out some words adopted from Malay in Merauke and also some apparent agreements between that language and Indonesian languages generally,43 but there is no evidence of any language from Ceram having passed through the Torres Straits. Agreements between the Merauke and Papuan languages to the east are also pointed out by Dr. Adriani44 but these are no evidence of the passage of a Polynesian fleet, as they are not Polynesian words, and the languages using them have no Polynesian syntax. Mr. Churchill’s theory of the Polynesian entry into the Pacific by way of Torres Straits cannot therefore be maintained.
V. A Comparative Vocabulary of Languages in the North East and South East of Netherlands New Guinea and of British New Guinea West of the Fly River
The following vocabulary is arranged strictly in Geographical order. The North Eastern Languages follow from East to West, from Seka to Manikion, and the South Eastern from Onin to the Boundary and thence along the South Coast of British Territory to the Western or Right Bank of the Fly River.
The following authorities have been quoted:—45
1. Seka. P. E. Moolenburg. Tijd. v. Indische Taal xlvii. 1904.
2. Jotafa [and Sentani in ( )]. G. L. Bink in ibid. xlv. 1902.
3. Sentani. P. E. Moolenburg. Bijdragen. t.d. Taal. Ned Indië (7) v. 1906.
4. Tanah Merah, Tarfia, Takar, Jamna, Masimasi, Moar (i.e. Wakde) and Kumamba. G. G. Batten. Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago, 1894.
5. Arimoa. A. B. Meyer. Über die Mafoor’sche, 1874.
6. Pauwi. P. J. B. C. Robidé v. d. Aa. “Reisen van Braam Morris.” Bijd. t.d. Taal. Ned. Indië. (4) x. 1885.
7. Wamberan, Waropin, Mohr, Tandia, Dasener, Jaur. Fabritius. Tijd. v. Indische Taal. iv. 1885.
8. Angadi, Goreda, Nagramadu, Manikion. G. A. J. v. d. Sande in “Nova Guinea.” Vol. III. 1907.
9. Wandammen. G. L. Bink. Tijd. v. Indische Taal. xxxiv. 1891.
10. Onin, Lobo, Mairassis, Utanata. S. Muller. Reisen, 1857.
11. Kapaur. C. J. F. le Cocq d’Armandville. Tijd. v. Indische Taal. xlvi. 1903.
12. Karufa. H. v. Rosenberg. Der Malayische Archipel. 1878.
13. Namatote, Wuaussirau, Lakahia, Kiruru. N. v. Miklucho Maclay. Tijd. v. Indische Taal. xxiii. 1876.
14. Mimika. MS. Dr. A. F. R. Wollaston.
15. Merauke. J. Seijne Kok. Verband. v. h. Batav. Genootsch. v. Kunsten lvi. 1906.
16. Bangu, Bugi, Dabu, Mowata, Kunini, Jibu, Tagota. Reports of Cambridge Anthropological Expedition. Vol. III. 1907.
17. Parb, Saibai, Kiwai, and Tirio. MSS. S. H. Ray.
18. Nufor. J. L. v. Hasselt. Hollandsch. Noefoorsch Woordenboek, 1876.
19. Ceram. A. v. Ekris. Woordenlijst v. Ambonsche Eilanden. Mededeel. v. h. Ned. Zendings Genoots, viii. 1864-65.
20. Tuburuasa, Karas. (Islands between Ceram and Onin.) P. J. B. C. Robidé v. d. Aa. Reisen naar Ned. Nieuw-Guinea, 1879.
