The Handbook of Soap Manufacture

Appendix A. Comparison of Degrees, Twaddell and Baumé, With Actual Densities

Tw.	B.	Density.	Tw.	B.	Density.	Tw.	B.	Density.	Tw.	B.	Density.
0	0	1.000	44	26.0	1.220	88	44.1	1.440	131	57.1	1.655
1	0.7	1.005	45	26.4	1.225	89	44.4	1.445	132	57.4	1.660
2	1.4	1.010	46	26.9	1.230	90	44.8	1.450	133	57.7	1.665
3	2.1	1.015	47	27.4	1.235	91	45.1	1.455	134	57.9	1.670
4	2.7	1.020	48	27.9	1.240	92	45.4	1.460	135	58.2	1.675
5	3.4	1.025	49	28.4	1.245	93	45.8	1.465	136	58.4	1.680
6	4.1	1.030	50	28.8	1.250	94	46.1	1.470	137	58.7	1.685
7	4.7	1.035	51	29.3	1.255	95	46.4	1.475	138	58.9	1.690
8	5.4	1.040	52	29.7	1.260	96	46.8	1.480	139	59.2	1.695
9	6.0	1.045	53	30.2	1.265	97	47.1	1.485	140	59.5	1.700
10	6.7	1.050	54	30.6	1.270	98	47.4	1.490	141	59.7	1.705
11	7.4	1.055	55	31.1	1.275	99	47.8	1.495	142	60.0	1.710
12	8.0	1.060	56	31.5	1.280	100	48.1	1.500	143	60.2	1.715
13	8.7	1.065	57	32.0	1.285	101	48.4	1.505	144	60.4	1.720
14	9.4	1.070	58	32.4	1.290	102	48.7	1.510	145	60.6	1.725
15	10.0	1.075	59	32.8	1.295	103	49.0	1.515	146	60.9	1.730
16	10.6	1.080	60	33.3	1.300	104	49.4	1.520	147	61.1	1.735
17	11.2	1.085	61	33.7	1.305	105	49.7	1.525	148	61.4	1.740
18	11.9	1.090	62	34.2	1.310	106	50.0	1.530	149	61.6	1.745
19	12.4	1.095	63	34.6	1.315	107	50.3	1.535	150	61.8	1.750
20	13.0	1.100	64	35.0	1.320	108	50.6	1.540	151	62.1	1.755
21	13.6	1.105	65	35.4	1.325	109	50.9	1.545	152	62.3	1.760
22	14.2	1.110	66	35.8	1.330	110	51.2	1.550	153	62.5	1.765
23	14.9	1.115	67	36.2	1.335	111	51.5	1.555	154	62.8	1.770
24	15.4	1.120	68	36.6	1.340	112	51.8	1.560	155	63.0	1.775
25	16.0	1.125	69	37.0	1.345	113	52.1	1.565	156	63.2	1.780
26	16.5	1.130	70	37.4	1.350	114	52.4	1.570	157	63.5	1.785
27	17.1	1.135	71	37.8	1.355	115	52.7	1.575	158	63.7	1.790
28	17.7	1.140	72	38.2	1.360	116	53.0	1.580	159	64.0	1.795
29	18.3	1.145	73	38.6	1.365	117	53.3	1.585	160	64.2	1.800
30	18.8	1.150	74	39.0	1.370	118	53.6	1.590	161	64.4	1.805
31	19.3	1.155	75	39.4	1.375	119	53.9	1.595	162	64.6	1.810
32	19.8	1.160	76	39.8	1.380	120	54.1	1.600	163	64.8	1.815
33	20.3	1.165	77	40.1	1.385	121	54.4	1.605	164	65.0	1.820
34	20.9	1.170	78	40.5	1.390	122	54.7	1.610	165	65.2	1.825
35	21.4	1.175	79	40.8	1.395	123	55.0	1.615	166	65.5	1.830
36	22.0	1.180	80	41.2	1.400	124	55.2	1.620	167	65.7	1.835
37	22.5	1.185	81	41.6	1.405	125	55.5	1.625	168	65.9	1.840
38	23.0	1.190	82	42.0	1.410	126	55.8	1.630	169	66.1	1.845
39	23.5	1.195	83	42.3	1.415	127	56.0	1.635	170	66.3	1.850
40	24.0	1.200	84	42.7	1.420	128	56.3	1.640	171	66.5	1.855
41	24.5	1.205	85	43.1	1.425	129	56.6	1.645	172	66.7	1.860
42	25.0	1.210	86	43.4	1.430	130	56.9	1.650	173	67.0	1.865
43	25.5	1.215	87	48.8	1.435

Appendix B

Comparison of Different Thermometric Scales

(From The Oil and Colour Trades Journal Diary.)

