Index.
Abbreviated syllables, 15.
Abbreviations, list of, 344-356.
Abecedarium, probably the earliest attempt at printing, 11.
Accents and aspirates, Greek, 99-101.
Hebrew, 106-108.
Russian, 112, 113.
Accented letters, 67.
Acids used in making paper spoil the effect of ink, 276, 277.
Adams, Isaac, inventor of the bed-and-platen power-press, 237, 238.
Adhesion of paper, how to prevent, 316.
Admiration, sign of, 63.
Agate type, specimen of, 54.
Alcfrid, Runic memorial of, 89.
Alexandri Galli Doctrinale, one of the first printed books, 10.
Almanac, first printed book in the Middle Colonies, 16, 17.
Alphabet, Anglo-Saxon, 91.
English, 58.
German, 94.
Greek, 98.
Hebrew, 104.
Hieroglyphic, 84.
Runes, 86-90.
Russian, 112, 113.
Alterations in a proof justly chargeable, 204, 205, 211.
not allowable in reprints of old and standard authors, 202.
Amber ink, how to produce, 288.
Ambiguous and compound words to be set uniformly, 202.
American type, superior quality of, 23.
American Weekly Mercury, third newspaper in America, 17.
Ancient ornaments, exquisite and curious, 15, 16.
press, clumsy, 235.
typographical peculiarities, 15.
Anglo-Saxon characters, how originated, 51.
alphabetical table of, 91.
cases for, 92, 93.
Lord’s Prayer in, 51.
runes, table of, 88.
Apostrophe, how used, 63, 64.
Appeal against the Turks, of 1454, 11.
Applegath and Cowper, improvers of the cylinder press, 238, 239.
Apprentice, how to instruct an, 122.
must be punctual, obedient, and courteous, 123.
qualifications required in an, 121.
ridiculous practices to be avoided by, 122.
Apprentices, advice to, 137, 138.
Arithmetical figures, when introduced, 70.
Article, the indefinite, rule for using, 318.
Ascending letters, 59.
Asterisk, use of, 66.
Astronomical signs, 73, 74.
Authors, detention of proofs by, 205.
hints to, 211.
impatience of, 205.
whims of, 61.
Automatic counter, illustrated, 310.
machine, for casting and finishing type, 23.
Backing long or short pages, 133.
Baine, John, sets up a type-foundry in Philadelphia, 19.
Bay Psalm-Book, first book printed at Cambridge, 16.
Bearers on hand-presses, how prepared, 259, 277, 278, 281.
Beaumont, Victor, inventor of serrated cutting blade, 242.
Beginners, ironical rules for, 139, 140.
Bewcastle cross, Runic inscription on, 89.
Bible, first, printed at Mentz, by Gutenberg, Fust and Schœffer, in 1455, of which there are four copies in Europe and two in the United States, 11.
Brinley’s, 11.
German, printed in Germantown, by Saur, 19.
Lenox’s, 11.
Mazarin, 11.
printed in Iceland in 1584, 14.
quarto, in standing type, in Philadelphia, 26.
Biblia Pauperum, attributed to Koster, 10.
Bill of type, 57.
Binny, Archibald, first successful founder in Philadelphia, 19, 20.
improver of the type-mould, 19, 42.
Black letter, when used, 51.
Blades, William, 14.
Blaeu, Willem Jansen, early inventor of a press, 235.
Blankets for wood-cut printing, 282.
India-rubber, 266.
thick paper, 266.
Welsh flannel, 266.
when to be used, 257, 266.
Blanking, remarks concerning, 259.
Bleaching powders deleterious, 276.
Block books, 10.
Blue ink, how to make, 287, 288.
Bodkin, how to use the, 208, 209.
illustrated, 209, 210.
Books, cheapening of, due to steam-presses, 240.
early, printed in Gothic character, 16.
first, printed on one side of the leaf only, 10.
how to preserve, 317.
Book-folding machine, illustrated, 249.
Borders, 80, 120.
Boston Gazette, second newspaper published in America, 17.
News-Letter, first newspaper published in America, 17.
Bourgeois, specimen of, 54.
Boxwood, description of good, 36.
liable to warp, 282, 283.
quoin, 306.
Braces, use of, 75.
Bracket, how used, 65.
Bradford, William, first printer in the Middle Colonies, 16, 17.
Brass rules, remarks concerning, 80.
slotted corners, description of, 44.
Break-lines improperly driven over, 133.
should never begin a page, 133.
Brevier, specimen of, 54.
Brilliant, smallest type in America, 52.
specimen of, 54.
Brinley’s collection of Bibles, 11.
British founders reject American casting-machines, 23.
Bronze printing, how executed, 284, 285.
Brown ink, how to produce, 288.
Bruce, David and George, type-founders in New York, 21, 22.
David, Jr., type-casting machine invented by, 22.
Bullock, William, inventor of the first perfecting press, 242-244.
chain-running press, 244.
self-feeding perfecting press, illustrated, 243.
Bundle of paper described, 294.
Cabinet for chases, illustrated, 231.
with galley-top, illustrated, 304.
Cabinets, job cases should be kept in, 304.
of cases, for sorts, quads, etc., illustrated, 219-221.
should be kept in perfect order, 221.
Cambridge, first press in North America at, 16.
Campbell’s cylinder presses, 239, 246.
self-feeding perfecting press, 246.
Cancelled figures, 70.
Capital, good character is, 138.
letters, 58-60.
letters, how to use, 59, 60.
Card-cutters, 309.
printing, directions for, 283, 284.
sheets, chart for cutting, (Le Blond,) 302.
Carey, Mathew, 26.
Cases, American plan of Roman, 124, 125.
blank, 303.
German, 96, 97.
Greek, 102, 103.
Hebrew, 109, 111.
how to label job, 304.
job, 302.
labour-saving lead, 303.
labour-saving rule, 82, 302.
labour-saving slug, 303.
music, 117-119.
number of, to a fount, 128.
proposed improvement in, 126.
quotation furniture, 303.
Saxon, 92, 93.
triple job, 302.
Caslon, William, 18.
Cassie quires, why so called, 294.
Casting off copy, methods of, 223-226.
Catch-words, first used at Venice, 16.
in titles, how to be set, 134.
Caxton, William, introduces printing into England, 14.
his first types not cast or founded, 13.
Centennial Exhibition, 1876, presses exhibited at, 244-246.
fast printing at, 245.
Chalcography, inventor of, 34.
Chromo-lithography, 29.
Chromos, printed on cylinder presses, 31.
Chronicle of Cologne, 9.
Cicero, French and German name for Pica, 53.
Circular quadrates, 78.
Clicker, or maker-up, duties of, 226-228.
Clymer, George, inventor of the Columbian press, 236, 237.
Colon, use of, 62.
Colorito, Abraham, printer at Soncino, 1488, 14.
Colour, uniformity in, 263, 278, 279.
Coloured inks, how to make, 286-288.
printing, instructions for, 285-287.
Colours, contrast of, 289-292.
how to multiply, 288.
how to use dry, 287, 288.
Columbian press, illustrated, 236.
introduced into England, 237.
Combination borders, 80, 120.
Comma, use of, 62.
Commercial post paper, size of, 298.
signs, 71.
Companionships, how managed, 228-232.
misunderstandings in, 228.
Composing, directions for, 129-136.
how to avoid errors in, 130.
position in, 127.
rule, steel, illustrated, 228.
sticks, illustrated, 305.
screw, the best for fixed measures, 305.
Composition rollers, how to make, 252-254, 311, 312.
how to wash, 253.
melting-kettle for, illustrated, 252.
Compositors, differences in 218.
rules to be observed by, 233, 234.
Compound words, 64, 65, 331.
Contents, rules for, 135.
Continuous sheet, printing from a, 242.
Contrast of colours, 289-292.
Conversation in a printing office to be avoided, 234.
Copy, casting off, 223-226.
takes of, should be small, 221.
to be carefully prepared, 204.
Copyholder, illustrated, 309.
Copyrights, how to secure, 333-335.
application to be made to Librarian of Congress, 333.
cannot be granted upon trade-marks or labels, 335.
duration of, 334.
form of notice, 334.
penalty for false notice, 334.
renewal of, 334.
Cork bearers, 259.
Corner quadrates, illustrated, 307.
Corpus, German name for Long Primer, 54.
Correcting in the metal, 207-211.
directions for, 208-210.
rules for, in a companionship, 231, 232.
Coster, (see Koster,) 9-11.
Cottrell & Babcock’s cylinder presses, 239.
Counting out sheets, 297.
Courtesy, importance of, 123.
Creases and wrinkles in paper, how to remove, 263.