Comparative Vocabulary
| Man. Man. | Woman. Vrouw. | Head. Hoofd. | Eye. Oog. | Ear. Oor. | |
| Seka | ... | ... | subi | rutja | re |
| Jotafa | tante | moi | rabunadu | windu | tĕni |
| Sentani | doh | mī | farem, (panem | yŏrå, (yeroh | anggei, (angei |
| Arimoa | kabun (white | ... | dabro | masamana | seroro |
| Pauwi | maomba | nedba | ... | kikia | knĭperemba |
| Angadi | were | kauwă | rupau | măme | ihani |
| Nagramadu | ... | ... | yabimă | ... | ehăra |
| Wandammen | mua | babien | rupai | rĕne | tatelajau |
| Onin | marara | matapais | onimpatin | matapatin | tanigan |
| Kapaur | neméhār | tombŏhār | kenda | kendep | per |
| Karufa | mutangki | maisoida | umuh | mata | taringa |
| Namatote | murwana | merwine | umu | matatungu | zingangu |
| Lobo | marowana | mawina | monongo, umun | matalongo | tringango |
| Mairassis | fatakowa | ewei | nanguwu | nambutu | newirana |
| Wuaussirau | taturobu | ewei | kotera | obiatu | obiru |
| Lakahia | odacira | yama | uwua | managa | yawana |
| Kiruru | ... | ... | ... | ... | yawatsha |
| Utanata | marowana | kuranī | upauw | mameh | ianī |
| Mimika | uweri | kaukwa, aina | kapane | mame | ene |
| Merauke | amnangga | bubtī, savĕ, īsus(?) iwogĕ | pa | kīndĕ | kambīt |
| Bangu | ... | ... | kambu | ti | taroba, tarup |
| Parb | ar | temarb | mor | taramb | tongal |
| Bugi | la | mala | beneqet | kalye | laandra |
| Dabu | rabu | mure | bunkut | ikapa | ran, ika |
| Saibai | garakazi | ipökazi | kuikö | dan, purka | kaura |
| Mowata | auana | orobo | epuru | damari | hepate, gare |
| Kunini | binam, ima | magebi, ule | mope | ireu | tablame |
| Jibu | vientete, rega | konga | mopu | yere | yekrom |
| Kiwai | dubu | orobo | epuru | damari | sepate, gare |
| Tirio | amiami | kinasu | yapuru | pariti | pamata |
| Tagota | ... | moream | kana | pari | tuap |
| Nufōr | snun | bien | rewuri | mgasi | knasi |
| Ceram | malona, mandai, makwai, manawal | mahina, bina, leuto pepina | uru, ulu | mata, maa | tarina, talina |
| Tuburuasa | maruana | mapata | unīn | matanpuon | taningan |
| Karas | kianam | paas | nakalun | kangiri | kulokeim |
| Nose. Neus. | Tongue. Tong. | Tooth. Tand. | Hand. Hand. | Sun. Zon. | |
| Seka | hā | ... | ... | na (nabērā, arm) | ... |
| Jotafa | su | meriki | ñoh | tibimi | tap |
| Sentani | yoi | fēuw | je, (tje | megeragera, (posadi | su |
| Arimoa | sirino | mataro | umata | ... | ... |
| Pauwi | kimparia | kimsiba | kabrua | kibawia (arm) | tebia |
| Angadi | mirimoi | mere | titi | mahare | yăū |
| Nagramadu | ... | yămănărai | si | ... | ... |
| Wandammen | swŏnê | taperê | derĕnesi | waraba | wor |
| Onin | wirin | eri | nifan | nemien | rera |
| Kapaur | kănomba, kănunga | gengabu | mĕhien-tāb | tān | kĕmina |
| Karufa | sikai | ... | ... | nimang-uta | ohra |
| Namatote | iyaongu | yaeiyongu | zwiutiongu | siŭsiongu | oro-matawuti |
| Lobo | sikaiongo | kariongo | ruwotongo | nimango-uta | orah |
| Mairassis | nambi | nenegun | sika | okorwita | onguru |
| Wuaussirau | ombi | onsabi | oras | uadu | unguru |
| Lakahia | onoma | mara | ifa | esurua | aya |
| Kiruru | unuga | ... | uru | ... | yauburawa |
| Utanata | birimbu | mare | titi | mareh | dyauw |
| Mimika | bīrim | malī | titi | marĕ | yau |
| Merauke | anggīp | unum | manggat | sangga | katŏnī |
| Bangu | ... | thamina | ter | tambia | epotha |
