Index
Acid linings for furnaces, 139, 156
Allotropic modifications of iron, 322
Alloy steels, 232
Ammonia from coke ovens, 49
Analysis, chemical, 165
Annealing malleable cast iron, 203 cast steel, 220 tool steels, 109, 233, 333 tubes, 307 wire, 285
Bar, Merchant, 154 muck, 99
Basic linings for furnaces, 139, 156, 230
Beehive charcoal, 38 coke, 44
Benzol, 49
Bessemer, Sir Henry, 123 steel, 123, 226
Black heart malleable iron, 209
Blast, 1, 11, 52, 58, 172
Blast furnace, 9, 10, 52
Blister steel, 117
Blowing of Bessemer steel, 128, 225
Boyden, Seth, 196
Busheled iron, 105
Butt-welded pipe, 293
By-products, 42, 47
Carbon, effect of, on iron, 8, 74, 83, 86, 109, 116, 180, 198, 233, 319, 337 effect of, on iron ore, 4, 57
Cast iron. See Iron, cast
Castings, 189 of cast iron, 178
Castings of malleable iron, 197 of pig iron (direct castings), 80 “rubber,” 192 of “semi-steel,” 188 of steel, 214
Cementation steel process, 106, 112
Charcoal, 7, 37, 95
Chemical changes during refining, 7, 97, 119, 128, 149, 155, 160, 201, 230
Chemistry of gas producers, 158
Chromium in steel, 238, 243
Cinder in wrought iron, 96, 97, 101, 300
Classification according to chemical analysis, 83 of iron alloys, 69, 180 metallographic, 70 by physical test, 83, 188 of steels, 107, 155 volumetric, 88
Coal, 41, 49
Cold finishing of steel, 270, 306
Coke, 11, 41
Coke ovens, 44, 46
Conductivity of steels, 315
Converters, 126, 226
Cooling curves of steels, 316
Cort, Henry, 11, 95, 259
Critical temperature or range in steels, 315, 319
Crucibles, 118
Crucible steel process, 106, 118, 223
Cupola melting process, 161, 171, 198
Dilatation of steel, 315
Dolomite, 50
Drawing bench, 287, 306
Drawing, effect of cold-drawing, 248 of tubes, 305 of wire, 284
Duplex steel process, 155
Electric furnaces, 227
Electric steel, 227
Equilibrium diagram of iron-carbon alloys, 335, 345
Eutectic, 342
Eutectoid, 346
Fiber of wrought iron, 92, 93, 101
Fluor spar, 51
Flux, 50, 173
Forging, 248
Freezing-point curves of iron-carbon alloys, 337
Fuels, 6, 11, 15, 37, 94, 96, 119, 130, 157, 170
Furnaces, air, 198 Bessemer converters, 123, 226 Catalan, 7 Cementation, 115 Cupola, 171 early types of, 6, 93 electric, 227 open-hearth, 142 puddling, 95 Siemens-Martin, 142 Talbot, 153
Gas, coke oven, 41, 47 natural, 157 producer, 157
Hadfield, Sir Robert, 235
Hammers for forging, 249
Hardening, air or self, 241
Hardening of steels, 109, 233, 240, 316, 333
Holley, Alexander L., 127
Huntsman crucible melting process, 10, 118
Ingots, steel, 245
Irons, “black heart” malleable cast, 209 Busheled, 105 cast (See also Semi-steel), 7, 79, 160, 178, 346 classification of, 69, 89 early history of, 1, 4, 91 ingot, 75 malleable, 4, 123 malleable cast, 81, 195 pig, 63 puddled, 75, 91 strengths of the iron alloys, 83, 188 Swedish, 93 white, 81, 184, 198 “white heart” malleable cast, 21 wrought, 75, 77, 91 wrought, early processes for, 4, 93
Kelly, William, 124
Lap-welded pipe, 296
Lime, use of, 139, 149, 230
Limestone as flux, 50, 173
