Contents
Part I
Glue and Gelatine
Chapter I
Nature of Glue
Sources of glue; Change in the animal tissues by continued boiling; Definition of what is known as glue; Most important glue-yielding substances 1
Transformations of which glue and gelatine are the products; Transition stages of glue; Production of the glue-yielding substance of the animal body 2
Adhesive power of glutin and of chondrin; Properties of glue and its behavior towards other substances; Quantity of glutin in glue 6
Properties of jelly before drying to glue; Absorption of ozone by the jelly; Behavior of glue solution towards different salts; Effect of acids upon glue; Meta-gelatin
Combinations of tannin with the jelly; Effects of dry heat upon glue; Chemical composition of glue and glue-yielding substance 8
Chapter II
Uses of Glue
Quality of glue required by bookbinders; Glue in sizing; Glue for culinary and medicinal purposes 12
Glue for clarifying and fining beer, wine and other liquids; Bouillon tablets; Glue as a healing agent 13
Glue for elastic masses and a partial substitute for rubber; Use of glue in photolithography; Hectograph mass; Glue for fancy articles 14
Chapter III
RAW MATERIALS AND THEIR PREPARATION FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE.
Principal substances employed for the manufacture of glue; Division of raw materials into groups 16
Portion of the skin of value for the manufacture of leather and glue; Yield of glue from tannery waste; Influence of the age of the animals from which the skins have been derived upon the quality of the glue
Precaution and care required when buying glue leather; Arrangements required for the preparation of glue stock; Location of the glue factory; Lime pits; Contrivances for washing the limed stock
Washing drums; Pits or vats with proper arrangements for stirring, draining and inspection; Glue stock washer invented by W. A. Hoeveller, described and illustrated 22
Sheds for storing and sorting; Mode of carrying on the work in the factory; Liming; Preparation of milk of lime 26
Importance of the quality of the lime used; Testing the value of a lime by determining the amount of real calcium hydroxide contained in it; Mode of conducting the operation
Preservation of the glue-stock by means of carbolic acid; Preparation of carbolic acid solution for this purpose 29
Use of other antiseptics for the purpose of preventing putrefaction; Formaldehyde and boric acid; Classification of the principal varieties of hides and leather for glue-stock
Constitution of bones; Composition of bone cartilage; Value of bones for the manufacture of glue; Necessity of exercising care in buying bones 32
Bone crusher, described and illustrated; Crosskill bone mill, described and illustrated; Sieve for sorting the crushed bones, described and illustrated 36
Washing the stock; Use of dilute sulphurous acid in place of hydrochloric acid as suggested by Gerland; Jullion and Pirie’s process for the preparation of gelatine from bones
Leather waste; Mechanical manipulation of the waste; Comminution of the waste and use of a rag-engine or hollander for this purpose 39
Raw materials for fish glue; Difference between isinglass and glue manufactured from entire fishes; Principal points to be observed in the manufacture of fish glue
Chapter IV
Manufacture of Skin Glue
Classification of operations; Definition of crude glue; Derivation of the bulk of this stock 43
Mode of ascertaining the progress of the operation; Convenient apparatus for glue-boiling with water, described and illustrated 46
Boiler for this purpose, described and illustrated; Use of open-jacketed pans heated by steam, described and illustrated 49
Process of cooking as described by Mr. Thomas Lambert; Terne’s glue boiler, described and illustrated 51
Use of alum and other chemicals for clarifying; Freeing the liquor from coloring substances 54
Use of animal charcoal for this purpose; Bleaching the raw materials previous to boiling them to glue; Use of chloride of lime or of sulphurous acid for this purpose
Detaching the glue from the sides of the moulding boxes; Cutting the cubes of glue into commercial cakes or sheets; On what the shape of the cakes depends
Use of stone-slabs in place of cooling boxes; Use of glass or zinc plates for liquors which in gelatinizing do not become very solid 58
Machine for slicing and spreading glue-jelly preparatory to drying invented by Mr. J. Schneible, described and illustrated 60
Drying the cakes of glue; Drying in the open air; Mode of conducting the operation in a drying room 64
Size of the drying room; Circulation and change of air in the drying room 65
Metallic netting and its advantages; Regulation of the temperature of the drying room; Means of promoting the dryness of the air 67
Use of long drying galleries; Apparatus for drying glue, invented by W. A. Hoeveller, described and illustrated 68
Chapter V
Manufacture of Bone Glue
Extraction of bones with benzine or carbon disulphide; Apparatus for the use of benzine invented by Messrs. Wm. Adamson and Charles F. A. Simonis of Philadelphia, Pa., described and illustrated
Adamson’s method for treating substances with hydrocarbon vapor for the purpose of extracting oils, fats, etc., described and illustrated 79
Adamson’s method for treating substances with liquid hydrocarbon for the purpose of extracting oils, fats, etc., described and illustrated 82
Adamson’s process for removing hydrocarbons from substances which have been treated therewith, described and illustrated 84