Cross-bar, how to avoid springing, 148.
Crown paper, size of, 298.
Cut-in notes, how adjusted, 131, 132.
Cuts, how to make ready, 280-283.
Cylinder press, invention of the, 238.
presses, making ready on, 265-275.
Dagger or obelisk, use of, 66.
Dash, use of, 63.
Dates, method of, during the French Republic, 69.
Daye, John, Anglo-Saxon types first cut by, 51.
Daye, Stephen, first printer in North America, 16.
Dedications, how displayed, 135.
position of, 135.
Degener & Weiler’s Liberty press, illustrated, 246, 247.
Delicate impression, how to produce, 281, 282.
Demy paper, size of, 298.
Derivation of English words, 324-326.
Descending letters, 59.
De Vinne’s history of the invention of printing, 12.
Diamond type, specimen of, 54.
Diphthongs, Greek, 99.
Distributing, directions for, 128, 129.
how to wash matter for, 128, 129.
pernicious effects from heating
type for, 129.
proper times for, 129.
Dividing words, rules for, 64, 65.
Donatus of 1451, 11.
Double imperial paper, size of, 298.
letters, 59.
medium paper, size of, 298.
super-royal paper, size of, 298.
Drawing paper, how to be wet, 256.
Dry colours, how to use, 287, 288.
Duck’s bill, to prevent paper from slipping on the tympan, 278.
Duodecimo, or twelves, scheme for imposing sheet of, 165.
the same, without cutting, 166.
the same, two signatures, 167.
half-sheet, 168.
the same, without cutting, 168.
the same, from the centre, 169.
sheet of, from the centre, 170.
the same, long way, 171, 172.
one-third of a sheet, 171, 172.
two half-sheets, together, 173.
half-sheet, two signatures, 174.
Earl Stanhope’s printing-press, 236.
Earliest printing-press, 235.
written sounds, 83-85.
Egyptian hieroglyphics, specimens of type for printing, 83-85.
Eighteens, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 176.
the same, with two blanks, 176.
sheet of, folded together, 177, 178.
the same, with one signature, 177, 178.
the same, with two signatures, 179, 180.
the same, with three signatures, 179, 180.
half-sheet of, without transposition, 181.
Electro-stereotyping, 27, 43.
Electrotyping, method of, 27.
Emerald green, 288.
Enamelled cards, to be printed dry, 283, 284.
English type, specimen of, 53.
Engraver’s proof useful to pressmen, 283.
Engravings, copper-plate, 34.
how to print, 280-283.
how to restore, 317.
tools for, 34.
wood, 31-34.
Epitaph, printer’s, 208.
Errata, list of, where placed, 136.
Errors inevitable, 136.
made in correcting a proof, 203, 204.
Escala espiritual de San Juan Climaco, the first book printed in America, 16.
Even impressions on a hand-press, how to obtain, 277-279.
Exclamation, sign of, 63.
Feed-guides, Megill’s, illustrated, 310.
Figgins’s, Vincent, opinion of Caxton’s type, 13.
Figures, arithmetical, 70.
old style, 70.
scratched or cancelled, 70.
Filling the standing press, 296, 297.
Fine hand-presswork, remarks concerning, 275-279.
printing, character of ink required for, 275, 276.
paper suitable for, 257.
why difficult in the United States, 276, 277.
Finiguerra, Thomas, discoverer of chalcography, 34.
Firefly press, Gordon’s, 247.
Fireproof ink, 314.
Flat cap paper, size of, 298.
Flowers and borders, remarks on, 80.
Fly on cylinder presses, how to be set, 274.
Folding machines, 249.
Folio, imposing single sheet of, 150.
paper, size of, 298.
two sheets quired, 151, 152.
Follow copy, the compositor’s rule, 204.
Foolscap paper, dimensions of, 298.
Foreign words and phrases, translated, 357-372.
Foreman, duties and qualifications of, 218-232.
Form, how to make ready for hand-press, 257-260.
of warehouse book, 293.
Forms, directions for locking up, 147, 148.
how to impose, 141, 142.
how to wash, 264, 265.
precautions in unlocking, 208.
Forties, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 191.
Forty-eights, scheme for imposing quarter sheet of, with two signatures, 192.
the same, without cutting, 193.
half-sheet of, 192.
the same, three signatures, 193.
quarter sheet of, 194.
Foul proof, a grievous fault, 207.
Founders, English, ancient regulations concerning, 18.
Fount of letter, complete, described, 58.
Founts, irregularities of, 58.
Fractions, 70.
Franklin, Benjamin, attempts type-founding, 19.
James, establishes the New England Courant, 17.
Franklin presses, Gordon’s, 247.
illustrated, 246.
Friars, how to obviate, 263.
Frisket, directions for preparing, 258.
catch of, how to place, 259.
Full point, use of, 62, 63.
Furniture, how to make up, 144, 145.
Fust, John, connection with Gutenberg and Schœffer, 11, 12.
Gaillarde, French term for Bourgeois type, 54.
Gallows, how to be placed, 259.
Game of Chess, first book printed in England by Caxton, 14.
Gauge pins, Megill’s, illustrated, 310.
Ged, William, inventor of stereotyping, 24.
Geometrical signs, 71, 72.
German alphabet, 94.
plan of cases for, 96, 97.
similar letters elucidated, 94, 95.
Germantown, first paper mill in America, near, 17.
first quarto Bible in America, printed at, 19.
type cast at, by Saur, 19.
Giving out book paper to wet, 294.
paper for jobs, 294, 295.
Globe press, 248.
Glover, Jesse, introduces printing into Cambridge, Mass., 16.
Glue, common prepared, 313.
liquid, how to make, 313.
Gold preparation, how to use, 288.
printing, how practised, 284, 317.
size for gold printing, 284.
Good habits inculcated, 121-123, 137, 138.
presswork, conditions for securing, 279.
Gordon’s Franklin press, illustrated, 246.
job-presses, 246, 247.
Gothic characters, early books printed in, 16.
Gradation of type bodies, 56.
Grant Thorburn, benevolence of, 239.
Great Primer, specimen of, 53.
Greek accents and aspirates, 98-101.
alphabetical table of, 98.
letters, numerical value of, 67, 98.
ligatures now discarded, 98.
numeral letters, table of, 67.
plan of cases for, 102, 103.
rules for composing, 101.
Green ink, how to make, 288.
Gros Romain, French title for Great Primer, 53.
Guillemet’s quotation marks, 62.
Gutenberg, account of, 9-14.
Gutter-sticks, directions for cutting, 148.
Gypsum in paper, effects of, 276, 277.
Haarlem, the birthplace of printing, 9.
Hand-mould improved by Binny, 20.
Hand-press, how to prepare impression on, 275-279.
how to overlay on, 277.
bearers used on, 277, 278.
Hand-presswork, fine, how to produce, 275-279.
Handwriting, erroneous notion concerning, 226.
Hanging pages, how to rectify, 208.
up paper to dry, 295.
Hansard’s receipt for making rollers, 253, 254.
Hard roller, best for fine work, 267.
Head-lines, how displayed, 131.
Heap of paper, how to treat, 259.
Heated type, pernicious effects from distributing it, 129.
Hebrew accents, 106-108.
alphabet, identical with Phœnician, 83.
alphabetical table of, 104.
Bible, first printed, 14.
letters, numeral value of, 104.
letters of similar appearance, 105.
lower case, without points, 109.
Masoretic points or vowels, 106.
method of composing, 105.
plan of cases with points, 110, 111.
scheme for imposing 8vo sheet of, 161, 162.
spacing letters, 105.
Height of type, standard for, 57, 58.
Hieroglyphic alphabet, 84.
Hinderances to fine printing in America, 276, 277.
Hints honoured in the breach, 136, 137.
Hoe & Co.’s cylinder presses, 239-242.
Hoe, Richard M., inventor of type-revolving printing machine, 241.
Robert, account of, 239, 240.
Hoe’s web perfecting press, illustrated, 245.
Hollow quadrates, use of, 77.
Horn-book, illustration of, xi.
Humphreys’s History of the Art of Printing, 12.
Hurried work, how to expedite, 226-228.
Hyphen, how employed, 64, 65.
not used by the earliest printers, 15.
Iceland, early printing office in, 14.
Imperial and half paper, size of, 298.
paper, dimensions of, 298.
Imposing forms, directions for, 141, 142.
in companionships, rules for, 230, 231.
Imposing, memoranda concerning, 148, 149.
abstract title-deeds, 150.
Folio, single sheet, 150.
two sheets, quired, 151, 152.
Quarto, common sheet of, 153, 154.
scheme for, music books, 153, 154.
two half-sheets, together, 155, 156.
half-sheet, broad way, 155, 156.
