Curvature and Refraction.
Table of Corrections in Feet and Decimals of a Foot.
| Distance In Miles. | Curvature. | Refraction. | Correction for Curvature and Refraction. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1⁄4 | ·04 | ·01 | ·03 | ||||
| 1⁄2 | ·17 | ·02 | ·15 | ||||
| 3⁄4 | ·37 | ·05 | ·32 | ||||
| 1 | ·67 | ·09 | ·58 | ||||
| 1 | 1⁄2 | 1 | ·50 | ·21 | 1 | ·29 | |
| 2 | 2 | ·67 | ·38 | 2 | ·29 | ||
| 2 | 1⁄2 | 4 | ·17 | ·60 | 3 | ·57 | |
| 3 | 6 | ·00 | ·86 | 5 | ·14 | ||
| 3 | 1⁄2 | 8 | ·17 | 1 | ·17 | 7 | ·00 |
| 4 | 10 | ·67 | 1 | ·52 | 9 | ·15 | |
| 4 | 1⁄2 | 13 | ·55 | 1 | ·93 | 11 | ·62 |
| 5 | 16 | ·67 | 2 | ·38 | 14 | ·29 | |
| 5 | 1⁄2 | 20 | ·18 | 2 | ·88 | 17 | ·30 |
| 6 | 24 | ·01 | 3 | ·43 | 20 | ·58 | |
| 6 | 1⁄2 | 28 | ·18 | 4 | ·03 | 24 | ·15 |
| 7 | 32 | ·68 | 4 | ·67 | 28 | ·01 | |
| 7 | 1⁄2 | 37 | ·52 | 5 | ·36 | 32 | ·16 |
| 8 | 42 | ·69 | 6 | ·10 | 36 | ·59 | |
| 8 | 1⁄2 | 48 | ·19 | 6 | ·88 | 41 | ·31 |
| 9 | 54 | ·02 | 7 | ·72 | 46 | ·30 | |
| 9 | 1⁄2 | 60 | ·20 | 8 | ·60 | 51 | ·60 |
| 10 | 66 | ·70 | 9 | ·53 | 57 | ·17 | |
Index.
A.
Angle, to bisect, 16
——, to construct, equal to a given angle, 17
——, to draw a line making a given, 15
—— of light in mechanical drawings, 48
—— —— in topographical drawings, 54
Arch, Gothic, equilateral, to draw, 23
——, —— lancet, to draw, 24
——, —— obtuse, to draw, 24
——, —— ogee, to draw, 25
——, —— Tudor, to draw, 24
——, Moorish horse-shoe, to draw, 24
——, semi-elliptical, to construct, 23
Architectural drawings, 121
Arcs, centres of, to be marked, 10
Areas to triangles, to compute, 142
B.
Bisecting an angle, 16
Blacklead paper, 8
Book of reference, 97, 101
Books for field sketching, 115
Borders and corners, 69
Borings, 104
Bottle indiarubber, 9
Boundary maps, 104
Bows, 2
——, spring, 2
Broken lines, 30
Brushes for tinting, 41
Buildings—plans, sections, and elevations, position of, on drawing, 125
C.