| Parb | mebele | penji | tol | tond | abiard |
| Bugi | wede | dangamai | lenge | trang-qab | yabada |
| Dabu | murung | dogmar | ngui, ngoia | tang-kor | yabada |
| Saibai | piti | nöi | dang | get | goiga |
| Mowata | wodi | watotorope | ibuanara | tu-pata (palm) | iwio |
| Kunini | keke | weta | giriu | imwe | bimu |
| Jibu | soku | vrate | orkak | yema | loma |
| Kiwai | wodi | wototorope | iawa | tu-pata (palm) | sai |
| Tirio | norose | ima | sū | tikiri | uainea |
| Tagota | miu | uo | kam | ... | dari |
| Nufōr | snŏri | kaprēndi | nasi | rwasi | ori |
| Ceram | hiru, inu, ninu, ili | mei, mē, mā | niki, niri, nityi, nio | rima, lima, barau | rematai, leamatai, leamanyo, deamatae |
| Tuburuasa | nirīng | kwēri | ... | tangan | nera |
| Karas | bustang | belein | ... | taan | ïōn |
| Moon. Maan. | Star. Ster. | Rain. Regen. | Stone. Steen. | Fire. Vuur. | |
| Seka | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Jotafa | sembi | endor | tāb | āt | aijări |
| Sentani | ara, (aroh | ... | (ya | tuga, (duwa | ī |
| Arimoa | ... | ... | ... | fati | ... |
| Pauwi | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Angadi | pură | ... | kehe | ... | ută-mai |
| Nagramadu | ... | ... | emoya | ... | uhă |
| Wandammen | sembai | siberere | rama | rebuki | adia, adyat |
| Onin | punono | apatin-no-farere | unano | pāti | api |
| Kapaur | koba, keba, kabah | mbāb | kĕri | wār | tōm |
| Karufa | uran | ŏma | kama | langerah | lawi |
| Namatote | wuran | omoma | omo | ... | labi |
| Lobo | furan | komakoma | komah | ... | lawi |
| Mairassis | furan | waniwani | yamo | ... | iworo |
| Wuaussirau | angane | onburi | yamu | ... | iworo |
| Lakahia | bura | mawena | gefa | ... | ŭsia |
| Kiruru | ... | imaru | kē | ... | uta |
| Utanata | uran | ... | koma | ... | uta |
| Mimika | pura | mako | ke | omanī | uta |
| Merauke | mandau | ovom, uvum | heĕ | katarĕ | takavĕ |
| Bangu | ... | ... | narunjar | tan | meni |
| Parb | tugiu | ... | nou | ... | pend |
| Bugi | kak | qatai | yugula | dader | iu |
| Dabu | qar, qak | piro | igurai | dadar | yu, dumbrel |
| Saibai | mulpal, kizai | titui | ari | kula | mui |
| Mowata | ganume | zogubo | wiari | nora-api | era |
| Kunini | mabie | wale | ngupe | magezuli | muie |
| Jibu | mobi | guje | piro | nora | para |
| Kiwai | sagana | gugi | mauburo, wisai | kuraere | era |
| Tirio | korame | apapa | iōuko | kuma | suze |
| Tagota | mano | durupa | ... | tamaga | jau |
| Nufōr | paik | ătaruwa, samfari | mĕkem, | kĕru | fōr |
| Ceram | huran, ulano, buran | marit, kolomali, kamali, umalio | uran, ulan, kial | hatu, batu | hau, au |
| Tuburuasa | puna | finma | unang | pati | lawi |
| Karas | pak | masseer | kekal | jaar | dien |
| Water. Water. | Pig. Varken. | Fish. Visch. | Coconut. Kokos-noot. | House. Huis. | |
| Seka | ... | ... | ... | ... | pā |
| Jotafa | nanu | por | igeh | nīno | duma |
| Sentani | bu | (yoku | ka | koh | ime |
| Arimoa | dano | ... | ... | niwi | ... |
| Pauwi | memba | ... | ... | ... | hŭsia |
| Angadi | mi | ŏhŏ | ireă | utiri | kãme |
| Nagramadu | ... | ŏhă | ... | măgrabe | ya |
| Wandammen | kambu | pisai | diya | ankadi | anio |
| Onin | weari | papio | sairi | ruroh | rumaso |
| Kapaur | kĕra | ndur, kalapaji, măma | heir | no’ur | wuri |
| Karufa | ualar | ... | dohndi | niyu | tsaring |