Octavo, sheet of, 157, 158.
the broad way, 157, 158.
half-sheet, 159.
two half-sheets, together, 159, 160.
two quarters, together, 160.
sheet, mixed, 161, 162.
sheet of Hebrew, 161, 162.
sheet, from the centre, 163, 164.
half-sheet, from the centre, 163.
two quarters, from the centre, 164.
Duodecimo, or 12mo, sheet, 165.
the same, without cutting, 166.
the same, two signatures, 167.
half-sheet, 168.
the same, without cutting, 168.
the same, from the centre, 169.
sheet of, from the centre, 170.
the same, long way, 171, 172.
one-third of a sheet, 171, 172.
two half-sheets, together, 173.
half-sheet, two signatures, 174.
Sixteens, half-sheet of, 174.
sheet of, 175.
Eighteens, half-sheet of, 176.
the same, with two blanks, 176.
sheet of, folded together, 177, 178.
sheet of, one signature, 177, 178.
the same, two signatures, 179, 180.
sheet of, three signatures, 179, 180.
half-sheet of, without transposition, 181.
Twenties, half-sheet of, with two signatures, 181.
sheet of, 182.
Twenty-Fours, half-sheet of, 183.
sheet of, two signatures, 183, 184.
half-sheet of, sixteen-way, 184.
half-sheet of, long, 185.
half-sheet, two signatures, 185.
half-sheet, without cutting, 186.
Thirty-Twos, half-sheet of, 186.
sheet of, 187, 188.
the same, four signatures, 187, 188.
half-sheet, two signatures, 189.
half-sheet of, mixed, 189.
Thirty-Sixes, half-sheet of, 190.
the same, without cutting, 190.
the same, two signatures, 191.
Forties, half-sheet of, 191.
Forty-Eights, quarter sheet of, with two signatures, 192.
the same, without cutting, 193.
common quarter-sheet of, 194.
half-sheet of, two signatures, 192.
the same, three signatures, 193.
Sixty-Fours, quarter sheet, 195.
the same, two signatures, 194.
sixty-fours, mixed, 195.
half-sheet of, 196.
Seventy-Twos, half-sheet of, 197.
Ninety-Sixes, half-sheet of, 198.
One Hundred and Twenty-Eights, half-sheet of, 199.
Imposing stone, illustrated, 308.
Impression on cylinder presses, how to regulate, 269-275.
Indenting paragraphs, rule for, 132.
Index, directions for preparing copy of, 133.
rule for setting, 133.
where placed, 133.
India paper suitable for overlays, 280.
India-rubber cloth, good qualities of, 266.
Ink-block, how to be placed, 251.
Ink, black, how to intensify, 284.
coloured, 286, 287.
requires a hard roller, 267.
for cylinder presses, 267, 268.
for fine work, indispensable qualities of, 275, 276.
how to prevent setting off, 279.
how to remove surplus from the roller, 262.
how to produce amber, 288.
blue, 287, 288.
brown, 288.
fire-proof, 314.
green, 288.
lilac, 288.
pink, 288.
purple, 288.
red, 286-288.
scarlet, 288.
vermilion, 288.
to mark tin or zinc, 315.
driers, how to make, 315, 316.
Ink-fountain, how to manage, 268.
patent, illustrated, 310.
Ink-stone and muller, illustrated, 285.
Interleaving necessary in fine presswork, 279.
Interrogation, sign of, 63.
Iron furniture, how made, 310.
Ironical rules for compositors, 136, 137.
for beginners in business, 139, 140.
Italic letter, invention of, 50.
abuse of, 51.
Job department, 300-310.
capitals and lower-case should not be laid together, 304.
cases should be labelled with the type which is in case, 304.
how to conduct the business, 300.
memorandum slip for record, 301.
requisites for, 301-310.
selection of material, 300.
Job presses, American, unsurpassed, 246.
varieties of, 246-248.
Jobbing facilities, 300-310.
Jobs, making margin for, 147.
Johnson, Lawrence, type-founder in Philadelphia, 20.
William M., invents a type-casting machine, 22.
Journeymen, idle, 18.
Junius, Hadrianus, 10.
Justification, accurate, absolutely essential, 131.
Kerned letters, 59.
Kinsley, Dr., invents a cylinder press, 238.
Knowledge, progress of, accelerated by steam-presses, 240.
König, Frederick, inventor of the cylinder press, 238.
Koster, (or Coster,) Laurentius, inventor of printing, 9-14.
printer of block books, 10.
used wooden and tin type, 10.
Labour-saving brass rule, 81.
plan of case for, 82.
curvatures, 79.
quotation furniture, 77.
rule, 43, 81.
Lamp-holder, 309.
Laying a fount of type, directions for, 127.
pages, 143, 144.
Lead cutter, illustrated, 307.
Leads, described, 80.
Leather belting, how to soften, 316.
Lenox, James, of New York, collection of Bibles, 11.
Lepsius, R., hieroglyphic types of, 83.
Letter paper, size of, 298.
Letters of Indulgence, of 1454-5, 11.
Letters, accented, 67.
ascending, 59.
descending, 59.
double, 59.
kerned, 59.
long, 59.
numeral, 67.
short, 59.
two-line, 76.
Ley, directions for making, 312.
not to be used on wood-cuts, 283.
Ley-brush, how to be made, 265.
Ley-trough, described, 264, 265.
Liberty press, illustrated, 247.
Lifting pages, 143.
Lightning press, Hoe’s, 239-242.
illustrated, 240.
Lilac ink, how to make, 288.
Lithographic chalk and ink, 28.
stone, 27.
transfer ink, how to make, 315.
Lithography, discovery of, 27.
practice of, 27-31.
Locking up forms, 147, 148.
Long letters, 59.
Long Primer, specimen of, 54.
Lord’s Prayer in Anglo-Saxon, 51.
Lower-case sorts, 59.
Machine-casting, 22.
Machine-made paper, sizes of, 298.
Machine-press of Isaac Adams, 237, 238.
Frederick, König, 238.
Applegath and Cowper, 238.
Richard M. Hoe, 239-242.
William Bullock, 242-244.
Campbell, 239, 246.
Cottrell & Babcock, 239.
Walter, 244.
Mackling, how to remedy, 263.
Make-up rule, steel, illustrated, 229.
Making margin, 145-147.
for jobs, 147.
ready a form, directions for, 257-260.
on cylinder presses, 265-275.
wood-cuts, directions for, 280-283.
register, directions for, 260.
Making up furniture, 144, 145.
in companionship, 229.
letter and furniture in companionships, 230.
Manual de Adultos, one of the first books printed in America, 16.
Manuccio, Aldo, 61.
Mappa, Adam G., one of the early American type-founders, 19.
Margin, how to make, 145-147.
on cylinder presses, 268.
Masoretic points, 106.
Mathematical signs, 71, 72.
Matrices, copper, 40.
electrotyped, 23.
Matrix, illustrated, 40.
Mazarin Bibles, 11.
Measure of stick, how to make by ems, 129.
Mecom, Benjamin, 24.
Medium paper, size of, 298.
Melting-kettle, description of, 252.
Metal rules, 75.
Metric system, 336, 337.
Minerva cutting machine, illustrated, 309.
Minion type, specimen of, 54.
Mitering machine, illustrated, 307.
Mittel, German name for English type, 53.
Modern conveniences, 120.
Mucilage, directions for making, 312, 313.
Mud process in stereotyping, 26.
Music, comparative table of bodies, 115.
directions for composing, 116.
plan of cases for, 117-119.
specimens of, 114.
New Hampshire Gazette, oldest living paper of the United States, 17.
Newspapers, number of, printed in the United States in 1801 and 1810, 20.
New types, how to prevent them from adhering together, 127.
New York Gazette, first newspaper published there, 17.
Nicks, position of, 58.
Nicholson, William, suggester of the cylinder press, 238.
Ninety-sixes, to impose half-sheet, 198.
Nonpareil press, illustrated, 247.
type, specimen of, 54.
Norse-Runic alphabet, 87, 88.
North American and United States Gazette, of Philadelphia, oldest daily newspaper in the United States, 17.
Note paper, size of, 298.
Notes, proper size of type for, 131.
cut in, how arranged, 132.
Numeral letters, Gothic, 68, 69.
Greek, 67.
Roman, 68, 69.
Numerical value of Greek letters, 67, 98.
Hebrew letters, 104.
Octavo, scheme for imposing sheet of, 157, 158.
sheet of, the broad way, 157, 158.
two half-sheets, together, 159, 160.
sheet mixed, 161, 162.
half-sheet, 159.
two quarters, together, 160.
sheet of Hebrew, 161, 162.
sheet of, from the centre, 163, 164.
half-sheet of, do., 163.
two quarter-sheets, do., 164.