Carbonic paper, 8
Cartridge paper, 6
Centre lines, 10
—— ——, care to be taken in placing correctly, 10
Centre of circle, to find the, 18
Centres of arcs to be marked, 10
Cinquefoil, Gothic, to draw, 26
Circle, to describe, through three given points, 17
——, to draw a tangent to, 17
——, to draw radii of, the centre being inaccessible, 18
——, to find the centre of, 18
Circles, concentric drawing, 10
Cities, to represent size of, 112
Civil engineers’ plans, 96
Cleaning drawing pen, 3
Cleaning off drawings, 9
Cleanliness, importance of, 9
——, precautions to be taken to ensure, 9
Cloth, tracing, 7
——, ——, Sager’s vellum, 7
——, ——, sizes of, 7
Colour for buildings, 47
—— for cultivated land, 47
—— for fences, 47
—— for grass-land, 45
—— for gravel, 46
—— for marsh, 45
—— for mud, 46
—— for roads, 47
—— for sand, 46
—— for streets, 47
—— for water, 45
—— for woodland, 46
—— for uncultivated land, 47
Colouring cylindrical objects, 124
—— drawings, 11, 122
—— rivers and streams, 110
Colours, 39
——, conventional, Table of, 44
—— for sections, 44
Compasses, 2
——, manner of using, 2
——, pencil leg of, 2
——, points of, 2
——, removing movable leg, 2
Competition drawings, paper for, 6
Concentric circles, drawing, 10
Construction of scales, 11
Continuous cartridge paper, 6
—— tracing paper, 7
Contour lines, 37
Contours, to plot, 90
Conventional colours, Table of, 44
Copying by tracing, 128
—— by transfer, 129
—— drawings, 11, 126
—— from tracing, 11
Corners and borders, 69
Cross sections, 98, 102
Cultivated land, to represent, 32
Curvature and refraction, Table for correction of, 143
Curved lines, 29
—— ——, to draw, 29
Cutting off drawings, 7, 11, 12
Cylinders, various methods of shading, 64
Cylindrical objects, to colour, 124
—— surfaces, shade lines, 50
—— ——, shading lines, 51
Cyma recta, to draw, 25
—— reversa, to draw, 25
D.
Dented drawing-board, to remedy, 14
Detail plotting, 89
Dimensions of drawing table, 2
—— to be written on drawings, 122
Distances, scales of, 70
Dividing a line into equal parts, 10
Dotted lines, 31
Dotting pen, 31
——, regular, to produce, 111
Drawing, copying and reducing, 126
——, inking in to commence from top of, 10
——, stretching paper for, 6
Drawing concentric circles, 10
—— from copy, 127
—— lines, 10
Drawing board, dented, to remedy, 14
—— office, essentials of, 1
—— ——, gaslights, 2
—— ——, position of windows, 1
—— ——, skylights unsuitable, 1
—— paper, sectional, 8
—— ——, to join sheets of, 12
—— papers, 5
—— ——, sizes of, 5
—— pen, 3
—— ——, cleaning, 3
—— ——, more than one required, 3
—— ——, setting, 3
—— ——, supplying with ink, 3
—— table, dimensions of, 2
—— ——, position of, 2
Drawings, cleaning off, 9
——, competition, paper for, 6
——, colouring, 11
——, cutting off, 7, 11, 12
——, ink for, 8
——, margin to be left, 11
——, mechanical and architectural, 121
——, parchment for, 8
——, to colour, 122
——, to preserve rolled, 12
——, to reduce or enlarge, 130
——, to remove grease spots from, 10
——, to varnish, 14
—— for lithographers and engravers, 141
—— for specifications for letters patent, 8
Dusters, 2
E.
Eidograph, 136
——, method of setting, 139
——, table for setting, 139
——, to adjust, 138
Elevation of trees, 36
Ellipse, to draw, 21
Elliptical arch, to construct a semi-, 23
Encamping grounds, 112
Engravers, drawings for, 141
Enlarging by instruments, 131
—— by scales, 130
—— by squares, 130
Equal parts, to divide a line into, 15
Equidistant and parallel lines, to draw, 28
Equilateral arch, to draw, 23
—— triangle, to construct, on a given base, 16
Erasure of ink lines, 11
—— of pencil marks, 9
Error-sheets, 91
——, examples of, 92
Errors, 91
Essentials of drawing office, 1
Estate plans, 107
Examination of maps and plans, 117
F.
Ferries, 111
Field-book, example of, 80
Field sketching, 114
Fir-graining, 32
Flat-tints, 40
Formulæ, trigonometrical, 142
G.