| Namatote | wălar | boi | dondi | niu (?) | sarin |
| Lobo | walar | bōi | donde | niu | sarin |
| Mairassis | wata | bemba | kuratu | owah | watara |
| Wuaussirau | kai | wembe | kuratu | obo | wata |
| Lakahia | mura | ufa | nema | wuina | yafa |
| Kiruru | mi | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Utanata | warari | uh | erika | uteri | kami |
| Mimika | mbi, mbu | u, api | irĕka | utēri | kamĕ |
| Merauke | daka | basikĕ | pararĕ, parara | misĕ, onggat, wīmap | sava, aha |
| Bangu | tauqar | rougu | thaua | nangar | boot, munka |
| Parb | nou | kimb | angur | argh, kwogh, keu | mongo |
| Bugi | ngi | simbel | galba | nge | māē |
| Dabu | ine | mule,chimela, sasa | pudi | ngoi, guvi | ma |
| Saibai | nguki | burum | wapi | urab | mud |
| Mowata | obo | boromo | arimina | oi | moto |
| Kunini | nīe | blome | ibu | ia | mete |
| Jibu | nia | woroma | waji | u | meta |
| Kiwai | obo | boromo | irisina | oi | moto |
| Tirio | opa | sepera | kopoma | sapu-mutira | turie |
| Tagota | mauka | minao | ... | ... | ... |
| Nufōr | wār | beyen | iyen | srabon | rum |
| Ceram | waer, wael, kwael | hahu, apal | ian, iano | niwer, niwel, nimel, nikwel, noolo | ruma, luma |
| Tuburuasa | wêre | ... | se | ... | kapalla |
| Karas | pere | ... | soor | ... | kawe |
Comparative Vocabulary, Numerals
| One. Een. | Two. Twee. | Three. Drie. | Four. Vier. | |
| Seka | ahi (ari?) | hitjun | hetun | nabu |
| Jotafa | the | ros | for | au |
| Sentani | imbai | be | name | gŭri |
| Tana Merah | ogosarai | saibona | ondoafi | soronto |
| Tarfia | tukse | arho | tor | fauk |
| Takar | afateni | nawa | nawa-jengki | nawa-nawa |
| Jamna | tes | ru | tau | fau |
| Masimasi | kīs | ru | tou | fo |
| Moar | hibeti | ru | tou | fau |
| Kumamba | tès | lu | taur | fau |
| Pauwi | pa-sari | pa-ri | pa-rosi | pa-rasi |
| Wamberan | tenama | bisa | ... | ... |
| Waropin | wo-sio | wo-ruo | wo-ro | wo-ako |
| Mohr | tata | ruru | oro | ao |
| Angadi | janăūwă | jăminatia | jaminati-janăūwă | awaitămă-jaminatia |
| Goreda | unakwa | jămanini | ... | ... |
| Nagramadu | nadi | ăbåmă | ăbåmă-nadi | ăbåmŏ-båmŏ |
| Tandia | nei | rusi | turusi | attesi |
| Dasener | joser | suru | toru | ati |
| Jaur | rebe | redu | reü | rea |
| Wandammen | siri | mondu | tŏru | atê |
| Manikion | hom | hŏai | homoi | hŏku |
| Onin | sa | nuwa | teni | fāt |
| Kapauer | hĕre-wo | hĕre-rīk | hĕre-terī | hère-ngara |
| Karufa | simoksi | rueiti | tohru | bahdi |
| Namatote | samosi | rueiti | toru | fāt |
| Lobo | samosi | rueti | tuwru | fāt |
| Mairassis | tangauw | amōi | karia | āi |
| Wuaussirau | anau | amoi | karia | aiwera |
| Lakahia | onarawa | aboma | torua | fāt |
| Mimika | inakwa | yamani | yamani-īnakwa | ama-yamani |
| Merauke | zakod | iena | iena-zakod | iena-iena |
| Bangu | nambu, nambi | yethombi, kethembi | yetho | asar |
| Parb | ambiur | tumbi | lambi | tutubiar |
| Bugi | tarangesa | metakina | gingi-metakina | topea |
| Dabu | tupi-dibi | kumi-rivi | kumi-reriga | kumi-rivi-kumi-rivi |
| Saibai | wara, urapon | uka, ukasar | uka-modobigal | uka-uka |
| Mowata | nau | netoa | ... | ... |
| Kunini | iepa | neneni | nesae | neneni-neneni |
| Jibu | yepa | kuraiepa (finger) | kuraiepa | kuraiepa |
| Kiwai | nau | netewa | netewa-nau | netewa-netewa |
