Chronological Table
B.C.
98. Birth of Lucretius.
87. Birth of Catullus.
70. Virgil is born.
69. Birth of Mæcenas; Cicero is ædile.
66. Cicero is prætor.
65. Horace is born.
63. Birth of Octavius (afterward Gaius Julius Cæsar Octavianus Augustus). Cicero’s consulship and Orations against Catiline.
60. First Triumvirate (Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus).
58. Cicero banished. Cæsar begins conquest of Gaul.
57. Cicero recalled from exile.
55. Virgil assumes the toga virilis. Death of Lucretius, Cæsar in Britain.
54. Virgil studies in Milan. Death of Catullus. Cicero edits Lucretius’ On Nature, and (perhaps) Catullus’ Odes, and begins his essay On the State.
53. Virgil goes to Rome: Horace is also taken there. Cicero is augur. Parthians defeat Romans at Carrhæ.
52. Cicero’s Oration for Milo.
51. Cicero proconsul in Cilicia.
49. Civil War. Cæsar marches on Rome, bestowing Roman citizenship on Italians north of the Po. Pompey leaves Italy.
48. Battle of Pharsalia. Assassination of Pompey.
46. Battle of Thapsus. Suicide of Cato at Utica.
45. Horace goes to Athens.
44. Cæsar assassinated: Octavius, adopted in his will, assumes his name. Cicero’s Philippics.
43. Birth of Ovid. Second Triumvirate (Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus). Assassination of Cicero. Civil war with Brutus and Cassius. Horace a tribune in Brutus’ army.
42. Battles of Philippi. Death of Brutus and Cassius.
41. Confiscations by the triumvirs. Virgil introduced to Mæcenas and Octavianus. Horace returns to Rome.
40. Virgil restored to his estate.
39. Horace introduced to Mæcenas by Virgil and Varius.
37. Virgil publishes Eclogues. Phraates king of Parthia.
36. Antony invades Parthia.
35. Horace publishes First Book of Satires.
33. Phraates attacks Armenia and Media.
31. Battle of Actium. Overthrow of Antony. Octavianus visits the East.
30. Horace publishes Second Book of Satires and his Epodes.
29. Octavianus returns from the East and celebrates threefold triumph. Temple of Janus closed in sign of peace. Virgil publishes Georgics.
27. Octavianus receives the title of Augustus.
26. Augustus in Spain corresponds with Virgil.
24. Horace (probably) publishes first Three Books of Odes.
23. Death of Marcellus. Virgil reads portions of the Æneid to Augustus.
20. Expedition of Augustus to the East. Parthians restore standards taken at Carrhæ.
19. Virgil journeys to Greece. Returns with Augustus. Dies at Brundisium. Augustus directs Virgil’s friend Varius and Tucca to edit the Æneid.
18. Horace publishes First Book of Epistles.
17. The Secular Festival. Horace writes the Secular Hymn.
13. Horace publishes Fourth Book of Odes.
8. Death of Mæcenas and Horace.