Apparatus for the generation of sulphurous acid constructed by Dr. Bruno Terne, described and illustrated; Conversion of cartilage into glue; Wm. Friedberg’s apparatus for this purpose, described and illustrated
Settling tank, described and illustrated; Arrangement of an open evaporating pan, described and illustrated 98
Instrument which indicates the amount of dry glue in the solution, described and illustrated 103
Crushing the bones; Apparatus for subjecting the crushed bones to the action of high-pressure steam, described and illustrated 105
Products evolved in the destructive distillation of bones; Mode of operation with Belgian retort-furnaces 112
Products obtained in making animal charcoal on a large scale; Process for the simultaneous utilization of the bones for fat, glue and calcium phosphate; Degreasing the bones
Treatment of the bones with hydrochloric acid; Preservation of the resulting cartilage; Boiling the cartilage in open vessels 114
Mode of extracting the phosphates from bones; Yield of glue obtained from cartilage after extraction of the mineral constituents; Constituents of the liquor obtained by treating the bones
Chapter VI
Manufacture of Phosphorus
Operations included in the ordinary method of preparing phosphorus; Burning the bones to ash; Kiln used for this purpose 117
Improved form of kiln proposed by Fleck; Mode of operation with a kiln of this construction 118
Quantity of substance which remains after burning the bones; Composition of bone ash; Conversion of the bone ash into a coarse powder; Decomposition of the bone ash by sulphuric acid
Actual yield of phosphorus; Methods by which the formation of calcium phosphate may be effected; Process without the assistance of heat 121
Yield of so-called distilling mass; Utilization of the liquor obtained in treating bones for the manufacture of glue with hydrochloric acid; Concentration of the liquor for crystallization
Mixing the crystals with charcoal; Evaporating pans; Treatment of the residue of basic calcium phosphate left in the manufacture of phosphorus; Distillation of the phosphorus; Conversion of the acid calcium phosphate into calcium metaphosphate and reduction of the latter; Retorts and furnace for distilling the mixture of acid calcium phosphate and charcoal; The galley-furnace
Furnaces for the use of coke as fuel; Receivers for collecting the phosphorus distilling over 129
Removing the phosphorus from the receivers; Regaining the phosphoric acid contained in the water from the receivers; Constitution of crude phosphorus 131
Refining and purifying the phosphorus; Various methods of purification; Percentage of loss of phosphorus 132
Distillation of the crude product in order to obtain pure phosphorus; Retorts and distilling apparatus for this purpose, described and illustrated 133
Process of distillation; Different qualities of the phosphorus passing over in the various stages of distillation; Separation of the phosphorus passing over according to quality
Disadvantages of Seubert’s apparatus; Improved apparatus by which the operation is rendered perfectly free from danger, described and illustrated 136
Mode of storing and shipping phosphorus; Manufacture of phosphorus with the assistance of electricity; Mixture used for the operation 138
Chapter VII
Methods of Bleaching Glue
Bleaching with sulphurous acid; Apparatus for the production of the acid solution, described and illustrated 143
Chapter VIII
Different Varieties of Glue and Their Preparation
Russian glue; Additions by means of which the color and opaqueness are imparted to this variety of glue 149
Patent glue; Gilder’s glue; Superior article of gilder’s glue; Size glue and parchment glue; Paris glue 150
Tungstic glue; Indestructible mass for the manufacture of ornaments, toys, etc.; Compound for billiard balls 155
Muzmann and Krakowitzer’s process of water-proofing fabrics; Glue for joints in leather driving belts; Hectograph mass 163
Chapter IX
Manufacture of Gelatine, and Products Prepared From It
Properties of gelatine; Change in the chemical constitution of gelatine produced by concentrated sulphuric or nitric acid; Tannin as a test for the presence of gelatine; Use of gelatine for culinary and medicinal purposes
Skin gelatine; Method of manufacture introduced and patented, in 1839, by George Nelson; Process patented, in 1844, by Messrs. J. & G. Cox of Edinburgh
G. P. Swinborn’s improved patented process for the preparation of gelatine from hides, skins and glue pieces; Modern process of preparing skin gelatine; “Steeping” the skins
Evaporation of the liquors in vacuo; Drying the cut cakes; Bone gelatine; Materials for this purpose; Crushing the bones; Solution of the glue cartilage 170
Apparatus and improved manner of manufacture employed in the factory of D. J. Briers, described and illustrated 171
Colored gelatine; Uses of colored gelatine; Harmless coloring matters; Colors for coloring leaves of gelatine with aniline colors for technical purposes 181
Gelatine for fining purposes; Gelatine Lainée; Fining powder for wine and beer; Liquid fining gelatine; Preparation of gelatine from ordinary glue 182
Preparation of gelatine for photographic printing and for photographic purposes in general; Removal of the salts from the gelatine 183
Preparation of the plates; Preparation of the glue solutions; Proportions by weight of the mixtures for ten different varieties of imitations of marble and enamel
Chapter X
Isinglass and Its Substitutes
Sources of isinglass; Properties of a good quality of isinglass; Imitations of isinglass and their detection; Adulteration of isinglass and its detection 196
