Appendices

Appendix A

The following table, from a “Report to the Board of Trade on the State of Employment in the United Kingdom,” of February, 1915, compares the number of males and females on full time, on overtime, on short time, and unemployed, between September, 1914, and February, 1915.

STATE OF EMPLOYMENT IN SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER
AND DECEMBER, 1914, AND FEBRUARY, 1915

(Numbers Employed in July = 100 per cent.)

	September, 1914		October, 1914		December, 1914		February, 1915
	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F
Full time	60.2	53.5	66.8	61.9	65.8	66.6	68.4	75.0
Full time	3,913,000	1,337,500	4,342,000	1,547,500	4,277,000	1,665,000	4,446,000	1,875,000
Overtime	3.6	2.1	5.2	5.9	12.8	10.8	13.8	10.9
Overtime	234,000	52,500	338,000	147,500	832,000	270,000	897,000	272,500
Short time	26.0	36.0	17.3	26.0	10.5	19.4	6.6	12.6
Short time	1,690,000	900,000	1,124,500	650,000	682,500	485,000	390,000	15,000
Contraction in Nos. employed	10.2	8.4	10.7	6.2	10.9	3.2	11.8	1.5
Contraction in Nos. employed	663,000	210,000	695,000	155,000	708,500	80,000	767,000	37,500
Enlisted	8.8	...	10.6	...	13.3	...	15.4	...
Enlisted	572,000	...	689,000	...	864,500	...	1,010,000	...
Net displacement (-) or replacement (+)	-1.4	-8.4	-0.1	-6.2	+2.4	-3.2	+3.6	-1.5
Net displacement (-) or replacement (+)	-91,000	-210,000	-6,500	-155,000	+156,000	-80,000	+243,000	37,500

Appendix B

The following table indicates some of the processes formerly reserved for men on which the factory inspectors found women employed by the end of 1915:

INDUSTRY	PROCESSES
Linoleum	Attending cork grinding and embossing machines,
	machine printing, attending stove, trimming
	and packing.
Woodworking—
Brush making	Fibre dressers, brush makers and on boring
	machinery.
Furniture	Light upholstery, cramping, dowelling,
	glueing, fret-work, carving by hand or
	machine, staining and polishing.
Saw mills	On planing, moulding, sand-papering, boring,
	mortising, dovetailing, tenoning, turning and
	nailing machines. Taking off from circular
	saws; box making, printing and painting.
Cooperage	Barrel making machines.
Paper mills	In rag grinding and attending to beating and
	breaking machines, and to coating machines,
	calenders and in certain preparations and
	finishing and warehouse processes.
Printing	Machine feeding (on platen machines and
Printing	on guillotines) and as linotype operators.
Wire rope	On stranding and spinning machines.
Chemical works	Attending at crystallising tanks and for
Chemical works	yard work.
Soap	As soap millers and in general work.
Paint	At roller mills, filling tins and kegs,
Paint	labeling and packing.
Oil and cake mills	Trucking, feeding and drawing off from chutes,
Oil and cake mills	attending to presses.
Flour mills	Trucking.
Bread and biscuits	Attending to dough-breaks, biscuit machines,
Bread and biscuits	and at the ovens assisting bakers.
Tobacco	Leaf cutting, cigarette making, soldering,
Tobacco	trucking and warehouse work.
Rubber	At washing machines, grinding mills, dough
Rubber	rolls, solutioning, motor tube making.
Malting	Spreading and general work.
Breweries	Cask washing, tun-room work, beer bottling
Breweries	and bottle washing.
Distilleries	In the mill and yeast houses.
Cement	Attending weighing machines, trucking.
Foundries	Core making, moulding.
Tanning and currying	At the pits, in finishing and drying, and in
Tanning and currying	oiling, setting up, buffing and staining.
Woolen mills	Beaming and overlooking, attending drying
Woolen mills	machines, carding, pattern weaving.
Jute mills	On softening machines, dressing yarn,
Jute mills	calendering.
Cotton mills	In blowing room on spinning mules, beaming,
Cotton mills	twisting and drawing, and in warehouse.
Hosiery	Folding and warehouse work.
Lace	Threading.
Print, bleach and	Beetling, assisting printers at machines,
dye works	warehouse processes.

Appendix C

The following tables from the second report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science bring out in detail, first, the gradual disappearance of unemployment and short time and the increase of women’s numbers in industry from September, 1914, to April, 1916; second, the changes in numbers of women in the various occupations, both industrial and nonindustrial in December, 1915, and April, 1916, compared with July, 1914, and, third, similar details as to the number of women who were undertaking “men’s work.”

STATE OF EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN AT VARIOUS DATES
SINCE THE OUTBREAK OF WAR, COMPARED WITH STATE
OF EMPLOYMENT IN JULY, 1914

(“Industrial” employment only.
Numbers employed July, 1914 = 100 per cent.)

	Sept., 1914	Oct., 1914	Dec., 1914	Feb., 1915	Oct., 1915	Dec., 1915	Feb., 1916	April, 1916
Contraction (-) or expansion (+) in numbers employed	-8.4	-6.2	-3.2	-1.5	+7.4	+9.2	+10.9	+13.2
Employed on overtime	2.1	5.9	10.8	10.9	13.9	14.5	12.8	...
Employed on short time	36.0	26.0	19.4	12.6	5.6	6.1	4.6	...

EXTENSION OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN
IN DECEMBER, 1915 AND APRIL, 1916

Occupations Group	Estimated Industrial Population.	Increase (+) or Decrease (-) of Females in
Occupations Group	July, 1914, Females	Dec., 1915	April, 1916
Building	7,000	+ 3,600	+ 6,400
Mines and Quarries	9,000	+ 800	+ 2,300
Metal Trades	144,000	+ 71,700	+126,900
Chemical Trades	40,000	+ 19,400	+ 33,600
Textile Trades	851,000	+ 29,700	+ 27,800
Clothing Trades	654,000	+ 6,700	+ 11,700
Food Trades	170,000	+ 31,700	+ 30,900
Paper and Printing Trades	169,000	...	- 900
Wood Trades	39,000	+ 7,400	+ 13,200
Other Trades	96,000	+ 25,400	+ 35,700
All “Industrial” Occupations	2,180,000	+196,500	+287,500
Commercial	474,500	...	+181,000
Professional	68,500	...	+ 13,000
Banking and Finance	9,500	...	+ 23,000
Public Entertainment	172,000	...	+ 14,000
Agriculture	...	...	...
Transport	9,500	...	+ 16,000
Civil Service	63,000	...	+ 29,000
Arsenals, Dockyards, etc.	2,000	...	+ 13,000
Local Government (incl. Teachers)	184,000	...	+ 21,000
Domestic Service	...	...	...
Total for “Nonindustrial” Occupations	983,000	...	+310,000
Total for all Occupations	3,163,000	...	+597,500

EXTENT OF SUBSTITUTION OF FEMALE FOR MALE
WORKERS IN DECEMBER, 1915, AND APRIL, 1916.