Linings, acid and basic, 139, 156, 230 of Bessemer converters, 139 of electric furnaces, 230 of open-hearth furnaces, 148 of puddling furnaces, 97
Magnetism, loss of, in steels, 314
Manganese, 135, 151 Hadfield’s manganese steel, 235
Mannesmann process for billet piercing, 302
Melting points of iron-carbon alloys, 4, 6, 83, 94, 142
Metallography, 70, 180, 324
Metalloids, 86, 89, 128
Mills. See Rolling mills
Mixer, 131, 153
Molds and Molding, 13, 189, 218
Muck bar, 99
Mushet, Robert F., 135, 240
Nasmyth, James, 251
Nickel in steel, 237
Open-hearth steel process, 142, 223
Ore, iron, 3, 17, 53, 144 Mesaba, 26 unloaders, 31 use of (iron oxide), in refining processes, 97, 149, 230
Phosphorus in iron and steel, 97, 139, 144, 152, 230
Pickling of steel, 285, 305
Piercing of steel billets for tubes, 302
Pig bed, 61
Pig iron, 63 castings (“direct castings”), 80
Pipes and tubes, early, 292
Pipes, butt-welded, 293 lap-welded, 296 in steel ingots, 245
Plates, making of steel, 264
Press, forging by hydraulic, 256
Puddling of iron, 97
Rails, rolling of, 138, 273
Reaumur, 115, 195
Recalescence, 311, 316
Recarburization, 135, 151
References, 350
Regenerative system of heating, 146
Risers on steel castings, 219
Rods, rolling of, 277
Rolling mills, 259, 277, 294, 304
Rolling of muck bar, 99 of rails, 138, 273 of rods, 277
Rolling of skelp for pipe, 293 of steel plates, 264, 268
Rolling vs. forging of steel, 258
Segregation in steel ingots, 246
“Semi-steel,” 78, 185
Sheets, rolling of, 273
Siemens-Martin steel process. See Open-hearth
Silicon in iron-carbon alloys, 83, 120, 133, 168, 182, 346
Skelp for pipe, 293
Slag and cinder, 56, 58, 96, 97, 151
Spiegeleisen addition in Bessemer process, 135
Squeezer for puddled iron, 99
Steam hammer for forging, 251
Steels, acid, 139, 156 alloy, 107, 232 annealing of, 109, 220, 233, 285, 307, 333 basic, 139, 156, 230 Bessemer process, 123, 154, 226 blister, 117 carbon, 107 castings. See Castings of steel cementation, 106, 112 chrome, 238 classification of, 107, 155 crucible, 106, 118, 223 duplex, 155 electric, 227 hardening of, 109, 233, 240, 241, 316, 333 high-speed, 107, 240 manganese, 235 nickel, 237 open-hearth, 107, 142, 223 place in the iron family, 78 “semi-steel,” 79, 185 shear, 118 structures, decompositions and transformations of, 310, 337, 343 tool, 107, 240 tungsten, 236, 243 Wootz, Damascus, Toledo, etc., 8, 121
Strengths of iron-carbon alloys, 83, 188 of steel plate, 270 of wire, 290
Structures of the irons and steels, 310, 323, 337, 343 See also Metallography
Sulphur in fuels and alloys, 40, 43, 95, 97, 155, 168, 203, 230
Tar, coal, 48
Taylor, Frederick W., 241
Tempering of steels, 109, 240, 331
Titanium in steel, 234
Tools, 3, 107, 212
Tool steels, carbon, 107 high-speed, 107, 240
Tubes and tube making, 302
Tungsten in steel, 236, 241
Uses of irons and steels, 71, 83, 184, 212, 213, 215, 249
Vanadium in steel, 235, 243
Welding rolls, 297
Welding of steel, 83, 294, 296
“White heart” malleable cast iron, 210
White iron, 81, 184, 198
White, Maunsel, 241
Wire, drawing of, 284
Wootz steel process, 8, 121