| Tirio | oroka | miseka | misorako | miseka-miseka |
| Tagota | uradaga | mitiga | nan | mitiga-mitiga |
| Nufōr | sai, ŏsēr | dui, suru | kior | fiak |
| Ceram | isa, sā | rua, lua, dua, roti | teru, telu, tolu, toru | haa, hata, ata, fāt |
| Five. Vijf. | Six. Zes. | Ten. Tien. | Twenty. Twintig. | |
| Seka | naplan | naplahi | amplahari | amplanaplan |
| Jotafa | mimiām | măndŏsīm | ronduminarōs | manisayām |
| Sentani | mehembai | mehinimbai | mehinmehembai | megohri |
| Tana Merah | ogosarai | demean | ... | ... |
| Tarfia | rim | mana-tuksi | mafarufaru | ... |
| Takar | nawa-nawa-jengki | ... | ... | ... |
| Jamna | jim, rim | ... | sinafui | ... |
| Masimasi | rim | ... | sanafu | ... |
| Moar | rim | ... | ... | ... |
| Kumamba | lim | ... | sanafun | ... |
| Pauwi | pa-rinisi | ponensi | putaonsi | ... |
| Wamberan | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Waropin | rimo | ... | ... | ... |
| Mohr | rimo | ... | ... | ... |
| Angadi | măhărè-ajăhe-rauri | măhărè-jană-ūwă | măhăre-jămi-natia | ... |
| Goreda | mahère-hèrori | ... | tăóru | ... |
| Nagramadu | măma-riba | mariba-nadi | măma-răbåmă | ... |
| Tandia | marasi | ... | ... | ... |
| Dasener | rimbi | ... | ... | ... |
| Jaur | breiare | ... | ... | ... |
| Wandammen | rīm | rīmi-siri | sura | snun-tupesi |
| Manikion | sirkem | ... | ... | ... |
| Onin | nima | nem | pusua | puti-nuwa |
| Kapauer | hĕre-tembu | here-tembu-here-wo | pra’a | to mdijowo |
| Karufa | rimi | rom-simoksi | putja | siúmput-rueiti |
| Namatote | rim | rim-samoti | futsa | ombutueti |
| Lobo | rimi | rim-samosi | wutsya | sekumat-rueti |
| Mairassis | iworo | iwora-mōi (? 7) | werowa-moi | yauw-nat-makia |
| Wuaussirau | iworo | iwor-tanau | iwor-toki-tani | toki-amoi |
| Lakahia | rim | rim-onarawa | ... | ... |
| Mimika | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Merauke | iena-iena-zakod | ... | ... | ... |
| Bangu | tambothoi | nimbo | ... | ... |
| Parb | tumbi-tumbi-yambia | ... | ... | ... |
| Bugi | manda | gaben | dala | ... |
| Dabu | tumu | ... | ... | ... |
| Saibai | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Mowata | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Kunini | imegube | matemate (wrist) | dare (breast) | ... |
| Jibu | kuraiepa | ribenda (wrist) | mua (breast) | ... |
| Kiwai | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Tirio | miseka-miseka-oroka | ... | ... | ... |
| Tagota | uradaga (?) | moti-taba-nan | moti-tatan | ... |
| Nufōr | rīm | onem | samfur | samfur-di-suru |
| Ceram | rima, lima, dima | nē, nena, nō, onam | husane, husā, utsya | huturua |
LIST OF WORDS USED BY THE PAPUANS IN THE DISTRICT OF THE MIMIKA RIVER, S. W. DUTCH NEW GUINEA.
| Above | Opo | |
| Acid | { | Tite Imakemàn |
| Animal | Irĕka (also “fish” | |
| Ankle | Bau-mámĕ | |
| Ant | Wámé | |
| Arm | { | To-marī To |
| Arm-band | Maka-rĕ | |
| Arrive | Mainaumà | |
| Arrow | Tīari | |
| (barb of) | Imari | |
| Atap | Wurī | |
| Axilla | Emmabu | |
| Back (of man) | Ata | |
| Bamboo | Búiti | |
| Banana | Kau | |
| (plantation of) | Kauti | |
| Band (of rattan worn round middle) | Iwau-mákarĕ | |
| Bandicoot | Púruga | |
| Bark (of tree) | Pīkī | |
| Basket | { | Temme |
| Eta | ||
| Beads | Kamburi | |
| Bean | Kawetī | |
| Beard | { | Keparise |
| Kepa bíri | ||
| Burídi | ||