Oiling a press, 292.
Old English letter used by the early printers, 49.
Old-style figures, advantages of, 70.
Old works, no license of alteration allowable in reprinting, 202.
One hundred and twenty-eights, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 199.
Ornaments, ancient, exquisite and curious, 15, 16.
Orthography, hints on, 318-332.
uniformity in, 202.
Overlaying on cylinder presses, 272, 273.
on hand-presses, 277.
Overrunning, proper method of, 210.
Overseer, duties of, 218-232.
Over-sheets, rules for giving out, 294.
Packet note paper, size of, 298.
post paper, size of, 298.
Pages, how to tie up, 142, 143.
how to lift, 143.
how to lay, 143.
Palmaert, Lambert, printed at Valencia, 1479, 14.
Paper-bank, how to be placed, 259.
Paper for jobs, rule for giving out, 294.
cutters, 309.
instructions for wetting, 255-257.
qualities of good, 276.
quantity required for a book, 299.
sizes of, 298.
suitable for fine printing, 257.
Papier-maché moulds, 242.
Paragon type, so called by printers in all countries, 52.
Paragraph mark, how used, 66.
Paragraphs, authors’ irregularities in making, 132, 133.
rule for indenting, 132.
Parchment tympans, 254.
Parenthesis, use of, 65, 66.
Pasteboard tympan for a cylinder press, advantages of, 265.
Paste, directions for making, 312.
Pearl type, specimen of, 54.
Peerless press, illustrated, 248.
Penn, William, promotes printing in Pennsylvania, 17.
Perforating machine for round holes, illustrated, 308.
rule, illustrated, 308.
Perforator, Ames’s Patent, 308.
Period, use of, 62.
Petit and Jungfer, German names of Brevier, 54.
Petit Romain, French name of Long Primer, 54.
Petri Hispani Tractatibus Logicis, one of the first printed books, 10.
Phœnician alphabetic system, 83.
Photo-engraving, 35-38.
Phrases, foreign, translated, 357-372.
Pica, specimen of, 53.
the standard type, 52.
Picks in types, how to remove, 262.
in wood-cuts, how to take out, 281.
Pietrison, Thomas, the inventor of printers’ ink, 10.
Pink ink, how to produce, 288.
Planetary signs, 73, 74.
Plate paper, directions for wetting, 256.
Plumbago, used in electrotyping, 27, 45.
Point system of type bodies, 55, 56.
Points, how to arrange, 258.
Polyglot founders, 18.
Position of nicks, 58.
in composing, 127.
Prefaces, rules concerning, 135.
Press-book, form of, 222.
Press arbitrarily restricted, 235.
history of invention of, 235-248.
old common, 235.
to print and number railroad tickets and coupons, 246.
Presses—see machine-presses.
how to oil, 292.
Pressing sheets, mode of, 296, 297.
Pressmen should examine every sheet as printed, 263.
rules and remedies for, 262-264.
should study fine specimens of printing, 277.
Presswork, requisites for producing fine, 275-279.
Prima, 203.
Printed sheets, how treated, 295-297.
Printers, how not to succeed in business, 139, 140.
ironical rules for, 136, 137.
Printer’s knife, illustrated, 210, 211.
Printing, discovery of, 9-14.
extension of, 13.
in bronzes, 284, 285.
in colours, 285-288.
in gold, directions for, 284.
introduced into America, 16.
manner of discovery, 9-12.
Printing-machine, type-revolving, 240-242.
Printing-offices, rules to be observed in, 233, 234.
Printing-press, amateur, 248.
Bullock, 242-244.
Campbell, 239, 246.
Cottrell & Babcock, 239.
Degener, 246, 247.
Earl Stanhope’s, 236.
earliest, 235.
first set up in North America, 16.
Frederick König’s, 238.
Gally, 246.
George Clymer’s, 236.
George P. Gordon’s, 246, 247.
invention of the, 235-248.
Isaac Adams’s, 237.
Job, 246-248.
Peter Smith’s, 237.
Railroad-ticket, 246.
Ramage’s, 236.
Richard M. Hoe’s, 239-242.
Ruggles, 246.
Samuel Rust’s, 237.
Walter, 244.
Wells, 246.
Willem Jansen Blaeu’s, 235.
Proof-marks, explanation of, 214, 215.
illustration of, 212, 213.
Proof-press, illustrated, 343.
Proof-reader, author’s obligations to, 201.
duties of a, 202, 207.
friendly offices of, 201.
qualifications of, 200-206.
should be a compositor, 200.
Proof-readers, caprices of, 207.
Proof-sheets, alterations in, justly chargeable, 204, 205, 211.
detained by authors, 205.
errors in correcting, 203, 204.
method of reading, 202, 203.
plan for keeping account of, 203.
remarks concerning, 202.
should be read by two readers, 204.
Proofs of engravings, how to take, 283.
Proper names should be plainly written, 211.
Prussian blue ink, 287.
Publishers’ interference with the printers’ province, 134.
Pulling, directions for, 260-262, 279.
Punch, illustrated, 40.
Punctuality indispensable in an apprentice, 123.
Punctuation, amending of, should be confined to one reader, 204.
and orthography to be uniform throughout a book, 202.
points of later invention than printing, 61.
variations in use of, 61.
whims of authors, 61.
Wilson’s Treatise on, 62, 65.
Quadrates, circular, illustrated, and described, 78, 79.
corner, illustrated, 306.
directions for composing, 78, 79.
hollow, illustrated, 77.
Quantity of paper required to print a book of one thousand copies, 299.
Quarto, scheme for imposing, 153, 154.
the broad way for music, 153, 154.
two half-sheets, together, 155, 156.
half-sheet, the broad way, 155, 156.
Quires, cassie, of what made up, 294.
Quitting work, precautions to be used by the pressmen in, 264.
Quoins, proper form of, 147, 148.
how to unlock, 148.
various patents, 306.
Quotation furniture, illustrated, 77.
marks, 62.
Quotations, broad and narrow, 76.
Railroad-ticket printing-machine, 246.
Ramage, Adam, 236.
Reading-boy, 202.
Receipts, various, 311-317.
Red ink, how to make, 286, 288.
References, use of, 66, 67.
Register, how to make, 260.
Regulations for a printing-office, 233, 234.
Reprints from standard authors not to vary from the original, 202.
Revise, 206.
Revise sheet necessary, 260.
Riding, how to prevent, 286.
Rittenhouse, William, the first paper-maker in America, 17.
Roller-boy, 262.
Roller-handle, how to lie when used, 251.
how to check, 251.
Roller, hard, best for fine work, 267.
soft, required for posters and old type, 267.
Roller-mould, directions for using, 252.
Roller-stand, how to set up, 250, 251.
illustrated, 251.
Rollers, composition, how made, 252-254, 311, 312.
for hand-presses, how to keep, 278.
hand-press, 252.
precautions in using, 252.
to be adapted to style of work, 267.
when in working order, 253.
Roman letter, invention of, 49.
deserving general adoption, 50.
Ronaldson, James, type-founder in Philadelphia, 19.
Richard, type-founder in Philadelphia, 20.
Rosetta stone, discovery of, 83.
Royal and half paper, size of, 298.
Royal paper, size of, 298.
Ruggles’s job presses, 246.
card cutter, illustrated, 309.
Rule, brass, 80.
labour-saving, illustrated, 81.
plan of case for, 82.
Rules and remedies for pressmen, 262-264.
for beginners in business, ironical, 139, 140.
for compositors, ironical, 136, 137.
for perforating, illustrated, 308.
Runes, earliest alphabets of the Teutons and Goths, 86.
Runic alphabets, 86-90.
inscription on Bewcastle cross, 89.
Russian alphabet, 112, 113.
Rust, Samuel, inventor of the Washington press, 237.
Saur (or Sower), Christopher, first American type-founder, 19.
issues the Germantown Chronicle in 1739, 19.
prints the first quarto Bible, 19.
Scarlet ink, how to make, 288.
Schœffer, Peter, inventor of type-founding, 13, 14.
Semicolon, invented by Aldo Manuccio, 61.
use of, 62.
Senefelder, Alois, discoverer of lithography, 27.
Setting fly on a cylinder press, 274.
off, how to prevent ink from, 279.
tapes, process of, 274.
up a Washington press, 250.
up a roller-stand, 250, 251.
Seventy-twos, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 197.
Shades of ink, how to produce, 288.
Sheets, counting out and putting away, 294.
filling in and pressing, 296.
how to take down from the poles, 296.
names of, 149.