Gaslights in drawing office, 2
Glass-paper to erase ink lines, 11
Glue for mounting paper, 6
Gothic cinquefoil, to draw, 26
—— equilateral arch, to draw, 23
—— lancet arch, to draw, 24
—— obtuse arch, to draw, 24
—— ogee arch, to draw, 25
—— quatrefoil, to draw, 26
—— trefoil, to draw, 25
—— Tudor arch, to draw, 24
Gradients, to lay down, 95
Graining, fir, 32
——, oak, 32
——, wood, 32
Grass-land, to represent, 34
Gravel, to represent, 35
Grease spot, to remove from drawing, 10
H.
Hexagon, to describe a regular, 21
Hills, representation of, 38
——, sand, to represent, 36
——, shading, horizontal system, 53
——, ——, vertical system, 57
——, sketching, shading, and copying, 113
Horizontal zones, 38
Horse-shoe arch, to draw, 24
I.
Importance of cleanliness, 9
Inclined measure, Table for correction of, 143
Indian ink, 8
—— ——, preparation of, for drawing, 9
—— ——, quality of, 9
Indiarubber, native or bottle, 9
——, vulcanized, 9
Ink for drawings, 8
——, Indian, 8
——, preparation of, 9
——, quality of, 9
—— lines, erasure of, 11
—— ——, to avoid smearing, 10
—— slab or saucer, position of, when in use, 10
Inking in to commence at top of the drawing, 10
Instruments, 2
——, quality of, 2
Islands, 110
J.
Joining sheets of paper, 12, 13
Jungle, 112
L.
Lakes, outline of, 30
Lancet arch, to draw, 24
Land, cultivated, to represent, 32
——, uncultivated, to represent, 37
Lead-pencil marks, erasure of, 9
Lettering, 66, 122
——, position of, on plans and maps, 69
Letters, arrangement of, in titles, &c., 68
——, kinds to employ, 67
——, mechanical construction of, 66
——, size of, 67
Level-book, example of, 94
Line, dividing into equal parts, 10
——, regular pentagon on a given, 20
——, to bisect a given straight, 15
——, to construct a square on a given, 19
——, to divide a, into equal parts, 15
——, to draw a, making a given angle, 15
——, to erect a perpendicular to, 15
Lines, drawing, 10
——, broken, 30
——, centre, 10, 122
——, combinations of, 31
——, curved, to draw, 29
——, curved and straight, 27
——, contour, 37
——, dotted, 31
——, ink, to avoid smearing, 10
——, parallel and equidistant, to draw, 28
——, reference, 78
——, section, 29
——, ——, to draw, 28
——, shade, application of, 48
——, shading, 50
——, ——, in topographical drawings, 52
——, straight, difficulties in ruling, 27
——, ——, to draw, 27
——, wavy, 33
—— of greatest descent, 57
—— of uneven thickness, 30
Lithographers, drawings for, 141
Local Government Board, regulations of, 104
M.
Machine-made paper, 6
Machinery, rough sketches of, 121
Manner of using compasses, 2
Map drawing, 109
Maps, boundary, 104
——, field, examination of, 118
——, signs used in, 120
—— for division into wards, 104
Margin to drawings, width of, 11
Marshy ground, to represent, 35
Mechanical drawings, 121
Mile stones, 112
Mining plans, 106
Moorish horse-shoe arch, to draw, 24
More than one drawing pen required, 3
Mountain passes, 111
Mounting paper, glue for, 6
—— —— on stretchers, 13
—— tracings, 129
Mud in rivers, to represent, 36
N.
Native indiarubber, 9
Needle to erase ink lines, 11
North points, 69
Northings and southings, 87
O.
Oak-graining, 32
Obtuse arch, to draw, 24
Ogee arch, to draw, 25
Orchards, to represent, 36
Outline of lakes, 30
—— of ponds, 30
—— of rivers, 30
Oval, to construct, the width being given, 18
P.