| Pakúti | ||
| Bed (mat) | Kápiri | |
| Bee | Imoho | |
| Beetle | Buruta | |
| Belch | Mbau | |
| Belly | Iwau | |
| Big | { | Atwa |
| Iwáko | ||
| Bird | { | Páteru |
| Páturu | ||
| (of Paradise | { | Yamuku |
| Yau | ||
| Bitter | { | Tite |
| Imakemàn | ||
| Black | Ikako | |
| Blood | Maréte | |
| Blunt | Yamenà | |
| Boat | Ku | |
| Bodice (of woven fibre) | Paitĕ | |
| Body | Nata | |
| Bottle | Kárepa | |
| Bow | Amúri | |
| Bow-string | Kima | |
| Breast (of woman) | Auwĕ | |
| (of man) | Pītī | |
| Breathe | Túa | |
| Broken | Táka | |
| Butterfly | Wīrī | |
| Buttock | Atabú | |
| Calf (of leg) | Ewambugu | |
| Canoe | Ku | |
| Cap (worn by widows) | Ubauta | |
| Carve (to) | Maramu | |
| Cassowary | Tu | |
| Centipede | Arowī | |
| Coconut | Utēri | |
| Cheek | Awár(re) | |
| Child | Aidru | |
| Chin | Kepáre | |
| Cicada | Wéako | |
| Cloth | Pīkī | |
| Club | Moánne | |
| Clouds | Apu | |
| Cockatoo | Pukī | |
| Cold | Yu | |
| Comb | Ta | |
| Copulate | Ipĕ | |
| Cough | Otah | |
| Crab | { | Peja |
| Epor(re) | ||
| Bī | ||
| Crayfish | Bĭ | |
| Crocodile | Tīmaku | |
| Cry (weep) | Mbágĕ | |
| Cut (to) | Embe | |
| Cuscus (Phalanger) | Apui | |
| Dance | Dirin-dirin | |
| Deep | Emúku | |
| Dog | Wīrī | |
| Drink | Tomagu | |
| Drum | Emmĕ | |
| Ear | Éne | |
| Ear-ring | Tīrawōnĕ | |
| Earth (sand) | Tīrī | |
| Eat | Namúka | |
| Eel | Mbatarúbia | |
| Egg | Tareté | |
| Elbow | To-mámé | |
| Exchange | Akóra | |
| Eye | Mámé | |
| Eyebrow | Mambīrī | |
| Far | Awakopíre | |
| Fat | Atwa | |
| Feather | Idī | |
| Finger | Márĕ | |
| Finger-nail | Marē | |
| Fire | Utá | |
| (stick) | Utamau | |
| Fish | Irĕka | |
| Fly (insect) | Oboö | |
| Flying-fox | Iéa | |
| Foot | Bauwe | |
| Forehead | Métár(re) | |
| Ghost | Níniki | |
| Give | Kéma | |
| Grass | Umetir(re) | |
| Grasshopper | Atŏkŏ | |
| Green | Otopu | |
| Hair | Vīrī | |
| Hand | Marĕ | |
| He | Amárepa | |
| Head | Kapa-uĕ | |
| Heavy | Ikīti | |
| Heel | Mbautep(e) | |
| His | Amareta | |
| Hiccough | Urri | |
| Hornbill | Kumai | |
| Hornet | Imŏkŏ | |
| House | Kámĕ | |
| I | Doro | |
| Ill | Namúti | |
| Image (carved) | Betoro | |
| Iron | Tau | |
| Knee | Irību | |
| Lance | Uruna | |
| Laugh | Oko | |
| Leaf | E | |
| Leg | Atīrī | |
| Lightning | Marapiti | |
| Lips | Irī | |
| Little | Mimiti | |
| Lizard | Inamo | |
| Lizard (frilled) | Wago | |
| Loins | Yaïmi | |
| Man | Uweri | |
| Many | Tákiri | |
| Mat (of pandanus) | Au | |
| Melon | Anĕtĕ | |
| Mine | Dorota | |
| Moon | Pura | |
| Mosquito | Itjī | |
| Mountain | Púkare | |
| Mouth | Ba | |
| Moustache | Mbu-tīrĭ | |
| Navel | Boporĕ | |
| Neck | Ima | |
| New | Aigu | |
| Nod | Kiparu | |
| Nose | Bīrim | |
| (secretion of) | Bīndī | |
| Old man of village | Natu | |
| One | Inakwa | |
| Orchid | Idarōnĕ | |
| Other | Awaida | |
| Other man | Wehwaida | |
| Other man’s | Wehwaidata | |
| Paddle | Poh | |
| Palate | Tībanne | |
| Papaya | Tĕnà | |
| Parrot | Akīma | |
| Pearl | Omab(e) | |
| Penis | Kamàrē | |
| (case) | Kamare-po(ko) | |
| Pig | { | U |
| Api | ||
| Pigeon | Parúa | |
| Pillow (wooden) | Yamate | |
| Pine-apple | Makadĕtĕ | |
| Prawn | Mbi | |
| Pumpkin | Nabru | |
| Python | Pīmī | |
| Rain | Ke | |
| Rainbow | Parakĕta | |
| Rapids | Kamáwa | |
| Rat | Kemako | |
| Rattan | Kima | |