Occupations Group	Estimated number of Females on work in substitution of Males’ work
Occupations Group	December, 1915	April, 1916
Building	6,100	8,800
Mines and Quarries	2,700	4,400
Metal Trades	70,300	117,400
Chemical Trades	9,600	16,200
Textile Trades	57,600	73,400
Clothing Trades	30,400	42,300
Food Trades	29,500	35,000
Paper and Printing Trades	22,500	23,600
Wood Trades	11,400	17,400
Other Trades	27,000	37,400
All “Industrial” Occupations	267,100	375,900
Commercial	...	189,000
Professional	...	16,000
Banking and Finance	...	25,000
Public Entertainment	...	32,000
Agriculture	...	...
Transport	...	18,000
Civil Service	...	31,000
Arsenals, Dockyards, etc.	...	13,000
Local Government (incl. Teachers)	...	37,000
Domestic Service	...	...
Total for “Nonindustrial” Occupations	...	361,000
Total for all Occupations	...	736,900

Appendix D

The following table, compiled from the quarterly reports in the Labour Gazette and a special report of the Board of Trade, gives the increase in the employment of women between April, 1916, and July, 1918, for the most of the important occupational groups. It can not be compared directly with the similar tables, previously given, prepared by the British Association for the Advancement of Science, because of slight differences in the estimates of the numbers employed in July, 1914.

EXTENSION OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN THE
UNITED KINGDOM, APRIL, 1916-JULY, 1918

(Classified by employers’ position, not by nature of work.)

	Estimated No. Empl July, 1914	Estimated increase since July, 1914
	Estimated No. Empl July, 1914	April, 1916	July, 1916	Oct., 1916	Jan., 1917	April, 1917
Industrial Occupations291	2,176,000	275,000	361,000	393,000	423,000	453,000
Government Establishments292	2,000	25,000	79,000	117,000	147,000	198,000
Commercial	496,000	166,000	240,000	268,000	274,000	307,000
Professional (mainly clerks)	50,500	13,000	14,000	15,000	18,000	21,000
Banking, Finance (mainly clerks)	9,500	23,000	32,000	37,000	43,000	50,000
Hotels, Theaters	181,000	12,000	20,000	16,000	10,000	13,000
Agriculture (perm. labor Gt. Britain)	80,000	-14,000	20,000	500	-14,000	...
Transport (not municipal)	17,000	23,000	35,000	41,000	51,000	62,000
Civil Service	66,000	39,000	58,000	67,000	76,000	89,000
Local Government293	198,000	21,000	30,000	34,000	44,000	47,000
Other	...	...	...	...	...
Total	3,276,000	583,000	889,000	988,500	1,072,000	1,240,000

	Estimated increase since July, 1914					Per cent of increase July, 1914- July, 1918
	July, 1917	Oct., 1917	Jan., 1918	April, 1918	July, 191	Per cent of increase July, 1914- July, 1918
Industrial Occupations294	518,000	529,000	533,000	537,000	565,000	26.0
Government Establishments295	202,000	211,000	207,500	197,000	223,000	11,200.0
Commercial	324,000	333,000	343,000	354,000	364,000	73.4
Professional (mainly clerks)	20,000	50,000	50,000	57,000	...	4.0
Banking, Finance (mainly clerks)	54,000	59,000	61,000	63,000	65,000	687.0
Hotels, Theaters	22,000	28,000	26,000	25,000	39,000	21.5
Agriculture (perm. labor Gt. Britain)	23,000	7,000	-6,000	9,000	33,000	41.3
Transport (not municipal)	72,000	77,000	76,000	78,000	...	...
Civil Service	98,000	116,500	124,000	159,000	168,000	255.0
Local Government296	49,000	51,500	51,500	53,000	52,000	26.5
Other	...	...	...	...	150,000	...
Total	1,382,000	1,462,000	1,466,000	1,532,000	1,659,000	50.6

Appendix E

The following table, compiled from the Labour Gazette, and a special report of the Board of Trade, gives a quarterly estimate of the number of women replacing men for the period between April, 1916, and April, 1918.

NUMBER OF FEMALES SUBSTITUTED FOR MALE WORKERS
IN THE UNITED KINGDOM IN CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS,
BY QUARTERS, APRIL, 1916-APRIL, 1918

	April, 1916	July, 1916	Oct., 1916	Jan., 1917	April, 1917
Industrial Occupations297	213,000	264,000	314,000	376,000	438,000
Government Establishments298	13,000	79,000	117,000	139,000	187,000
Commercial	152,000	226,000	264,000	278,000	308,000
Professional (mainly clerks)	12,000	15,000	15,000	17,000	20,000
Banking, Finance (mainly clerks)	21,000	31,000	37,000	42,000	48,000
Hotels, Theaters	27,000	31,000	30,000	31,000	35,000
Agriculture (perm. labor, Gt. Britain)	37,000	35,000	20,000	23,000	32,000
Transport (not municipal)	24,000	35,000	41,000	52,000	64,000
Civil Service	30,000	41,000	64,000	73,000	83,000
Local Government299	18,000	26,000	31,000	40,000	41,000
Total	547,000	783,000	933,000	1,071,000	1,256,000

	July, 1917	Oct., 1917	Jan., 1918	April, 1918	(A)
Industrial Occupations300	464,000	490,000	503,000	531,000	24.4
Government Establishments301	191,000	202,000	197,000	187,000	9,350.0
Commercial	328,000	337,000	342,000	352,000	70.9
Professional (mainly clerks)	21,000	22,000	22,000	22,500	44.5
Banking, Finance (mainly clerks)	53,000	55,000	57,000	59,500	626.3
Hotels, Theaters	38,000	44,500	45,000	44,500	24.5
Agriculture (perm. labor, Gt. Britain)	43,000	33,000	31,000	40,000	50.0
Transport (not municipal)	74,000	78,500	78,000	79,500	21.3
Civil Service	99,000	107,000	123,000	153,000	231.8
Local Government302	43,000	44,000	44,000	47,000	23.7
Total	1,354,000	1,413,000	1,442,000	1,516,000	46.2

(A) = Per cent No. of substitutes in April, 1918, is of total No. employed in July, 1914

Appendix F

ESTIMATED NUMBER OF FEMALES DIRECTLY
REPLACING MALES IN VARIOUS BRANCHES
OF INDUSTRY IN JANUARY, 1918.

(Compiled from the Report of the War Cabinet Committee
on Women in Industry.)