Cent.	Fahr.	Cent.	Fahr.	Cent.	Fahr.	Cent.	Fahr.
-40	-40	2	35.6	44	111.2	86	186.8
39	38.2	3	87.4	45	113	87	188.6
38	36.4	4	39.2	46	114.8	88	190.4
37	34.6	5	41	47	116.6	89	192.2
36	32.8	6	42.8	48	118.4	90	194
35	31	7	44.6	49	120.2	91	195.8
34	29.2	8	46.4	50	122	92	197.6
33	27.4	9	48.2	51	123.8	93	199.4
32	25.6	10	50	52	125.6	94	201.2
31	23.8	11	51.8	53	127.4	95	203
30	22	12	58.6	54	129.2	96	204.8
29	20.2	13	55.4	55	131	97	206.6
28	18.4	14	57.2	56	132.8	98	208.4
27	16.6	15	59	57	134.6	99	210.2
26	14.8	16	60.8	58	136.4	100	212
25	13	17	62.6	59	138.2	101	213.8
24	11.2	18	64.4	60	140	102	215.6
23	9.4	19	66.2	61	141.8	+103	+217.4
22	7.6	20	68	62	143.6	104	219.2
21	5.8	21	69.8	63	145.4	105	221
20	4	22	71.6	64	147.2	106	222.8
19	2.2	23	73.4	65	149	107	224.6
18	0.4	24	75.2	66	150.8	108	226.4
17	+1.4	25	77	67	152.6	109	228.2
16	3.2	26	78.8	+68	+154.4	+110	+230
15	5	27	80.6	69	156.2	111	231.8
14	6.8	28	82.4	70	158	112	283.6
13	8.6	29	84.2	71	159.8	113	235.4
12	10.4	30	86	72	161.6	114	237.2
11	12.2	31	87.8	73	163.4	115	239
10	14	+32	+89.6	74	165.2	+116	+240.8
9	15.8	33	91.4	75	167	117	242.6
8	17.6	34	93.2	76	168.8	118	244.4
7	19.4	35	95	77	170.6	119	246.2
6	21.2	36	96.8	78	172.4	120	248
5	23	37	98.6	79	174.2	121	249.8
4	24.8	49	100.4	80	176	+122	+251.6
3	26.6	39	102.2	81	177.8	123	253.4
2	28.4	40	104	82	179.6	124	255.2
1	30.2	41	105.8	83	181.4	125	257
0	32	42	107.6	84	183.2	126	258.8
+1	33.8	43	109.4	85	185	127	260.6

(From Soaps, by G. H. Hurst, published by Scott, Greenwood & Son.)

Appendix C

Table of the Specific Gravities of Solutions of Caustic Soda

		Per cent. by weight of		Lb. of actual NaOH contained in 1 gallon of lye made from commercial caustic of
Degrees Twaddell.	Specific gravity.	Na2O.	NaOH.	77 per cent.	74 per cent.	70 per cent.
1	1.005	0.368	0.474	0.048	0.046	0.043
2	1.010	0.742	0.957	0.097	0.092	0.087
3	1.015	1.114	1.436	0.146	0.131	0.129
4	1.020	1.480	1.909	0.194	0.185	0.180
5	1.025	1.834	2.365	0.243	0.231	0.219
6	1.030	2.194	2.830	0.291	0.278	0.262
7	1.035	2.521	3.252	0.335	0.320	0.303
8	1.040	2.964	3.746	0.389	0.371	0.350
9	1.045	3.244	4.184	0.438	0.417	0.393
10	1.050	3.590	4.631	0.486	0.461	0.438
11	1.055	3.943	5.086	0.536	0.510	0.483
12	1.060	4.292	5.536	0.586	0.558	0.528
13	1.065	4.638	5.982	0.636	0.607	0.573
14	1.070	4.972	6.413	0.680	0.653	0.617
15	1.075	5.311	6.911	0.742	0.707	0.668
16	1.080	5.648	7.285	0.786	0.749	0.709
17	1.085	5.981	7.715	0.836	0.798	0.755
18	1.090	6.311	8.140	0.886	0.845	0.800
19	1.095	6.639	8.564	0.937	0.894	0.846
20	1.100	6.954	8.970	0.986	0.941	0.890
21	1.105	7.276	9.386	1.037	0.989	0.938
22	1.110	7.594	9.796	1.087	1.037	0.981
23	1.115	7.910	10.203	1.137	1.123	1.026
24	1.120	8.223	10.607	1.187	1.175	1.071
25	1.125	8.583	11.107	1.238	1.181	1.117
26	1.130	8.893	11.471	1.296	1.237	1.170
27	1.135	9.251	11.933	1.354	1.292	1.122
28	1.140	9.614	12.401	1.413	1.350	1.277
29	1.145	9.965	12.844	1.470	1.413	1.337
30	1.150	10.313	13.303	1.529	1.460	1.381
31	1.155	10.666	13.859	1.600	1.528	1.445
32	1.160	11.008	14.190	1.646	1.541	1.456
33	1.165	11.347	14.637	1.705	1.627	1.539
34	1.170	11.691	15.081	1.764	1.684	1.593
35	1.175	12.025	15.512	1.822	1.739	1.645
36	1.180	12.356	16.139	1.904	1.817	1.719
37	1.185	12.692	16.372	1.942	1.853	1.753
38	1.190	13.016	16.794	1.998	1.887	1.804
39	1.195	13.339	17.203	2.055	1.962	1.856
40	1.200	13.660	17.629	2.122	2.026	1.916
41	1.205	14.058	18.133	2.185	2.085	1.973
42	1.210	14.438	18.618	2.252	2.147	2.033
43	1.215	14.823	19.121	2.323	2.221	2.097
44	1.220	15.124	19.613	2.392	2.280	2.161
45	1.225	15.502	19.997	2.444	2.338	2.206
46	1.230	15.959	20.586	2.562	2.417	2.285
47	1.235	16.299	20.996	2.593	2.475	2.341
48	1.240	16.692	21.532	2.669	2.548	2.410