| Red | Epĕró | |
| Ribs | Párĕrŏ | |
| Rice | Wátē | |
| Ripe | Pu | |
| River | Iuata | |
| Road (track) | Mako | |
| Rope | Temmà | |
| Sacrum | Wagamau(e) | |
| Sago | Amŏta | |
| (beater) | Wapúri | |
| Sago-bowl | Pámagu | |
| Sap | Namī | |
| Scorpion | Purumbaä | |
| Sea | Takarī | |
| Shallow | Taparī | |
| Sharp | Yánakŏ | |
| Shell | Parau | |
| Shell-fish | Uwo | |
| Shin | Imbīrī | |
| Shore | Tīrī | |
| Shoulder | Ta-rī | |
| Shoulder-blade | To-bābŭ | |
| Skin | Pīgerī | |
| Skull | Upau | |
| Sleep | Eté | |
| Snail | Tapoko | |
| Snake | Apako | |
| Sneeze | Yaiē | |
| Spear | Uruna | |
| (wooden) | Potaku | |
| Spit | Mbatau | |
| Star | Mako | |
| Steal | Otemu | |
| Stick (of club) | Wu | |
| Sting-ray | Kaū | |
| Stone | Omanī | |
| Suck | Au | |
| Sugar-cane | Mŏnī | |
| Sun | Yau | |
| Sweat | Papitī | |
| Sweet potato | Pamu | |
| Swim | Tīmago | |
| Tear (a) | Bágumbú | |
| Thigh | I | |
| Throat | Kīmárĭ | |
| Thumb | } | Ipau |
| Great Toe | ||
| Thunder | Uraki | |
| Tired | Toh | |
| Tobacco | Kapakī | |
| To-day | Wauwà | |
| Toes | Bauwē | |
| To-morrow | Kaúmuta | |
| Tongue | Malī | |
| Tooth | Tītī | |
| Tree | Uti | |
| Turtle | Mbiambu | |
| Two | Yamani | |
| Upset | Pīro | |
| Viper | Mágu | |
| Vomit | Mbau | |
| Water | Mbi | |
| Mbu | ||
| (make) | Gīgī | |
| Wet | Nata | |
| Whistle | Wiramogo | |
| White | Naputiàre | |
| Wind | Kīmīr(e) | |
| Woman | Kaukwa | |
| Aina | ||
| Wound | Natŭ | |
| Wrist | Marapŭmĕ | |
| Yawn | Mbápoh | |
| Yellow | Taier(re) | |
| You | Oro | |
| Your | Orota | |
Footnotes
1 i.e. leader of a gang.
2 Malay Archipelago, Chapter XX.
3 Malay Archipelago, Chapter XXIX.
4 F. H. H. Guillemard, The Cruise of the “Marchesa,” Chapter XXI.
5 A note in the Geographical Journal, Vol. xxxviii. p. 211, points out the interesting fact that this custom of shedding tears in welcome was observed by some of the early travellers in many places on the American Continent, both North and South. It has also been noticed among the Andamanese and other Negroid inhabitants of South-Eastern Asia and Australasia.
6 Like the Megapodes the Brush Turkeys are most interesting birds, which have the habit of making large mounds of rubbish in which they place their eggs, where they are hatched by the heat of fermentation. This species is about the size of a domestic hen, and its large brown egg is very good eating.
7 The very interesting discovery was made by Mr. Staniforth Smith of sago growing at an altitude of 3500 feet in the region of Kikor River, British New Guinea.—Geog. Journal, vol. xxxix. p. 329.
8 See Appendix C.
9 The number of individuals examined was not very great and the difference in their measurements are so insignificant, that they may be considered all to belong to one race.
10 Tuan = master, v. p. 103. The natives always addressed us as “Tuana,” and many babies, of whom their parents were particularly proud, were called “Tuana.”
11 A Continuation of a Voyage to New Holland, etc., in the year 1699, by Captain William Dampier.
12 Standard, 4, 8, 1910.
13 The accent is placed on the first syllable—Tápĭro.
14 Extract from diary, 12th March 1910. A.F.R.W.
15 The services of these two men were secured to the expedition through the generosity of Mr. H. C. Robinson, Director of the Museums of the Federated Malay States.