Pantograph, 131
——, methods of setting, 132
——, tables for setting, 133, 134
——, to use, 134
Paper, blacklead, 8
——, carbonic, 8
——, cartridge, 6
——, continuous cartridge, 6
——, drawing, 5
——, ——, to join, 12
——, ——, sizes of, 5
——, glue for mounting, 6
——, machine-made, 6
——, sectional, 8
——, stretching for drawing, 6
——, tracing, 7
——, ——, continuous, 7
——, ——, preparation of, 7
——, ——, sizes of, 7
——, ——, to join, 13
——, transfer, 8
——, ——, preparation of, 129
——, to join sheets of, 12
——, to mount on stretchers, 13
—— for competition drawings, 6
—— for large plans, 6
Parabola, to draw, base and height being given, 21
Parallel and equidistant lines, to draw, 28
Parchment for drawings, 8
Parliamentary plans and sections, 100
—— standing orders, 98
Paste, 14
Patent, drawings for specifications, 8
Pathways, 111
Pen, dotting or wheel, 31
Pencil marks, erasure of, 9
—— leg of compasses, 2
Pencils, 4
——, pointing, 4
—— for field sketching, 115
Pentagon, to describe, on a given line, 20
Perpendicular, to erect a, 15
Plan of trees, 36
Plans, civil engineers’ and surveyors’, 96
——, estate and town, 107
——, large, paper for, 6
——, mining, 106
——, railway, 97
——, parliamentary, 100
Plotting, 77
—— angular surveys, 81
—— contours, 90
—— detail, 89
—— sounded points in submerged districts, 90
—— traverse reference lines, 84
—— vertical sections, 92
Pointing pencils, 4
Points of compasses, 2
Ponds, outline of, 30
Position of drawing table, 2
—— of ink slab or saucer when in use, 10
—— of windows in drawing office, 1
Precautions to be taken to ensure cleanliness, 9
Preparation of colours for tinting, 40
—— of ink for drawing, 9
—— of stretchers, 13
—— of tracing paper, 7
—— of transfer paper, 129
Preserving drawings, rolled, 12
Q.
Quality of Indian ink, 9
—— of instruments, 2
Quatrefoil, Gothic, to draw, 26
R.
Radii of circle, to draw, the centre being inaccessible, 18
Railway plans, 97
—— sections, 102
—— stations and termini, 112
Railways, 112
Rectangle, to construct, similar to a given rectangle, 20
Rectangular co-ordinates, to plot by, 87
Reducing and enlarging drawings, 126, 130
—— by instruments, 131
—— by scales, 130
—— by squares, 130
Reference, book of, 97, 101
—— lines and points, 78
—— lines, secondary, 79
Refraction and curvature, Table for correction of, 143
Regulations of Local Government Board, 104
Removing movable leg of compasses, 2
Rivers, beds of, 110
——, mud in, to represent, 36
——, outline of, 30
—— and streams, colouring, 110
—— ——, inking in, 109
Roads, 111
Rolled drawings, to preserve, 12
Roman cyma recta and cyma reversa, to draw, 25
Roofs, to draw, 30
Rough sketches of machinery, 121
Ruling straight lines, difficulties in, 27
Running water, to represent, 33
S.