German isinglass; Isinglass from the scales of shad and herring; Bleaching inferior qualities of isinglass; Ichthycolle Française 200
Treatment of fish scales; Production of fish glue on the Norwegian coast; Substitute for isinglass according to C. A. Sahlström’s process 203
Chapter XI
Testing Glue and Gelatine
Analysis of samples of American glue by S. Dana Hayes; Deduction of the quality of glue from indirect properties 207
Preparation of the plaster of Paris stick and of the glue solution used in this test 212
Apparatus for testing the strength of the plaster of Paris sticks, described and illustrated; Test adopted by the “Artillerie Werkstätte” at Spandau 213
Part II
Cements, Pastes, Mucilages
Chapter XII
Classification of Cements
Chapter XIII
Preparation of Cements, Pastes, and Mucilages
Stephen’s oil cement; Oil cement for glass; Oil cement free from lead for steam pipes; Oil cements for steam pipes; Oil cement for marble 228
Oil cement for porcelain; Diamond cement; Hager’s diamond cement; Resinous cements; Resinous cement for amber; Cement for turners 229
Cement for ivory and bone; Cement for white enameled clock faces; Cements for glass; Cement for glass upon glass; Cement for glass upon metal; Cement for metal letters upon glass; Cement for wood
Cement for knife handles; Cement for petroleum lamps; Cement for porcelain; Cement for porcelain which is to be heated; Cement to withstand the action of petroleum; Cement for mica
Cement for horn, whalebone and tortoise shell; Cement for terra cotta articles; Mastic cement for glass; Stick mastic cement; Sulphur cement for porcelain 232
Cement for hard rubber combs; Elastic gutta-percha cement; Cement for horses’ hoofs; Cement for crockery 236
Preparation of ordinary technical caseine; John A. Just’s method for obtaining a purer technical caseine 238
Caseine cement which can be kept for a long time; Cement for glass; Cement for metals; Cement for porcelain; Cement for meerschaum; Cement for wood, etc.
Cement for porcelain; Water-glass and water-glass cements; Water-glass and its properties; Cement for cracked bottles 240
Cement for glass and porcelain; Cement for hydraulic works; Cement for uniting metals; Cement for tightening joints of pipes exposed to a red heat 241
Cement for marble and alabaster; Glycerine and glycerine cements; Properties of commercial glycerine; Glycerine and litharge cement 242
Lime cements; Properties of lime and chalk; Cement for glass; Cement for joiners; Cement for cracked clay crucibles and porcelain 243
Lime and glue cement; Gypsum cements; Preparation of plaster of Paris; Cement for plaster of Paris statues 244
Cement for glass and porcelain; Cement for iron and stone; Cements for porcelain; Universal plaster of Paris cement; Iron cements; Heat-resisting cement; Water and steam-proof cement; Cement for iron
Fire-proof cement for iron pipes; Cements resisting high temperatures; Cement for filling in defects in castings; Cement for cracked stove-plates, etc.; Cement for iron water-tanks; Cement for cracked iron pots
Black cement for stoves; Cements for chemical apparatus; Requirements of such cements; Cement for small apparatus to be used for the development of fluoric acid
Linseed oil and clay cement; Linseed oil and manganese cement; Cements resisting very high temperatures; Cement resisting acids; Rubber cement for chemical apparatus 248
Scheibler’s cement for chemical apparatus; Cements for special purposes; Cement for attaching metal letters to glass, marble, wood, etc.; Cement for joints of iron pipes
Steam boiler cement; Cement for rubber; Cement for tires; Cement for steam pipes, etc. 250
Cement for marble; Cement for attaching wood, glass, etc., to metal; Brushmaker’s cement; Cement for electrical apparatus 251
Jeweler’s cement; American cement for jewelers; Cement for celluloid; Stratena; Cement for cloth; How to use cements 252
Importance of bringing the cement into intimate contact with the surface to be united 253
Obstacles to the junction of any two surfaces; Importance of using as little cement as possible 254
Cleansing surfaces to be joined from grease and dirt; Paste and mucilages; Starch paste 255
Gum arabic and its properties; Dextrine and its use in place of gum arabic; Properties of commercial dextrine 259
Heuzé’s method; Tragacanth, or gum tragacanth; Pastes and mucilages for special purposes; Starch paste; Flour paste 261
Sugar and lime paste; Liquid sugar and lime paste; Pastes for paper and fine fancy articles; Albumen paste 265
Glycerine paste; Paste for fixing labels on machines; Paste for mounting maps; Paste for fastening paper on tin-foil; Paste for paper bags; Caseine mucilage for photographer’s use; Paste for scrap books
Paste for skins; Strong mucilage capable of fastening wood on china and glass; Dextrine mucilage; Paste for joining leather to pasteboard 267
Paste for attaching labels to polished nickel; Mucilage for attaching labels to tin; Mucilage for office use; Glycerine paste for office use; Clean and durable paste
Banknote or mouth glue; Paste for cardboard; Paste for attaching cloth or leather to table tops; Caseine mucilage; Very adhesive paste which may be used for wood and parchment
Paste for pads; Paste for fastening paper on tin-foil; Paste for attaching labels to glass, porcelain and metal; Preparation of arabol-gum; Preparation of an adhesive substance from desaccharized beet-root slices
GLUE, GELATINE, CEMENTS, PASTES.
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