16 For their cranial measurements see Appendix.
17 The stitch used is a “figure of eight.” An exactly similar pattern is used by the natives near Humboldt Bay, North Dutch New Guinea, in making caps. See Van der Sande, Nova Guinea, Vol. III. Illustration, p. 37.
18 I am informed by Mr. H. Balfour, of the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, that a similar method of making fire is employed by people in Assam, the Chittagong Hills, at certain places in the Malay Peninsula, in Borneo, at numerous places in different parts of New Guinea, and at one place in West Africa.
19 I saw three men who showed unmistakable signs of syphilis.
20 “Capt. Cook, H.M.S. Endeavour, 1770.” “Kolff’s Voyages in Dutch Brig of War Dourga, 1825-6.”
21 This is the usual friendly greeting of the people in the Merauke district. The word is now used by the Dutch as a slang name for the natives of any part of New Guinea.
22 Voyage of the ships Pera and Arnhem, under command of Jan Carstenszoon or Carstensz, 1623.
23 Here, as elsewhere in the Dutch colonies, half-castes in official positions are reckoned as Europeans.
24 Capt. C. G. Rawling. Country Life. 20 May, 1911.
25 Malay Archipelago. Chapter V.
26 The numerals in brackets refer to the list of authorities prefixed to the comparative vocabulary.
27 Cf. Translation by G. G. Batten in “Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago,” 1894.
28 Dr. N. Adriani. Eenige opmerkingen over de Mĕraukĕ-Taal naar aanleiding der Woordenlijst van Contr. J. Seijne Kok, in “De Zuidwest Nieuw-Guinea-expeditie van het Kon. Ned. Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1904-5.”
29 G. W. Earl, Native Races of the Indian Archipelago, Papuans, 1853, Appendix, and Jour. Roy. Geographical Society, 1837, p. 393-395.
30 De Zuidwest Nieuw-Guinea-expeditie van het Kon. Ned. Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1904-5. Leiden, 1908.
31 Cf. Internat. Archiv. für Ethnographie, 16, 1905, and Reports of Cambridge Anthropological Expedition, III., p. 387.
32 H. Kern. Over de taal der Jotafa’s aan de Humboldtbaai, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde van Ned. Indië, 6 Volg. deel VII.
33 Cf. G. von der Gabelentz und A. B. Muller, Melanesischen Sprachen, 1882, p. 536-541. Also C. J. F. le Cocq d’Armandville in Tijds. v. Taal, etc., 46, 1903.
34 P. J. B. C. Robidé van der Aa in Bijdragen tot de Taal etc., 1883, p. 197. The word is mes, coconut, the Mĕraukĕ mise.
35 The term “Indonesian” is used here only to imply that the languages so designated appear to contain some words and constructions which are found commonly in the languages of the Indian Archipelago. The data are too few for definite classification. The term “Papuan” may be taken to mean “non-Indonesian” or “Non-Malayo-Polynesian” with a similar limitation.
36 In the Examples following, the vowels should be sounded as in Italian, and the consonants as in English. The Dutch oe and ie are written u and ī.
37 This interchange is very common in the languages of the Papuan Gulf. Cf. Reports of Cambridge Anthropological Expedition, III., pp. 325, 334.
38 G. W. Earl in Jour. Royal Geographical Society, 1837, p. 394.
39 Those quoted are: Dungerwab (or Parb) on Wai Kasa R., Bangu, Morehead River; Bugi, Mai Kasa River, Dabu, Paho R., Mowata, mouth of Binaturi R., Saibai Is. in Western Torres Straits, Miriam, Murray Is. Torres Straits, Kunini and Jibu West shore of Fly Delta, Kiwai Is. in Fly Delta.
40 William Churchill, “The Polynesian Wanderings.” Washington. 1911. Pp. v., 147.
41 Reports of Cambridge Anthropological Expedition, III, p. 290.
42 The writer was however told by Murray Island natives that “tulik” was the name of the old shell axe.
43 Eenige opmerkingen over de Mĕraukĕ-taal, in “De Zuidwest Nieuw-Guinea-expeditie van het Kon. Ned. Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1904-5,” p. 661-2.
44 Op. cit., p. 664-665.
45 The number prefixed is that by which these authorities have been referred to in the preceding pages.