Trade
Metal	195,000
Chemical	35,000
Textile	64,000
Clothing	43,000
Food, Drink and Tobacco	60,000
Paper and Printing	21,000
Wood, China and Earthenware, Leather	23,000
Other	62,000
Government Establishments	197,000
Total	700,000

ESTIMATED NUMBER OF FEMALES DIRECTLY
REPLACING MALES IN VARIOUS BRANCHES
OF COMMERCE IN APRIL, 1918.

(Compiled from the Report of the Board of Trade
on the Employment of Women in April, 1918.)

Wholesale and Retail Drapers, Haberdashers, Clothiers,	41,000
Wholesale and Retail Grocers, Bakers, Confectioners	92,000
Wholesale and Retail Stationers and Booksellers	16,000
Wholesale and Retail Butchers, Fishmongers, Dairymen	30,000
Retail Chemists	12,000
Retail Boot and Shoe Dealers	8,000
Total (including some not specified above)	352,000

Appendix G

ESTIMATE BY THE BRITISH WAR CABINET COMMITTEE ON
WOMEN IN INDUSTRY ON AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS
OF WOMEN IN VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS AT
THE END OF THE WAR.

Earnings under 25s. weekly:

Dressmakers, milliners (first five years), laundry workers, pottery workers (most grades), knife girls and kitchen hands in refreshment houses.

Earning between 25s. and 30s. weekly:

Cutlery workers, soap and candle makers (unskilled), corner tenters (cotton), woolen and worsted weavers, backwashers (Scotch Tweed), dyers and cleaners, biscuit makers, cigarette makers, pottery workers (certain grades), waitresses in refreshment depots.

Earning between 30s. and 35s. weekly:

Ammunition makers (women’s work), chainmakers, salt packers, fine chemical workers, soap makers (most operations), card-room operatives (cotton), clothing machinists, workers in grain milling and brewing, cigar makers, shop assistants (co-operative).

Earning between 35s. and 40s. weekly:

Workers in the light casting trade, chemical laborers, big tenters and ring-spiners (cotton), wool combers, tailoring fitters and cutters, boot operatives, bakery workers, jigger women in potteries, tanners, shop assistants (large stores).

Earning between 40s. and 45s. weekly:

Workers in engineering, chemicals (shift work) and explosives; textile dyers, tobacco machinists, motor drivers (for shop), railway carriage cleaners, telephonists, railway clerks.

Earning between 45s. and 50s. weekly:

Cloth lookers (cotton), hosiery machinists, web dyers, gas index readers and lamp-lighters, railway porters, ticket collectors, telegraphists.

Earning between 50s. and 60s. weekly:
Ledger clerks, Civil Service clerks (Class I).
Earning over 60s.:

Women on skilled men’s work in engineering omnibus conductors (London), gas workers (heavy work for South Metropolitan Gas Co.).

Appendix H

NUMBER OF ORDERS MODIFYING THE LABOR LAWS, ISSUED
FROM AUGUST 4, 1914, TO FEBRUARY 19, 1915

(Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, p. 56.)

Textile:		Clothing:
Wool	748	Uniforms	514
Hosiery	231	Fur coats	9
Cotton	159	Boots	245
Flax	28	Caps	28
Hemp and jute	29	Shirts	73
Silk	8	Bedding	33
Dyeing and finishing	37	Surgical dressings	21
Leather and leather equipment	105	Tobacco	10
Canvas equipment	137	Food	37
Munitions	151	Tin boxes	37
Shipbuilding	15	Camp equipment	52
Electrical supply	35	Wire and wire netting	34
Metal accessories	141	Wagons, etc.	34
Machinery	57	Rubber	16
Wood	44	Miscellaneous	73
		Total	3,141

Appendix I

The following list of modifications of the hour laws in 1915 was compiled from the Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915.

Industry	Persons Affected	Latitude
Munitions.	Women.	As in 1914.
	Boys over 14.
	Girls over 16.
Woolen and worsted	Women and young persons.	6 hours weekly overtime,
(from May).		in 2-hour shifts on
		3 days or 1½ hours on
		4 days. No overtime
		on Saturday.
Weaving (July-Nov.).	Women and young	8 hours weekly overtime
	persons over 16.	in 2-hour shifts on 4 days.
Hosiery.	Protected persons.	1½ hours overtime on 4
		days, or 1 hour on
		5 days, but not on
		Saturday or Sunday.
Cotton.	Protected persons.	6 hours overtime weekly.
Margarine.	Not stated.	Not stated.
Window shades.	Not stated.	Not stated.
Flax.	Not stated.	Not stated.
Rope walks.	Not stated.	6 hours overtime weekly.
Bleach and dye works	Not stated.	6 hours overtime weekly.
(surgical dressings;
raising and finishing
flannelette).
Tanning and currying.	Women.	4 hours overtime weekly.
	Boys over 14.
Canvas equipment.	Not stated.	5 hours overtime weekly.
Shipbuilding.	Boys over 14.	(a) Overtime, 5 hours a
		week for boys under
		16; 7½ hours for
		those over 16.
		(b) Eight hour shifts.
		(c) Day and night shifts.
Bread baking.	(a) Boys 17.	(a) Night shift (not
		exceeding 9 hours).
	(b) Boys 15 and over.	(b) Any period of 9 hours
		between 4 a.m. and
		8 p.m.
Pastry baking	(a) Women and boys	(a) Night shift (not
(Scotland).	of 17.	exceeding 9 hours).
	(b) Boys 15 and over.	(b) Any period of 9 hours
		between 4 a.m. and
		8 p.m.
Chocolate.303	Women.	When necessary, on account
		of hot weather, between
		6 a.m. and 10 p.m. for
		for two spells of 4 hours
		each, one in the morning
		and one in the afternoon.
Leather equipment.304	Women and young	Overtime 1½ hours per day.
	persons over 16.
Aerated waters.305	Women.	Extension of overtime
		allowed by S. 49.
Glass.	Boys over 13	Extension of S. 55.
Glass.	(educationally qualified).	Extension of S. 55.
Oil and cake mills.	Women and boys	8-hour shifts, or day
	over 16.	and night shifts.
Flour mills.	Women and boys	8-hour shifts, or day
	over 16	and night shifts.
Toys and games.306	Women.	Overtime as allowed by S.49
		and night shifts during
		the Christmas season.
Dairies.	Women and young	5 hours on Sundays, with
	persons.	weekly limit of 60 hours.
		No other overtime during
		the week.
Paper mills.	Women.	8-hour shifts, or day
		and night shifts.
Pottery.	Not stated.	Suspension of certain
		regulations.
Sandbags.307	Women and young persons.	Overtime, 3 hours per week.
Cement (Essex and Kent).	Women.	Night shift.
Waterproof capes	Women and young	(1) Overtime, 4½ hours
(War Office	persons over 16.	per week.
contracts).308		(2) Permission for Christians
		to work on Saturday
		and Jews on Sunday.
Manchester warehouses.	Women and boys	Overtime, 2 hours on not
	over 16.	more than 4 days a week
		and on not more than 12
		days in any 4 weeks.
Lace and patent net	Women,	(1) Different periods
factories (processes	girls over 16;	of employment for
of threading, brass	boys over 14.	different workers.
bobbin winding,		(2) Where (1) is impractic-
jacking off		able overtime 1½ hours
and stripping).		per day, but with a
		weekly limit of 60
		hours exclusive of
		meal times.
Non-textile works	Women,	Rearrangement of the
engaged on work for	girls over 16;	statutory hours but
the Crown, or on	boys over 14.	period of employment
work required in		not to exceed 14 hours
the national		on any one day, or 60
interest.309		hours (exclusive of
		meal times) in any week.