Shooting-sticks, illustrated, 307.
Short letters, 59.
numbers of sheets, allowance for, 294.
pages, how to back, 133.
Side notes, how arranged, 131, 132.
Signatures, table of, 216, 217.
inventor of, 16.
Signaturing, remarks concerning, 135.
Signs, astronomical, 73, 74.
Signs, commercial, 71.
mathematical, 71, 73.
medical, 74, 75.
Silk tympan-covers, 254.
Silvering solution, how to make, 316.
Sitting at work improper, 127.
Sixteens, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 174.
sheet of, 175.
Sixty-fours, scheme for imposing quarter-sheet of, 195.
scheme for imposing quarter-sheet of, with two signatures, 194.
quarter sheet of, mixed, 195.
half-sheet of, 196.
Slotted brass corners, illustrated, 44.
Slovenly copy, censurable, 223.
Slurring, how to prevent, 263, 278.
Small capital letters, 58, 60, 61.
Pica, specimen of, 54.
Smith, George Frederick, founder in Philadelphia, 20.
Matthew, press-maker, 239.
Peter, inventor of a hand-press, 237.
Sorts, upper and lower case, 59.
Sounds of German letters, 94.
Greek letters, 98.
Hebrew letters, 104.
Sower—see Saur.
Samuel & Co., early American type-founders, 20.
Space-rules, metal, 81.
Spaces, described, 75.
various sizes of, should be kept separate, 128.
Spacing, remarks on, 130, 131.
Speculum Humanæ Salvationis, the first printed book, 11.
Spelling, rules for, 318-332.
Spiegal enser Behoudenisse, one of the first printed books, 10.
Spring bearers, 259.
Springing, to prevent wood-cuts from, 280.
Square cross, where used, 66.
Standard for height of type, 57, 58.
metal furniture, 77.
Standing press, how to fill, 296, 297.
improved, illustrated, 297.
Stanhope, Earl, press invented by, 236.
Star chamber, regulations of, concerning English founders, 18.
St. Augustin, French and Dutch name for English type, 53.
Stereotype plates, English imperfections of, 18.
how to underlay, 272.
block, illustrated, 44.
Stereotyping, invention of, 24.
mode of, 24-26, 46.
mud process, 26.
Stop cylinder press, illustrated, 238.
well adapted for fine printing, 239.
Stower, extract from, 205, 206.
Superiors, 67.
Super-royal paper, size of, 298.
Syllables, abbreviated, 15.
how to divide, 64, 65.
Symbols, absurd, 74.
Table of paper required for a book, 299.
proof-marks, 212.
signatures, 216, 217.
Takes of copy should be small, 221.
Taking copy in companionships, 228, 229.
Taking down sheets when dry, 296.
Tapes, how to set, 274.
Technical terms explained, 338-343.
names should be legibly written, 211.
Tertia, German name of Great Primer, 53.
Theinhardt, Ferdinand, Prussian type-founder, 84.
Thirty-sixes, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 190.
half-sheet of, without cutting, 190.
the same, with two signatures, 191.
Thirty-twos, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 186.
sheet of, 187, 188.
sheet of, with four signatures, 187, 188.
half-sheet, two signatures, 189.
half-sheet of, mixed, 189.
Thomas, Isaiah, 14.
Tilloch, Dr. Alexander, 24.
Tinted paper, coloured ink on, 291.
Tints, neutral, 291.
Title-deeds, scheme for imposing, 150.
Title-pages, hints for setting, 134.
remarks on, 134.
Token-sheet, purpose of, 256.
Tokens explained, 294.
Tools for wood engraving, 34.
Trade-marks, how to secure patents, 335.
Transposing pages, directions for, 207.
pages in companionships, 232.
Turkey boxwood, best for engraving, 34.
Turning a heap, directions for, 261, 262.
Turpentine, spirits of, best for cleansing wood-cuts, 283.
Tweezers, illustrated, 210.
Twenties, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, with two signatures, 181.
sheet of, 182.
Twenty-fours, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 183.
sheet of, 183, 184.
half-sheet, the sixteens way, 184.
half-sheet of, long, 185.
half-sheet of, without cutting, 186.
Two-line letters, how used, 76.
Tying up pages, 142, 143.
Tympan suitable for cylinder press, 265.
Tympans, how to cover, 254.
Type bodies, point system of, 55, 56.
Type-casting machine, description of, 42.
illustrated, 41.
origin of, 22.
Type-casting machine, perfected by David Bruce, Jr., 22, 23.
Type-founding a distinct calling in the seventeenth century, 18.
early, in New York, 19.
early, in Philadelphia, 19.
in America, 19.
in Europe, 18.
Type-foundries in the United States, 23.
Type-foundry, first American, at Germantown, Pennsylvania, 19.
walk over a, 39-48.
Type, how to lay a fount of, 127.
Type-measure, 227.
Type-metal, 40.
Type-revolving printing machine, Hoe’s, illustrated, 240.
Types, bill of, 57.
Black or Old English letter, 49, 51.
directions for choosing, 50.
fount of, 58.
gradation of, 55.
how to prevent them from adhering, 127.
Italic, invention of, 50.
names and sizes of, 52-54.
prices of, since 1801, 25.
process of manufacturing, 39-43.
Roman, invention of, 49.
specimens of, 53, 54.
Typographic Advertiser, 20.
Typographical errors, a blemish, 200.
peculiarities, ancient, 17, 18.
Underlaying old stereotype plates, 282.
Underlays, when proper on cylinder presses, 270-272.
Uniformity in colors, how to secure, 263.
in spacing essential, 130.
Universal press, illustrated, 248.
Unlocking forms, precautions in, 208.
Upper-case sorts, 59.
Van der Mey’s method of stereotyping, 24.
Variations from copy chargeable, 211.
Varnish for printing ink, how to make, 314.
the common menstruum for colours, 286.
Varnish, prevents enamel from peeling, 284.
Vignettes, how to prepare on the press, 281.
Walter perfecting press, 244.
Warehouse book, form of, 293.
department, 293-298.
Warehouseman, duties of, 293.
Warping of a cut, how to cure, 282.
how to prevent, 282.
Washing forms, directions for, 264, 265.
Washington press, how to set up, 250.
invented by Samuel Rust, illustrated, 237.
Waterproof paper, how to make, 317.
Watts, John, 21.
Web perfecting presses, 242-246.
Wells’s job presses, 246.
Wet paper, how to be protected overnight, 264.
Wetting paper, directions for, 255-257.
drawing and plate paper, 256.
rules for giving out paper for, 294, 295.
Wetting-trough, how to be made, 255.
White, Elihu, type-founder in New York, 21, 22.
White pages, how to be treated, 259.
Wood-cuts, how to prepare on the press, 280-283.
how to wash, 283.
how to take proof of, 283.
Wood engraving, tools for, 34.
type, how to be cared for, 292.
Woollen blankets, needless when new type is used, 257, 266.
Words and phrases, foreign, 357-372.
Working in pocket unsatisfactory, 227.
Works, how to manage hurried, 226.
Wrinkles in paper, how to remove, 263.
Writing inks, coloured, how to make, 314.
Yellow ink, how to produce, 287, 288.
Zarotti, Antonio, the inventor of signatures, 16.
Zell, Ulrich, printer of the Chronicle of Cologne, 9.
Zodiacal signs, 73.
Footnotes
[1] The earliest testimony in favour of Koster is contained in a German volume published at Cologne in 1499, known as the Chronicle of Cologne, which was printed by Ulrich Zell, originally of Mayence, and a well-known follower of Gutenberg and his system. Under the heading “Of the art of printing books, when and where, and by whom, was invented the inexpressibly useful art of printing books,” the author says, “Although the art, as now practised, was discovered at Mayence, nevertheless the first idea came from Holland, and the Donati, which had been previously printed there. Those books are therefore the origin of the art.”—See Humphreys, ch. iii. and iv.