Sager’s vellum tracing cloth, 7
Sand, to represent, 35
—— banks, 110
—— hills, to represent, 36
Scales, 70
——, choice of, 72
——, construction of, 11, 70, 75, 76
——, diagonal, 75
——, vernier, 75
——, Tables of, 73, 74
—— of construction, 74
—— of distances, 70
—— of shade, English, 59
—— ——, Lehmann’s, 57
—— ——, standard, 53
—— ——, United States’, 59
Sectional drawing paper, 8
Section lines, 29
—— of water, to represent, 30
Sections, colours for, 44
——, cross, 98, 102
——, parliamentary, 101
——, railway, 102
——, to plot, from contour map, 96
——, working, 94, 103
—— of wood, 32
——, vertical, to plot, 92
Semi-elliptical arch, to construct, 23
Setting drawing pen, 3
Shade lines, application of, 48
—— ——, cylindrical surfaces, 50
Shading, 48
—— cylinders, various methods, 64
—— hills, horizontal system, 53
—— ——, vertical system, 57
—— ——, rounding curves, 55
—— lines, 50
—— ——, cylindrical surfaces, 51
—— —— in topographical drawings, 52
—— in colours, 63
—— ——, cylindrical surfaces, 64
—— ——, hill slopes, 63
Sides of triangles, to compute, 142
Sizes of drawing papers, 5
—— of tracing cloth, 7
—— of tracing paper, 7
Sketches, rough, of machinery, 121
Sketching, field, 114
Skylights unsuitable for drawing office, 1
Sounded points, to plot, 90
Specifications for letters patent, drawings for, 8
Spring bows, 2
Springs, 112
Square, to construct, equal to 1⁄2, 1⁄4, &c., of a given square, 19
——, to construct, in any proportion to a given square, 20
——, to construct, on a given line, 19
——, to construct, which shall be a multiple of a given square, 19
Standing orders of Parliament, 98
—— water, to represent, 29
Stations, railway, 112
——, telegraph, 112
Straight-edge, thickness of, 5
Straight line, to bisect a, 15
—— lines, difficulties in ruling, 27
—— ——, to draw, 27
—— and curved lines, 27
Stretchers, mounting paper on, 13
——, preparation of, 13
Stretching paper for drawing, 6
—— ——, glue for, 6
Supplying drawing pen with ink, 3
Surveyors’ plans, 96
Swamps, to represent, 35
T.
Table, drawing, position of, 1
——, ——, size of, 1
Table for correction of curvature and refraction, 143
—— for correction of inclined measure, 143
—— for setting eidograph, 139
—— of conventional colours, 44
Tables for setting pantograph, 133, 134
Tangent, to draw, to a circle, 17
Telegraph lines and stations, 112
Thickness of straight-edge, 5
Tinting, 39
Tints, art of applying, 40, 41, 43
——, brushes for applying, 41
——, double or alternate, 42
——, flat, 40
——, preparation of, 40
Toll-gates, 111
Topographical drawings, shading lines in, 52
To remove grease spots from drawings, 10
Town plans, 107
Towns, to represent size of, 112
Tracing, copying from, 11
——, to copy by, 128
—— cloth, 7
—— ——, Sager’s vellum, 7
—— ——, sizes of, 7
—-— paper, 7
—— ——, continuous, 7
—— ——, preparation of, 7
—— ——, sizes of, 7
—— ——, to join sheets of, 13
Tracings, to mount, 129
Transfer paper, 8
—— ——, preparation of, 129
Transferring, to copy by, 129
Traverse plotting by rectangular co-ordinates, 87
—— reference lines, to plot, 84
Trees in plan, 36
—— in elevation, 36
——, to represent, 36
Trefoil, Gothic, to draw, 25
Triangle, equilateral, to construct, 16
——, to construct, the length of base and angles at base being given, 17
——, to construct, the lengths of the sides being given, 16
Triangles, primary and secondary, 78
——, to compute the areas of, 142
——, to compute the sides of, 142
Trigonometrical formulæ, 142
Tudor arch, to draw, 24
U.
Uncultivated land, to represent, 37
V.
Varnishing drawings, 14
Vellum tracing cloth, Sager’s, 7
Vertical sections, to plot, 92
Villages, to represent size of, 112
Vulcanized indiarubber, 9
W.
Washes, art of applying, 40, 41, 43
——, brushes for, 41
——, double or alternate, 42
Water, running, to represent, 33
——, standing, to represent, 29, 33
—— in section, to represent, 30
Wavy lines, 33
Wells, 112
Whatman’s drawing papers, 6
Wheel pen, 31
Width of margin to drawings, 11
Windows, position of, in drawing office, 1
Wood-graining, 32
Wood sections, 32
Woodland, to represent, 36
Working sections, 103
Z.
Zones, horizontal, 38
THE END.
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
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