Appendix J

GENERAL ORDER REGULATING OVERTIME
ISSUED BY THE HOME OFFICE
SEPTEMBER 9, 1916.

The following is the full text of the
parts of the order applying to women:

Scheme A. (Three Shifts.)

This scheme applies to women and female young persons of 16 years of age and over, and male young persons of 14 years of age and over. Three shifts, none of which may be longer than 10 hours, may be worked in each period of 24 hours, subject to the following conditions:

(1) Each worker shall have one break of 24 hours or more in every week, or of 32 hours or more in every alternate week, or of 40 hours or more in every third week.

(2) Each worker shall have an interval of two unemployed shifts between each two shifts of employment.

(3) An interval of not less than half an hour shall be allowed if the shift is 8 hours or less, and an interval of not less than one hour if the shift is more than 8 hours.

Provided that the superintending inspector of factories may authorize, subject to compliance with condition (1) and to such other conditions as he may impose, different arrangements as regards hours of work and breaks at the week end for the purpose of changing over the shifts.

Scheme B. (Two Shifts.)

This scheme applies to women and female persons of 16 years of age and over and male young persons of 14 years of age and over, provided that the employment in the night shift of girls under 18 or boys under 16 years of age shall be subject in each case to the approval of the superintending inspector of factories. Two shifts of 12 hours each may be worked, subject to the following conditions:

(1) No person shall be employed more than 6 turns by day or more than 6 turns by night in any week.

(2) Unless otherwise sanctioned by the superintending inspector no person shall be employed on Sunday except in a night shift commencing on Sunday evening or ending on Sunday morning.

(3) The total hours worked per week (exclusive of meal times) shall not exceed 60 provided that in the case of male young persons 16 years of age and over the total hours worked per week (exclusive of meal times) may be 63.

(4) Intervals for meals amounting to not less than 1½ hours shall be allowed in the course of each shift, of which in the case of the night shift one-fourth of an hour or more shall be allowed as a break within 4 hours of the end of the shift.

(5) Each worker shall have an interval of one unemployed shift between each two shifts of employment.

Providing that the superintending inspector may authorize, subject to such conditions as he may impose, a system of one long shift, not exceeding 13 hours with a corresponding reduction in the other shift, so that the average weekly total of hours shall not exceed the limits specified above in paragraph (3).

Scheme C. (Rearrangement of Statutory Hours.)

This scheme applies to women and female young persons of 16 years of age and over, and male young persons of 14 years of age and over.

In the case of such women and young persons the hours of work and intervals for meals allowed by the (factory and workshop) act may be arranged, subject to the following conditions:

(a) The total hours worked per week (exclusive of intervals for meals) shall not exceed 60.

(b) The daily period of employment (including overtime and intervals for meals)—
(1) Shall not commence earlier than 6 a.m. or end later than 10 p.m.
(2) Shall not exceed 14 hours.

(c) Intervals for meals amounting to not less than 1½ hours shall be allowed during the period of employment, with an additional half an hour if the period of employment is more than 13½ hours.

(d) No overtime shall be worked on Saturday.

Naval Ship Repairing Work.

In cases of special emergency women, female young persons of 16 years of age and over, and male young persons of 14 years of age and over, employed on repair work for His Majesty’s ships may be employed for special hours on any day of the week on the express instructions of the senior naval officer in charge and subject to such conditions as he may lay down as regards intervals for meals and rest, provided that in any case—

(1) No male young person over 16 years of age shall be employed for more than 67½ hours in the week (exclusive of intervals for meals and rest).

(2) No other young person or woman shall be employed for more than 65 hours in the week (exclusive of intervals for meals and rest).

Miscellaneous Provisions.

No woman or young person shall be employed continuously at any time for more than five hours without an interval of at least half an hour, except that where not less than one hour is allowed for dinner, an afternoon spell of six hours may be worked, with an interval of quarter of an hour only for tea, if the factory inspector is satisfied that adequate provision is made for the worker to obtain tea in the works and for tea to be actually ready for them as soon as they stop work.

If work commences before 8 a.m. and no interval is allowed for breakfast, an opportunity shall be given to take refreshment during the morning.

A woman or young person shall not be allowed to lift, carry, or move anything so heavy as to be likely to cause injury to the woman or young person.

Different schemes of employment may be adopted and different intervals for meals fixed for different sets of workers.

Employment on night shifts shall be subject to the provision, to the satisfaction of the factory inspector, of proper facilities for taking and cooking meals, and in the case of female workers, for their supervision by a welfare worker or a responsible forewoman.

Circular letter 198802 to accompany Home Office Order of Sept 9, 1916.

No requirement is laid down in the order that workers on the night shift shall change periodically to the day shift. The matter is left to the individual employers to determine in consultation with their work people. Care should be taken in selecting women and young persons for night work. They should not be put on night work indiscriminately.

Appendix K

DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG PERSONS BETWEEN
DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS IN JULY, 1914,
OCTOBER, 1917, AND JANUARY, 1918

(Compiled from Ministry of Reconstruction,
Juvenile Employment During the War and After,
pp. 10, 11, 77.)