We cite further the following well-known account:—
“About one hundred and twenty-eight years ago, Laurens Zanssen Coster inhabited a decent and fashionable house in the city of Haarlem, situated on the market-place, opposite the royal palace. The name of Coster was assumed, and inherited from his ancestors, who had long enjoyed the honourable and lucrative office of coster or sexton to the church. This man deserves to be restored to the honour of being the first inventor of printing, of which he has been unjustly deprived by others, who have enjoyed the praises due to him alone. As he was walking in the wood contiguous to the city, which was the general custom of the richer citizens and men of leisure, in the afternoon and on holidays, he began to cut letters on the bark of the beech; with these letters he enstamped marks upon paper in a contrary direction, in the manner of a seal, until at length he formed a few lines for his own amusement and for the use of the children of his brother-in-law. This succeeding so well, he attempted greater things; and, being a man of genius and reflection, he invented, with the aid of his brother- or son-in-law, Thomas Pietrison, a thicker and more adhesive ink, as the common ink was too thin and made blotted marks. With this ink he was able to print blocks and figures, to which he added letters. I have seen specimens of his printing in this manner. In the beginning he printed on one side only. This was a Dutch book, entitled Spiegal enser Behoudenisse. That it was one of the first books printed after the invention of the art, appears from the leaves, which are pasted together, that the naked sides might not be offensive to the eyes; and none at first were printed in a more perfect manner. As this new species of traffic attracted numerous customers, thus did the profits arising from it increase his love for the art and his diligence in the exercise of it.
“He engaged workmen, which was the source of the mischief. Among these workmen was one Jan —: whether his surname be that of Faust, or any other, is of no great importance to me, as I will not disturb the dead, whose consciences must have smote them sufficiently while living. This Jan, who assisted at the printing press under oath, after he had learned the art of casting the types, setting them, and other articles belonging to the art, and thought himself sufficiently instructed, having watched the opportunity, as he could not find a better, he packed up the types and the other articles on Christmas eve, while the family was engaged in celebrating the festival, and stole away with them. He first fled to Amsterdam, thence to Cologne, until he could establish himself at Mentz, as a secure place, where he might open shop and reap the fruits of his knavery. It is a known fact that within the twelve months (that is, in the year 1440) he published the Alexandri Galli Doctrinale, (a grammar at that time in high repute,) with Petri Hispani Tractatibus Logicis, with the same letters which Laurens had used. These were undoubtedly the first products of his press. These are the principal circumstances that I have collected from creditable persons far advanced in years, which they have transmitted like a flaming torch from hand to hand: I have also met with others who have confirmed the same.”—Hadrianus Junius, 1568.
[2] The first copies of the Bible are not dated, and do not contain the printer’s name. Only a few impressions have been preserved to the present time; indeed, they were entirely lost to the world until the latter half of the last century, when a copy was discovered in the library of Cardinal Mazarin in Paris; hence, the few existing copies are generally spoken of as Mazarin Bibles. Some of these were printed on vellum, but the earliest copies were on paper. There are only six copies now extant; two of which are in the United States, one belonging to the collection of the late Mr. George Brinley of Connecticut, and the other owned by the late Mr. James Lenox of New York. These two copies are on paper. The Brinley copy is said to have a leaf or two in fac-simile, while the Lenox copy is perfect in every respect. This copy, together with his unequalled collection of rare Bibles, now enriches the magnificent Lenox Library, founded in New York, in 1870, by this excellent and wisely beneficent man. The four remaining copies are in Europe, two of which were sold in London at auction; one on vellum selling for $20,000, and the other, on paper, bringing $14,000.
[3] “The names of Koster and Gutenberg will ever remain associated with its positive invention; and to Koster, if we are to be guided by a vast mass of unanswerable evidence in his favour, must be assigned the glory of achieving the first actual steps in that art, of which Gutenberg was soon destined, not only to extend and solidify the basis, but to raise at once upon that basis a most noble superstructure.”—Humphreys, p. 50.
[4] For detailed and conflicting accounts, see Humphreys’s History of the Art of Printing, (London,) and De Vinne’s Invention of Printing, (New York.)
Humphreys dispassionately goes over the ground, and while giving due credit to Gutenberg, awards to Koster the honour of the invention of the art of printing. A perusal of De Vinne, on the other hand, leaves the impression of an effort to prove a preconceived opinion, every probability in favour of Koster being curtly set aside, and every perchance on the side of Gutenberg being regarded as incontrovertible fact. De Vinne derides the idea that types were at first cut, and not cast or founded; and this in the face of the fact that in the earliest printed books, there are not two letters of one kind that are precisely alike in a page; that is, every letter a varies somewhat from all other a’s, and so with b and all other letters. This could not be the case if the types were cast or founded. To support his view, De Vinne copies from De la Borde a wood engraving representing letters cut and sawn apart; and from the imperfection of this experiment argues that the first types could not have been cut. This proves nothing except the incapacity of the experimenter. A dozen years ago an ingenious man in Philadelphia produced copper-headed types in a mass on type-metal bodies, which had to be cut apart singly. The specimen of these types here given proves conclusively that the thing can be done far better than was done by Koster on wood or metal, though his types were ten times larger than these:—
We have repeated the experiment in our own foundry with Long Primer type, and with a similar result. These experiments are sufficient to show the ungroundedness of Mr. De Vinne’s argument. He further states that in some of the specimens given by him, the letters have been so worn that they have run into one another; but the fact is, such letters were logotypes, and cut on the same block. Any accurate type-founder can verify this fact almost at a glance. In a lecture by Mr. Josiah Marples, an accurate English printer, before the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society on Type-founders and Type-founding, the speaker alluded to Caxton and his types, and to Mr. Vincent Figgins’s reproduction of the “Game of Chesse,” whose nephew had enabled him to exhibit a copy of the same to the meeting. “Mr. Vincent Figgins, whose skill as a practical type-founder,” it was remarked, “entitled his opinion to great weight, believed that the book was not printed from types such as were cast by Schœffer, but from types which were cast with solid faces, upon which were cut with the graver each letter separately. To this Mr. Figgins attributed the fact that in the original book no pure style of letters was used, but a mixture between the old black and that called Secretary; that no two letters were exactly alike, and that frequent use was made of logotypes.”
Mr. De Vinne finds some difficulty in demolishing the Koster “legend” (as he and Van der Linde call it) in the fact that the existence of numerous volumes and fragments of ancient printing have to be somehow accounted for; and he thereupon adopts the hypothesis of an unknown printer, to whom he attributes these early productions. The admittedly ancient water-marks in the paper he rules out, simply because such water-marks were used long afterward. He gives fac-simile specimens of the types used in these books; but, in violation of all the laws of probability, he gives the inferior specimens last. The necessities of his theory compelled him to this course, the natural order being the reverse of the one adopted by him. The inferior specimens show clearly the first attempts of an inventor, an inventor too who had before been a block printer. The succeeding books show as clearly the successive stages of improvement, the last stage of which was equal or even superior to any thing executed by Gutenberg before the appearance of the great Bible. This “unknown printer” was doubtless Koster.
It is by no means a wild question whether the credit of even the first Bible belongs to Gutenberg or to Peter Schœffer; for, after the dissolution of the partnership between Gutenberg and Fust, the former produced nothing worthy of note, while Schœffer printed the Bible again, as well as other works, notably the Psalter, a most wonderful specimen of ancient typography. Schœffer appears to be as undoubtedly the inventor of type-founding as Koster was of printing,—Gutenberg was neither, though we must award him high credit for his skill in availing himself of the knowledge derived from Koster, and his perseverance through a series of years. But the almost impenetrable cloud of mystery that surrounds the discovery of printing should induce a spirit of hesitancy that is not at all characteristic of Van der Linde and others. Neither ifs, buts, nor perhapses, nor strained inferences, prove anything except the weakness of the argument that rests upon them.
We are satisfied that the types used by the first printers were not cast or founded in a mode at all approximating to the modern method. The question is, not who was the first type-founder in the modern style, but who was the first printer with movable types, no matter whether of wood, pewter, or tin; and we agree with the judicious Isaiah Thomas in the opinion that Koster was that man.
See Haarlem the Birthplace of Printing, not Mentz, by J. H. Hessels, Cambridge, England, 1887: an emphatic confutation of the Gutenberg legend.
[5] Two copies of Bradford’s Almanac are known to be in existence. We give the Address of
THE PRINTER TO THE READERS.
Hereby understand that after great charge & Trouble, I have brought that great Art & Mystery of Printing into this part of America; believing it may be of great service to you in several respects; hoping to find encouragement, not only in this Almanack, but what else I shall enter upon for the use & service of the Inhabitants of these Parts. Some irregularities there be in this Diary, which I desire you to pass by this year; for being lately come hither, my materials were misplaced & out of order, whereupon I was forced to use Figures & Letters of various Sizes: but understanding the want of something of this nature, & being importuned thereto, I ventured to make public this; desiring you to accept thereof; & by the next (as I find encouragement) shall endeavour to have things compleat. And for the ease of Clarks, Scriveniers, &c., I propose to print blank Bills, Bonds, Letters of Attorney, Indentures, Warrants, etc., & what else presents itself, wherein I shall be ready to serve you; and remain your friend.
W. BRADFORD.
Philadelphia, the
10th month, 1685.