		Per cent. by weight of		Lb. of actual NaOH contained in 1 gallon of lye made from commercial caustic of
Degrees Twaddell.	Specific gravity.	Na2O.	NaOH.	77 per cent.	74 per cent.	70 per cent.
49	1.245	17.060	22.008	2.739	2.615	2.474
50	1.250	17.424	22.476	2.809	2.681	2.536
51	1.255	17.800	22.962	2.881	2.750	2.602
52	1.260	18.166	23.433	2.952	2.818	2.666
53	1.265	18.529	23.901	3.020	2.886	2.730
54	1.270	18.897	24.376	3.095	2.955	2.795
55	1.275	19.255	24.858	3.171	3.027	2.863
56	1.280	19.609	25.295	3.237	3.090	2.932
57	1.285	19.961	25.750	3.308	3.158	2.988
58	1.290	20.318	26.210	3.381	3.227	3.053
59	1.295	20.655	26.658	3.452	3.364	3.117
60	1.300	21.156	27.110	3.524	3.394	3.182
61	1.305	21.405	27.611	3.603	3.439	3.253
62	1.310	21.785	28.105	3.682	3.514	3.224
63	1.315	22.168	28.595	3.760	3.593	3.395
64	1.320	22.556	29.161	3.849	3.674	3.475
65	1.325	22.926	29.574	3.919	3.742	3.539
66	1.330	23.310	30.058	3.997	3.816	3.610
67	1.335	23.670	30.535	4.072	3.891	3.681
68	1.340	24.046	31.018	4.156	3.967	3.754
69	1.345	24.410	31.490	4.232	4.042	3.824
70	1.350	24.765	31.948	4.312	4.116	3.894
71	1.355	25.152	32.446	4.396	4.196	3.970
72	1.360	25.526	32.930	4.478	4.274	4.043
73	1.365	25.901	33.415	4.561	4.354	4.109
74	1.370	26.285	33.905	4.645	4.434	4.194
75	1.375	26.650	34.382	4.728	4.513	4.269
76	1.380	27.021	34.855	4.810	4.592	4.344
77	1.385	27.385	35.328	4.893	4.670	4.418
78	1.390	27.745	35.795	4.975	4.794	4.493
79	1.395	28.110	36.258	5.058	4.828	4.567
80	1.400	28.465	36.720	5.141	4.907	4.642
81	1.405	28.836	37.203	5.227	4.989	4.720
82	1.410	29.203	37.674	5.312	5.071	4.797
83	1.415	29.570	38.146	5.397	5.135	4.873
84	1.420	29.930	38.610	5.482	5.233	4.950
85	1.425	30.285	39.071	5.567	5.314	5.027
86	1.430	30.645	39.530	5.653	5.396	5.104
87	1.435	30.995	39.986	5.738	5.467	5.181
88	1.440	31.349	40.435	5.823	5.558	5.258
89	1.445	31.700	40.882	5.908	5.640	5.335
90	1.450	32.043	41.335	5.923	5.721	5.412
91	1.455	32.460	41.875	6.093	5.816	5.502
92	1.460	32.870	42.400	6.191	5.909	5.608
93	1.465	33.283	42.935	6.290	6.004	5.679
94	1.470	33.695	43.467	6.389	6.009	5.769
95	1.475	34.092	43.980	6.487	6.193	5.856
96	1.480	34.500	44.505	6.586	6.287	5.948
97	1.485	34.899	45.013	6.685	6.381	6.035
98	1.490	35.245	45.530	6.784	6.476	6.126
99	1.495	35.691	46.041	6.884	6.571	6.216
100	1.500	36.081	46.545	6.982	6.665	6.303

(From Soaps, by G. H. Hurst, published by Scott, Greenwood & Son.)