	Total Boys and Girls Under 18
	Estimated numbers employed Oct., 1917	Estimated numbers employed Jan., 1918	Increase or decrease July, 1914- Jan., 1918
Building	50,000	48,000	- 12,300
Mines and Quarries	168,000	178,000	+ 11,300
Metal Trades	404,000	409,000	+173,800
Chemical Trades	47,000	48,000	+ 22,300
Textile Trades	329,000	324,000	- 15,000
Food, Drink and Tobacco	96,000	96,000	+ 7,200
Clothing Trades	169,000	169,000	- 19,600
Paper and Printing	75,000	74,000	- 11,700
Wood Trades	54,000	55,000	+ 10,000
Other Industries	80,000	81,000	+ 10,000
Industries Total	1,472,000	1,482,000	+176,000
Municipal gas, water, electricity	4,000	3,500	+ 2,000
Government establishments	32,000	30,000	+ 27,000
Agriculture	136,000	130,000	- 9,000
Transport	101,500	102,500	+ 25,100
Finance and commerce	427,000	416,000	+ 94,000
Professional occupations	29,000	27,000	+ 8,000
Hotels, cinemas, theaters	30,000	32,000	+ 7,000
Postoffice	24,000	23,000	- 4,000
Other civil service	13,500	14,500	+ 11,400
Local government (including education, but excluding Municipal trams, water gas,electricity)	18,000	17,500	+ 4,500
Grand Total	2,287,000	2,278,000	+342,000
	Total Boys Under 18
	Estimated numbers employed Oct., 1917	Estimated numbers employed Jan., 1918	Increase or decrease July, 1914- Jan., 1918
Building	44,000	42,000	- 17,000
Mines and Quarries	164,000	174,000	+ 9,000
Metal Trades	296,000	303,000	+113,000
Chemical Trades	22,000	22,000	+ 7,500
Textile Trades	116,000	114,000	- 10,000
Food, Drink and Tobacco	43,000	43,000	+ 3,000
Clothing Trades	45,000	45,000	- 3,000
Paper and Printing	30,000	30,000	- 10,000
Wood Trades	34,000	34,000	- 500
Other Industries	43,000	44,000	- 1,000
Industries Total	837,000	851,000	+ 91,000
Municipal gas, water, electricity	3,000	3,000	+ 1,500
Government establishments	22,000	21,000	+ 18,000
Agriculture	118,000	113,000	- 14,000
Transport	89,500	90,500	+ 14,400
Finance and commerce	224,000	216,000	- 22,500
Professional occupations	18,000	17,000	+ 3,000
Hotels, cinemas, theaters	17,000	19,000	+ 6,500
Postoffice	10,000	9,000	- 7,800
Other civil service	4,500	4,500	+ 1,500
Local government (including education, but excluding Municipal trams, water gas,electricity)	10,000	10,000	+ 2,400
Grand Total	1,353,000	1,354,000	+ 94,000
	Total Girls Under 18
	Estimated numbers employed Oct., 1917	Estimated numbers employed Jan., 1918	Increase or decrease July, 1914- Jan., 1918
Building	6,000	6,000	+ 4,700
Mines and Quarries	4,000	4,000	+ 2,250
Metal Trades	108,000	106,000	+ 60,800
Chemical Trades	25,000	26,000	+ 14,850
Textile Trades	213,000	210,000	- 5,000
Food, Drink and Tobacco	53,000	53,000	+ 4,200
Clothing Trades	124,000	124,000	- 16,550
Paper and Printing	45,000	44,000	- 1,750
Wood Trades	20,000	21,000	+ 10,500
Other Industries	37,000	37,000	+ 11,000
Industries Total	635,000	631,000	+ 85,000
Municipal gas, water, electricity	1,000	500	+ 500
Government establishments	10,000	9,000	+ 9,000
Agriculture	18,000	17,000	+ 5,000
Transport	12,000	12,000	+ 10,700
Finance and commerce	203,000	200,000	+116,500
Professional occupations	11,000	10,000	+ 5,000
Hotels, cinemas, theaters	13,000	13,000	+ 500
Postoffice	14,000	14,000	+ 3,800
Other civil service	9,000	10,000	+ 9,900
Local government (including education, but excluding Municipal trams, water gas,electricity)	8,000	7,500	+ 2,100
Grand Total	934,000	924,000	+248,000

Appendix L

POSTWAR EMPLOYMENT

(Tables Compiled from Labour Gazette,
May, 1919, pp. 287-288; October, p. 418; November, p. 473.)

1. Number of Out-of-Work Donation Policies Outstanding Weekly for Ten Months of 1919.

Week Ending	Civilians					Demobilized Members of H. M. Forces
Week Ending	Men	Boys	Women	Girls	Total	Men	Women	Total	Grand Total
Jan. 3	101,390	16,988	224,955	13,374	356,707	23,938	50	23,988	380,695
Jan. 10	119,315	16,462	265,479	16,365	417,621	31,543	88	31,631	449,252
Jan. 17	139,113	18,131	303,813	18,018	479,075	40,400	131	40,531	519,606
Jan. 24	156,671	20,543	343,742	22,259	543,215	47,209	170	47,379	590,594
Jan. 31	177,361	22,562	399,864	25,362	625,149	53,316	238	53,554	678,703
Feb. 7	191,371	24,538	427,734	26,790	670,433	63,277	380	63,657	734,090
Feb. 14	212,205	26,752	452,810	28,183	719,950	84,298	394	84,692	804,642
Feb. 21	218,278	28,195	470,294	31,544	748,311	132,471	841	133,312	881,623
Feb. 28	227,836	28,019	494,471	32,037	782,363	165,429	828	166,257	948,620
Mar. 7	234,402	27,356	494,365	34,398	790,521	200,686	1,025	201,711	992,232
Mar. 14	208,540	26,327	485,784	31,070	751,721	235,737	1,161	237,898	988,619
Mar. 21	207,973	27,567	474,452	28,082	738,074	264,257	995	265,252	1,003,326
Mar. 28	209,486	26,461	488,655	29,380	753,982	305,251	1,012	06,263	1,060,245
Apr. 4	214,263	26,148	469,550	30,189	740,155	336,570	961	337,531	1,077,686
Apr. 11	217,538	26,093	455,736	30,134	729,501	347,895	917	348,812	1,078,313
Apr. 18	210,119	23,882	452,144	29,279	715,424	369,992	1,013	371,005	1,086,429
Apr. 25	215,687	23,679	443,941	28,964	712,271	379,799	1,258	381,057	1,093,328
May 2	214,761	23,040	422,890	29,242	689,933	402,151	1,316	403,467	1,903,400
May 9	191,651	19,175	366,536	20,871	598,233			409,959	1,008,192
May 16	178,284	16,845	312,373	17,023	524,525			403,356	927,881
May 23	164,569	14,988	250,010	14,869	444,436			402,036	846,472
May 30	150,250	12,912	207,897	13,231	384,290			386,921	771,211
June 6	135,317	10,405	169,621	9,880	325,223			385,652	710,875
June 13	123,134	8,439	146,578	7,910	286,061			378,768	664,829
June 20	116,158	7,551	132,649	7,491	263,849			381,247	645,096
June 27	106,661	6,615	113,462	6,544	233,282			372,843	606,125
July 4	100,270	5,905	100,576	6,077	212,828			66,197	579,025
July 11	96,472	5,341	91,413	6,155	199,381			365,768	565,149
July 18	92,762	4,985	83,755	5,707	187,209			362,982	550,191
July 25	93,828	5,226	72,813	5,354	177,221			363,663	540,884
Aug. 1	100,228	6,529	73,878	6,176	186,811			366,671	553,482
Aug. 8	98,298	6,245	64,029	5,673	174,245			362,741	536,986
Aug. 15	94,863	6,669	61,065	6,093	168,690			361,833	530,523
Aug. 22	92,345	6,267	55,526	5,182	159,320			350,755	510,075
Aug. 29	83,035	5,006	49,038	4,053	141,132			336,952	478,084
Sept. 5	72,113	4,008	40,701	3,041	119,863			326,751	446,614
Sept.12	66,686	3,236	36,230	2,471	108,623			311,959	420,582
Sept. 19	63,557	3,111	34,448	2,334	103,450			305,253	408,703
Sept. 26	62,435	3,151	32,915	2,230	100,731			302,272	403,003
Oct. 17310	70,589	4,371	29,622	2,586	107,168			337,948	445,116
Oct. 24	86,036	6,551	30,396	2,672	125,655			343,672	469,327
Oct. 31	94,058	7,349	30,940	2,838	135,185\|			344,242	479,427