[6] Mr. Horatio Gates Jones, of Philadelphia, in his introduction to Frame’s Short Description of Pennsilvania, gives further interesting particulars. See, also, Munsell’s Chronology, &c. of Paper and Paper Making, Albany, N. Y., 1876.
[7] The remainder of this article was mostly furnished by the late Mr. George Bruce, of New York.
[8] After the retirement of Binny & Ronaldson, Richard Ronaldson carried on the business of this foundry until 1833, when he in turn was succeeded by Lawrence Johnson and George F. Smith. Mr. Johnson, a man of great energy and enterprise, had (contemporaneously with Jedediah Howe) introduced stereotyping into Philadelphia, and now both callings were incorporated. Ten years afterward, Mr. Smith retired; and in the year 1845 Mr. Johnson associated with him Thomas MacKellar, John F. Smith and Richard Smith, who had, as it were, grown up with the business. The foundry now quickly grew in importance, and won a wide reputation. Mr. Johnson died April 26, 1860, and was succeeded by his three partners, who, with Peter A. Jordan, constituted the firm known as MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan, under whose management the establishment was brought to rank equal with and excel most of the type foundries in the world. Mr. Jordan died March 25, 1884. In 1885 Wm. B. MacKellar, G. Fredk Jordan and C. F. Huch were associated with the remaining partners, and a corporation was formed under the name of The MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan Company. Their “Typographic Advertiser” (begun in 1855) and Specimen Books are regarded as unique mechanical and literary productions. The height and body of the Pica of this Company have been universally adopted in the United States as the standard of size for the American Point System of type.
[9] Chambers’s Encyclopædia.
[10] Wilson’s Treatise on English Punctuation is a full and explicit work on this subject, and should be studied by every printer and author. It is worthy of adoption as the standard authority.
[11] Wilson, in his Treatise on English Punctuation, says, very judiciously,—
The hyphen is employed in words in such a manner as is best calculated to show their origin, composition, or import, and to exhibit the syllables in their neatest form. Agreeably to this rule,—
1. Compound and derivative words are resolved into their primitives; as, school-master, hand-writing, pen-knife, snuff-box, looking-glass; arch-angel, geo-logy, theo-cracy, ortho-graphy.
2. Prefixes, affixes, and grammatical terminations are separated; as, dis-continue, en-able, trans-port; shear-er, load-ed, print-ing; king-dom, false-hood, differ-ence, command-ment.
3. One consonant between two vowels is to be joined to the latter syllable; as, ta-lent, fa-tal; me-lon, le-ver; spi-rit, si-lence; cy-nic, ty-ro; le-ga-cy, mo-no-po-ly. Except x, and single consonants when they belong to the former portion of a derivative word; as, ex-ile, ex-ist, ex-amine; up-on, dis-ease, circum-ambient.
4. Two or more consonants belong to the latter syllable, when they are capable of beginning a word; as, ta-ble, sti-fle, lu-cre, o-gle, mau-gre, stro-phe, de-stroy.
5. But when the consonants cannot begin a word, or when the vowel preceding them is short, the first should be separated; as, ab-bey, ac-cent, vel-lum, ab-ject, gar-den, laun-dry, pam-phlet; blas-pheme, dis-tress, min-strel.
It is desirable that compound and derivative words should, at the end of lines, be divided in such a manner as to indicate their principal parts. Thus, school-master is preferable to schoolmas-ter, dis-approve to disap-prove, resent-ment to re-sentment, ortho-doxy to or-thodoxy; though, as regards the analysis of words into syllables, the latter mode is unobjectionable. From the narrowness of the printed line, however, in some books, the principle recommended cannot always be adhered to.
The terminations tion, sion, cial, tial, and many others, formerly pronounced as two syllables, but now only as one, must not be divided either in spelling or at the end of a line.
A syllable consisting of only one letter, as the a in cre-ation, should not commence a line. This word would be better divided crea-tion; and so all others of a similar kind.
A line of print must not end with the first syllable of a word when it consists of a single letter; as, a-bide, e-normous; nor begin with the last syllable when it is formed of only two letters; as, nation-al, teach-er, similar-ly. For regard should be had to the principles of taste and beauty as well as to the laws of syllabication.
[12] The Hebrew alphabet is almost identical with the Phœnician.
[13] Chambers’s Encyclopædia, published by J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia.
[14] Bell’s Greek Grammar.
[15] See pages 318-332.
[16] The following epitaph was no doubt written by a printer after performing the most disagreeable task attendant on his profession:—
No more shall copy bad perplex my brain,
No more shall type’s small face my eyeballs strain;
No more the proof’s foul page create me troubles,
By errors, transpositions, outs, and doubles:
No more my head shall ache from author’s whims,
As overrunnings, driving-outs, and ins;
The sturdy pressman’s frown I now may scoff,
Revised, corrected, finally wrought off.
[17] We are indebted to a friend for the following sketch of the origin, progress, and present condition of the world-famous house of R. Hoe & Co.
Robert Hoe, the founder of the present house of R. Hoe & Co. of New York, was born at Hose, in Leicestershire, England, in 1784. His father was a well-to-do farmer in that pleasant, sequestered district; but, as the family was large, Robert was apprenticed to a carpenter in a neighbouring town. His attention was early attracted and his mind impressed by the prosperity of the people of the United States; and, being a republican at heart, and conscious that the institutions of his own country presented almost insurmountable obstacles to the advancement of the working classes, he purchased his indentures from his employer, and in 1803 emigrated to New York.
On his arrival he made the acquaintance of Grant Thorburn, who, becoming interested in him, received him into his family, and with great kindness nursed him with his own hands through an attack of the yellow fever, which was then raging in the city. He soon established himself in his trade, and, by his industry, integrity, and enterprise, became advantageously known to the public. At the age of twenty he married the daughter of Matthew Smith, of Westchester Co., New York, by whom he had three sons and six daughters. For a time he was in partnership with his brother-in-law, Matthew Smith, Jr., a carpenter and printers’ joiner, who, on their separation, associated with himself his brother, Peter Smith, who was educated at Yale College, and was the inventor of the well-known hand-press bearing his name.
On the decease of these two brothers, Robert Hoe, in 1823, succeeded to the business, which was then in its infancy, giving employment to only a handful of men, and being conducted in the middle of the block bounded by Maiden Lane, Pine, William, and Pearl Streets, in some old buildings to which access was gained by an alley running from Maiden Lane to Pine Street. Here the business, under the style of Robert Hoe & Co., grew rapidly; but the extension of Cedar Street made necessary its removal to the present location in Gold Street. About this time, the flat-bed cylinder press, for newspaper printing, was introduced into England; and Mr. Hoe sent an intelligent mechanic there to examine it, and it was soon brought into use here, with valuable improvements. In 1832, Mr. Hoe’s failing health obliged him to relinquish the business to his eldest son, Richard M. Hoe, and Matthew Smith, son of his first partner. In the following year he died. Shortly after his decease, the firm erected extensive buildings in Broome Street, in the eastern part of the city, where the greater part of their manufacturing has since been carried on. They also commenced making cast-steel saws, which had previously been exclusively imported from England; and this branch has steadily increased in importance.
Matthew Smith, a man of uncommon ability and business talents, died in 1842. The business was then continued by Richard M. Hoe, with his two brothers, Robert Hoe and Peter Smith Hoe,—the eldest, as before, taking charge of the mechanical department, in which his industry and fertility of invention are attested by the number and value of his patents. In 1837, he patented here and in England his method of grinding circular saws, by which the thickness of any part of a saw can be regulated with accuracy. In 1846, he brought out the so-called “Lightning Press,” or Type-Revolving Printing Machine, described in the text,—the greatest innovation on the routine of the printing craft since the days of Gutenberg. This press entirely superseded all others for fast printing, and was introduced into the principal offices, not only in this country, but in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Australia.
In 1858, the firm purchased of Isaac Adams, of Boston, Massachusetts, his entire patent-rights, together with his establishment for the manufacture of his bed-and-platen book printing presses, and various machines for binders’ use, which they continue to conduct there, though with increased facilities and many improvements. Their works in different places now cover thirty-five city lots, or about two acres, and give employment to nearly six hundred hands. The office and warerooms of the house in England are at 13 Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, London, one of the partners, being a resident in that city, attending to the business there.
[18] While publisher of a paper in Catskill, he produced within a week, aided by some village mechanics, a press for his own use. With the exception of a stone bed, the principal parts were made entirely of wood. It was a flat-bed press, having a series of impression cylinders connected by an endless chain, by means of which they passed over and around the bed continually. He called it the Chain-running Press. It was employed by Frank Leslie to print an edition of his Illustrated Newspaper.