2. Number of Unemployed Women and Girls by Industries.

a. In Insured Industries.

Trade	Number Insured January 12, 1919	Number Unemployed April 25, 1919	Number Unemployed October 31, 1919
Building	6,152	950	55
Construction of Works	1,825	46	1
Shipbuilding	8,810	522	21
Engineering and Ironfounding	419,524	35,614	1,426
Construction of Vehicles	17,577	6,336	107
Sawmilling	812	331	17
Other	171	1	...
Total Insured Under Act of 1911	454,871	43,800	1,627
Iron and Steel Manufacture	12,805	400	18
Tinplate Manufacture	3,550	92	23
Wire Manufacture	9,431	828	46
Anchors, Chains, Nails, Bolts, Nuts, Rivets, etc.	12,690	2,888	169
Brass	8,413	219	6
Copper, Tin, Lead, Zinc, etc.	10,561	738	62
Hardware and Hollowware	49,749	5,437	228
Tools, Files, Saws, Implements, Cutlery	6,432	827	64
Clocks, Plate, Jewelry	6,175	388	27
Needles, Pins, Typefounding, Dyes, etc.	6,664	336	15
Electrical, Scientific, etc., Appliances and Apparatus	28,866	2,152	151
Miscellaneous Metal	5,185	1,455	70
Ammunition and Explosives	197,128	5,818	100
Chemicals	34,071	2,631	193
Leather and Leather Goods	31,313	2,679	162
Brick, Tile and Artificial Building Material	9,804	1,172	59
Sawmilling, Machined Woodwork and Wooden Cases
Rubber and Manufactures Thereof	35,319	2,369	151
Total Insured Under Act of 1916	496,332	32,478	1,595
Grand Total	951,203	76,278	3,222

b. In Uninsured Industries.

Trade	Number of Policies of Women and Girls Remaining Lodged
Trade	April 25, 1919	October 11, 1919
Agriculture	1,956	152
Conveyance of Men, Goods and Messages	11,932	962
Mines and Quarries	982	78
Cotton	81,635	1,171
Woolen and Worsted	4,670	162
Other Textiles, including Printing, Dyeing, etc.	35,835	1,951
Commercial	24,124	8,616
Food, Drink and Tobacco	19,926	1,818
Dress	26,519	2,924
Domestic Offices and Services	84,529	7,348
General Laborers, Factory Workers, etc.	56,900	3,740
Other Uninsured Industries	48,877	5,632
Total	397,885	34,554

Appendix N

AVERAGE WAGES OF WOMEN AND GIRLS
IN NON-MUNITION TRADES IN
THE UNITED KINGDOM.

(Calculated from Monthly Returns made by Employers to the Department of Labour Statistics.)311

LAST WHOLE WEEK IN EACH MONTH.
Industry	Ordinary week in 1906		May- Aug. 1915		Sept.- Dec. 1915		Jan.- April 1916		May- Aug. 1916		Sept.- Dec. 1916		Jan.- April 1917		May- Aug. 1917		Sept.- Dec. 1917		Jan.- April 1918		May- Aug. 1918
	s.	d.	s.	d.	s.	d.	s.	d.	s.	d.	s.	d.	s.	d.	s.	d.	s.	d.	s.	d.	s.	d.
Cotton	16	2	17	1	17	0	17	11	18	4	18	9	19	7	20	7	21	5	23	3	24	1
Woolen and worsted	12	1	15	3	15	6	16	1	16	8	17	11	19	8	19	9	21	9	22	8	25	3
Linen	9	9	10	7	10	10	11	3	11	11	12	5	13	8	15	4	17	1	18	8	20	4
Jute	12	5	18	4	18	10	18	10	19	2	20	2	20	4	22	7	23	9	24	4	24	7
Hosiery	12	3	15	9	15	10	16	8	17	2	17	1	18	5	20	0	20	7	22	6	23	10
Lace	11	7	13	3	13	6	14	0	14	4	14	10	15	6	16	9	17	11	18	6	19	2
Silk	9	9	12	0	12	5	12	11	13	5	13	7	14	9	15	7	17	2	18	7	20	5
Carpet	11	10	16	8	16	4	17	1	17	0	17	8	18	9	20	4	21	3	22	11	24	4
Bleaching, etc.	11	0	14	5	15	0	15	7	15	9	17	3	18	6	20	10	22	3	23	10	24	9
Boot and shoe	10	6	15	4	14	10	14	7	16	3	16	7	17	6	19	6	20	6	22	3	22	10
Shirt and collar	11	4	13	7	13	7	14	1	14	7	14	10	15	9	17	2	18	3	19	11	21	5
Ready-made tailoring	10	10	15	2	14	2	14	10	15	7	16	0	17	4	18	9	21	5	23	2	25	8
Printing	9	8	12	3	12	7	13	7	13	6	14	5	15	9	16	4	18	2	19	10	21	8
Bookbinding	10	2	12	3	12	8	13	0	13	0	14	3	15	2	16	1	17	11	19	11	21	6
Pottery	10	1	12	2	12	5	12	3	12	10	13	1	13	8	16	11	17	7	19	1	21	7
Glass	8	6	10	3	11	2	10	9	11	1	11	9	12	1	13	9	14	9	15	6	16	10
Food preparation	10	0	14	5	14	10	15	2	15	2	17	6	18	3	20	2	21	7	23	0	24	5
Total	12	8	14	9	14	10	15	4	15	10	16	8	17	8	19	1	20	5	21	10	23	6 312

Appendix M

List of trades in which women have been substituted for men during the war, but “which from their nature and other conditions of work appear in the main unsuitable for female labor in normal times.”

(Compiled from the British Home Office report on the
“Substitution of Women in Nonmunition Factories during the War,”
pp. 16-26.)

Sawmilling	Rope and Binder Twine
Wood Wool Manufacture	Heavy Edge Tools
India Rubber	Scythes and Sickles
Heavy Chemicals	Wire Ropes (heavy)
Oil and Seed Crushing	Shale Oil Refining
Glasshouse processes	Cement Manufacture (most processes)
Flint Glass	Feltmongering
Glass Bottles	Matting
Papermaking	Linoleum Manufacture
Flour and Corn Milling	(except a few light processes)
Sugar Refining	Paints and colours
Gas Manufacture	China and earthenware

Footnotes

1 These numbers have not yet been published.

2 These numbers have not yet been published.

3 These numbers have not yet been published.

4 These numbers have not yet been published.

5 Throughout this monograph English currency has been reduced to American on the approximate prewar basis of $4.80 to the pound sterling.

6 United Kingdom, Abstract of Labour Statistics, 1915, p. 307. The exact numbers were 5,851,849 “occupied” and 12,704,404 “unoccupied.” In 1901, 5,309,960, and in 1881, 4,521,903 females were “gainfully occupied.”

7 Dorothy Haynes, “A Comparative Study of the Occupations of Men and Women,” Women’s Industrial News, Oct., 1913, pp. 398, 399.

8 Margaret G. Bondfield, “The Future of Women in Industry,” Labour Year Book, 1916, p. 259.

9 Fabian Society, “The War, Women and Unemployment,” Fabian Tract No. 178, 1915, p. 5.

10 Frederic Keeling, Child Labour in the United Kingdom, 1914, p. xxviii.

11 These girls are also included in the number of “females gainfully occupied,” previously discussed. Vide p. 14.

12 Great Britain Board of Trade, Report on the State of Employment in October, 1914, 5.

13 Fabian Society, “The War and the Workers,” Fabian Tract No. 176, 1914, p. 22.

14 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry, and the War, 1915, pp. 70, 71.

15 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, 34.

16 Vide Appendix A, p. 230.

17 Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, pp. 79-80.

18 Great Britain, Report of the Central Committee on Women’s Employment, 1915, p. 5.

19 Ibid., 9.

20 The former “labour exchanges,” managed by the Board of Trade, became “employment exchanges” when the Ministry of Labour was created in December, 1916, and they were transferred to its jurisdiction.

21 Fabian Society, “The War, Women, and Unemployment,” Fabian Tract No. 178, 1916, p. 19.

22 Comprehensive reports on the state of employment in September and October, 1914, and in February, 1915, have been issued by the Board of Trade [Cds. 7703, 7755, and 7850]. The “Central Committee on Women’s Employment” has issued an interim report [Cd. 7748]. Miss Edith Abbott gives an excellent review of the extent of unemployment and the work of the Central Committee in the Journal of Political Economy for July, 1917. (“The War and Women’s Work in England,” pp. 641-678.)

23 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry, and the War, pp. 75 and 137.

24 Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, April, 1919, pp. 80-81. [Cd. 135.]

25 Vide Appendix D, 236.

26 Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, April, 1919, 80.

27 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry, and the War, 71.

28 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, 33.

29 B. L. Hutchins, Women in Modern Industry, 1915, p. 246.

30 Rosamond Smith. “Women and Munition Work,” Women’s Industrial News, April, 1916, p. 14.

31 Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, April, 1919, p. 111.

32 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry, and the War, 72.

33 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry, and the War, 70.

34 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry, and the War, 78.

35 Women’s Industrial News, July, 1916, p. 28.

36 Great Britain, Board of Trade, Report on the Increased Employment of Women during the War, with Statistics up to April, 1918, pp. 13-14.

37 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915, 13. Vide Appendix B, 232.

38 Labour Gazette, January, 1917, p. 8.

39 Vide Appendix C, 234.

40 John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

41 Labour Gazette, July, 1916, p. 357.

42 Great Britain War Office, Women’s War Work, pp. 49, 56, 57.

43 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Dilution Bulletin, April, 1917, pp. 82 and 95.

44 Labour Gazette, August, 1917, p. 274.

45 Ibid., 282.

46 Vide Appendix D, 236.

47 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1916, 5.

48 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Labour, Finance, and the War, 1916, pp. 83, 84.

49 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1916, 6.

50 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Industry and Finance—War Expedients and Reconstruction, pp. 39-40.

51 Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet on Women in Industry, April, 1919, pp. 80-81.

52 Great Britain Board of Trade, Report on the Increased Employment of Women during the War, with Statistics up to April, 1918, pp. 8-9.

53 Compiled from Board of Trade Report covering Extension of Employment of Women up to that Date.

54 Great Britain. Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, April, 1919, p. 97.

55 Vide Appendices E and F, pp. 237-238.

56 Great Britain. Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, 81.

57 Great Britain, Board of Trade. Report on the Increased Employment of Women During the War with Statistics up to April, 1918, 8.

58 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Dilution of Labour Bulletin, October, 1916, p. 6.

59 United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Review, June, 1917, p. 815.

60 5 and 6 Geo. 5, ch. 54.

61 Labour Year Book, 1916, p. 63.

62 Thomas A. Fyfe. Employers and Workmen under the Munitions of War Acts, 1915 and 1916, 22.

63 Found in “Schedule II,” supplementary to the first munitions act.

64 Labour Year Book, 1916, p. 70.

65 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Dilution of Labour Bulletins, January, 1917, p. 47, and February, 1917, p. 55.

66 United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Review, June, 1917, p. 825.

67 London Times, weekly edition, May 4, 1917.

68 A comment on the publication from the point of view of the woman trade unionist may be of interest. It is to be found in The Woman Worker, the organ of the National Federation of Women Workers, for March, 1916, and is called “Lloyd George’s Picture Book.”

Our women munition makers ought to be proud: “Mr. Lloyd George has brought out a picture book about them!” It is a large, handsome book, costing 1s., entirely full of pictures of women workers and all the processes they can do. According to Mr. Lloyd George, never were there such useful workers as women munition workers. He says they can do brazing and soldering, they can make 8-in. H. E. shells, they can drill 8-pounder shells, and some of them are very successful in making high explosive shells.

Well, it is very nice to be praised by so important a man, and it is even nicer that he should take the trouble to have a book filled with pictures of the girls at work. We women, however, have always had in our minds a lurking suspicion that we were, after all, as clever as the men, and it is pleasant enough to hear Mr. Lloyd George say so. But there is a conclusion to be drawn from all this. If girls are as important and as clever as the men, then they are as valuable to the employer. If this is so it becomes a duty of the girls to see now and always, whether on government work or not, that they receive the same pay as the men. Otherwise, all their cleverness and their intelligence go to helping the employer and bringing down the wages of their husbands, fathers, and brothers.