[19] R. Hoe & Co.’s Catalogue.
[20] Adapted from Savage.
[21] Adapted from Savage.
[22] Mostly from the Paper and Printing Trades Journal, London.
[23] For other words beginning with im, in, ir, or un negative, look for the simple word.
[24] Incapable of suffering.
[25] Capable of suffering.
[26] Published by E. C. Markley & Son, Philadelphia. An excellent book.
ESTABLISHED, 1796.
MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan Foundry,
Letter Founders,
Nos. 606-614 Sansom Street, Philadelphia.
This establishment, the oldest in America, has kept even pace with all the improvements in type-founding; and its productions at the present day, in beauty of style, accuracy of standing, and durability of material, are all that skill, ingenuity, and long experience have been able to effect. Neither pains nor expense will be withheld to maintain its reputation.
Book and Newspaper Faces.
Some are of light and dainty face, others of medium, and others again of broad and massive character. The Lightface Series; the French-Face Series; the celebrated Scotch-Face Series, introduced by us many years ago; the Book Series; the Large-Face Series; the Classic Series; the News Series; the Broadface Series; the Modern Series; the Original Old Style Series; the Bradford Series; the Binny Series; the Ronaldson Series; the MacKellar Series, and all others introduced by us, are kept constantly on hand, in large and small founts.
German Book and Newspaper Faces,
Of various styles, also kept on hand or furnished to order.
Elegant Scripts and other Note and Circular Types,
In great variety of styles, for all kinds of Notes, Blanks, and Circular Printing.
Greek, Hebrew and Music Type.
Music Type without an equal in America, or a superior in the world. The sizes are Excelsior, or half-Nonpareil, Diamond, Agate, and Nonpareil. Greek and Hebrew of all practical sizes.
Fancy and Ornamental Type,
Unrivalled for beauty, originality, extent, and variety. In this department, native and foreign genius and inventive skill are alike laid under contribution, and no other foundry in the world can furnish so complete and beautiful an assortment.
Borders, Flourishes, Corners and Ornaments,
For finest artistic and ornamental printing, to meet every requirement of the printer.
Cuts and Ornaments,
For general use, from more than three thousand subjects, many of them very fine.
Office Furnishings.
Cabinets of various kinds and prices. Stands, double or single, or made in different styles to order, of walnut or poplar. Cases of all kinds. Imposing Stones of regular sizes constantly on hand; special sizes and styles got up to order. Galleys of all kinds, either wood or brass. Stereotype Blocks, with or without rule borders. Chases of wrought or cast iron. Composing-Sticks of all kinds, large and small. Racks for cases. Ink Stones. Card, Paper, Lead and Rule Cutters. Labour-Saving Wood Rule. Labour-Saving Wood Furniture. Labour-Saving Curvatures. Furniture, Quoins, Mallets; Shooting-Sticks of brass, iron or dogwood; Planers, Bodkins, Ley and Washing Brushes, &c.
Eureka Cabinets.
Size to fit in space at left of double stand. Stained in imitation of cherry.
Sort-Case Cabinet.—Contains eight drawers, each divided into sixteen compartments. It will be found useful as a receptacle for quads, leaders or sorts.
Handy Cabinet.—Contains five drawers, arranged to hold twenty different sizes of spaces and quads, and eight blank drawers, for cuts or large type.
Galley Cabinet.—No. 1, for twenty-four single and fourteen double column galleys. No. 2, for forty-eight single galleys. No. 3, for thirty-four double galleys.
Ink Cabinet.—Contains four compartments for ink, &c., and marble slab 18 × 20 inches on top, for mixing inks.
Chase Cabinet.—Arranged to contain one-eighth, one-quarter, and one-half medium chases. With or without ink stone.
Combination Cabinet.—No. 1, contains four blank drawers, three sort-case drawers, and four quad drawers. No. 2, contains four sort-case drawers and six quad drawers.
Quad Cabinet.—Contains twelve drawers, each divided into two compartments, suitable for quads or leaders.
Labour-Saving Leads and Slugs.
Two and three point (six and four-to-Pica) Leads, from 48 to 300 points (4 to 25 ems Pica) in length; put up in any useful quantity. Six and twelve point (Nonpareil and Pica) Slugs, cut to same lengths. Cases arranged specially for Labour-Saving Leads and Slugs.
Labour-Saving Quotation Furniture.
Accurately cast, and equally valuable either as furniture or as quotations. The pieces range from 48 to 240 points in length, and from 24 to 48 points in width, quadrate height, with suitable spaces.
Reversible Metal Furniture,
For imposition of forms and general blank-work. Cast to our standard 12 point body.
Labour-Saving Rule,
(Matching our standard type bodies,) Single, Double, Parallel, Dotted, and Triple faces. Cut accurately of various lengths. It will be found of vast utility in tabular and job work, rendering the use of shears and file entirely unnecessary. Cases furnished specially adapted to it.
Brass Circles and Ovals,
Of various sizes and faces, for label and stamp borders.
Slotted Brass Corners,
Of beautiful original patterns, matching our brass rules.
Hollow Quadrates,
For the easy formation of Circles, Ellipses, &c., made in sizes to suit our Brass Circles and Ovals, from Nos. 1 to 13.
Corner Quadrates,
On 12 point and 6 point Metal and 2 point Brass bodies.
Printing Presses and Ink.
Presses of the most celebrated makers in the United States, as well as all varieties and colours of American and Foreign Printing Inks, Sizes, Bronzes, Varnishes, &c. at manufacturers’ prices.
Roller Composition.
Glue for Rollers, and the various Patent Compositions, furnished to order at manufacturers’ prices.
Electrotyping
Of Almanacs, Jobs, Wood-Cuts, Labels, Binders’ Stamps, &c.
Wood Engraving.
Cuts designed and engraved to order in the finest style of art.
Outfits for Printing Offices.
Estimates given in detail (with the cost) of all the materials required for either Newspaper or Job Offices.
MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan Foundry,
Nos. 606-614 Sansom Street,
Philadelphia.
PRINTERS’ TEXT-BOOKS.
A Manual of Typography, containing Practical Directions for Managing all Departments of a Printing Office, as well as Complete Instructions for Apprentices. Eighteenth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Price, $2.00. By mail, $2.10.
“Most successful of the books of this class known to me.”—Correspondent of the Archiv für Buchdruckerkunst, Leipzig.
“Any intelligent person will find this work a serviceable companion.”—Journal of Commerce, Chicago.
“A neat volume, beautifully printed.”—L’Imprimerie, Paris.
“The most complete work on the subject.”—Daily Free Press, Atchison, Kansas.
“A great amount of curious information, historical and illustrative.”—Evening Post, New York.
“The result of intelligent research and considerable personal experience.”—The Nation, New York.
“This is taken as the standard American treatise on practical printing, and is eminently worthy the high reputation it has attained.”—Springer’s History and Mystery of Printing.
Wilson’s Punctuation.
A Treatise on Punctuation, designed for Printers, Letter-Writers, Authors, and Correctors of the Press. Price, $1.50. By mail, $1.60.
“It is an excellent work for schools and academies, and for those who would become self-taught.”—Christian Freeman.
“We have never before met with any work on Punctuation which gave us so great satisfaction as this.”—The Student.
“This is a useful and valuable work on English Punctuation, and every one can read it with profit and pleasure.”—Boston Daily Atlas.
“It contains all the necessary directions for self-taught writers and editors.”—American Whig Review.
American Encyclopædia of Printing.
Comprising (with plates) 550 imperial octavo pages, giving more than sixteen hundred definitions, descriptions, and articles relating to the History, Implements, Processes, Products, and auxiliary Arts of Printing; splendidly Illustrated by more than two hundred Chromo-Lithographs, Lithographs, Wood Engravings, Imitations of Water-Marks, Embossed and Ruled Pages, etc. Edited by J. Luther Ringwalt. Price, $6.00.
Typographic Advertiser.
Elegantly printed, and furnished free to all Printing Offices. Needful to those who desire to keep up with the improvements in Typography.
“This grand journal, the oldest in the country, maintains its place in the van against all comers. Its typographic appearance is unequalled in the world of printing, and a careful study of its peerless specimen pages will do more to advance the beautiful in job composition and presswork than all the tawdry imitations of lithography, and badly designed and worse executed rule work that has been thrust upon a suffering art from Caxton to to-day. Its editorial management is as good as its typography is handsome and artistic.”—Springer’s History and Mystery of Printing.
Money spent for good books is well invested; and in this day of typographical progress, no active-minded printer can really afford not to have the above works in his office library. Address all orders to
MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan Foundry,
Nos. 606-614 Sansom Street,
Philadelphia.