69 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Dilution of Labour Bulletin, April, 1917, p. 82.

70 London Times, weekly edition, May 4, 1917.

71 Great Britain, Home Office, Substitution of Women in Nonmunition Factories during the War, pp. 27-50.

72 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915, 4.

73 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry and the War, 151.

74 Labour Year Book, 1916, p. 81.

75 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Credit, Industry, and the War, 72.

76 Labour Gazette, November, 1916, p. 403.

77 Labour Gazette, March, 1916, p. 83.

78 The New Statesman, April 7, 1917, p. 4.

79 The Woman Worker, April, 1917.

80 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Industry and Finance, pp. 146-147.

81 Labour Gazette, February, 1916, p. 43.

82 The Woman Worker, March, 1916, p. 3.

83 Vide Appendix D, 236.

84 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, 33.

85 Vide pp. 35, 38.

86 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Labour, Finance, and the War, 71.

87 Monica Cosens, Lloyd George’s Munition Girls, 1916, p. 114.

88 Miss O. E. Monkhouse, M. B. E., in Railway News, March 30, 1918, p. 368.

89 Henriette R. Walter, “Munition Workers in England,” Munition Makers, 1917, p. 138.

90 The New Statesman, January 13, 1917, p. 346.

91 Labour Gazette, December, 1917, p. 438.

92 Labour Gazette, March, 1917, p. 92.

93 Labour Gazette, March, 1917, p. 93.

94 Great Britain Minister of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 17, “Health and Welfare of Munition Workers Outside the Factory,” 1917.

95 John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114. 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

96 The Survey, Sept. 15. 1917, p. 527.

97 National Union of Women Workers, Occasional Paper, May, 1916, pp. 66-68.

98 Great Britain Ministry of Labour, Labour Gazette, February, 1920, p. 60.

99 Great Britain, Home Office, Substitution of Women in Nonmunition Factories, pp. 26-50.

100 Quoted from G. D. H. Cole in United States Monthly Labor Review, June, 1919, p. 1852.

101 Paul U. Kellogg and Arthur Gleason, British Labor and the War, 1919, p. 141.

102 The Woman Worker, January, 1916, p. 13.

103 Women’s Industrial News, April, 1916, p. 19.

104 Vide p. 55.

105 Munitions of War Act. 5 and 6 Geo. 5, Ch. 54. Part I. 2 (1).

106 Vide p. 51.

107 5 and 6 Geo. 5, Ch. 99.

108 Women’s Trade Union Review, July, 1917, p. 1.

109 The Woman Worker, February, 1917, p. 11.

110 January, 1916, pp. 5-7.

111 Labour Gazette, September, 1917, p. 314.

112 The Woman Worker, January, 1916, p. 7.

113 Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, April, 1919, p. 110.

114 Barbara Drake, Women in the Engineering Trades, 14.

115 Paul U. Kellogg and Arthur Gleason, British Labor and the War, 152.

116 United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Review, August, 1917, p. 123.

117 Women’s Industrial News, April, 1916, p. 15.

118 The Woman Worker, April, 1916, p. 9.

119 The Woman Worker, January, 1916, p. 7.

120 Great Britain, Statutory Rules and Orders, No. 181, February 28, 1916.

121 The list of establishments to which the wage orders are applied was never published, as it was considered “contrary to the national interest.” Information as to their scope comes mainly from an article in the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics Monthly Review, “Women’s Wages in Munition Factories in Great Britain,” August, 1917, for which many facts were supplied by an administrative officer of the Ministry of Munitions.

122 The Woman Worker, April, 1916, p. 9.

123 John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

124 Great Britain, Statutory Rules and Orders, No. 447, July 6, 1916.

125 United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Wages of Women in Munition Factories in Great Britain,” Monthly Review, August, 1917, p. 123.

126 Great Britain, Statutory Rules and Orders, No. 618, September 13, 1916.

127 Great Britain, Statutory Rules and Orders, No. 888, January 1, 1917.

128 Ibid., No. 49, January 24, 1917.

129 Great Britain, Statutory Rules and Orders, No. 9, January 6, 1917.

130 Ibid., No. 10, January 6, 1917.

131 Ibid., No. 621, September 12, 1916.

132 Ibid., No. 313, March 30, 1917.

133 The men’s cost of living advances were “not otherwise to apply or affect present time rates, premium bonus rates or piecework prices.” According to the Statutory Order in force women employed on skilled men’s work were to receive the time rate of the men they replaced.

134 Great Britain, Statutory Rules and Orders, No. 489, April 16, 1917.

135 Ibid., No. 492, April 16, 1917.

136 Ibid., No. 491, April 16, 1917.

137 Ibid., No. 781, August 16, 1917.

138 Ibid., No. 31, January 14, 1918.

139 Ibid., No. 1073, August 28, 1918.

140 Great Britain, Statutory Rules and Orders, No. 546, May 8, 1918.

141 Vide pp. 52-53, for text of clauses in question.

142 Pp. 197-217.

143 Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, April, 1919, p. 119.

144 United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Women’s Wages in Munition Factories in Great Britain,” Monthly Review, August, 1917, pp. 119-120.

145 G. D. H. and M. I. Cole, The Regulation of Wages during and after the War, p. 14.

146 John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

147 Vide p. 112.

148 Standing Joint Committee of Industrial Women’s Organizations, The Position of Women after the War, p. 8.

149 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1916, p. 6.

150 Women’s Industrial News, October, 1916, p. 64.

151 Great Britain Ministry of Labour, Labour Gazette, October, 1918, p. 393.

152 Vide Appendix N (p. 248) for table of wage changes in seventeen important nonmunitions trades.

153 Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, April, 1919, pp. 150-151. Vide Appendix G for the committee’s estimate of the occupations falling into various wage groups.

154 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Labour, Finance, and the War, p. 201.

155 Ibid., Industry and Finance, p. 44.

156 “Two Important Lessons from England’s Experience,” System, June, 1917, p. 567.

157 Labour Gazette, April, 1917, p. xxiv.

158 Labour Gazette, January, 1916, p. 5.

159 Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, 1 Edw. 7, Ch. 22, Sec. 150.

160 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, p. 55.

161 Vide Appendix H, p. 240.

162 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, p. 39.

163 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, p. 40.

164 Ibid., 1915, p. 6.

165 Vide Appendix I, p. 241.

166 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915, p. 9.

167 Order No. 551.

168 John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Conditions during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

169 G. D. H. Cole, Labour in War Time, 1915, p. 273.

170 John Bass, Report to the United States Federal Trade Commission, April 17, 1917. (In manuscript.)

171 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915, p. 6.

172 A. F. Stanley Kent, Second Interim Report on an Investigation of Industrial Fatigue by Physiological Methods, Home Office, 1916, p. 44.

173 The latter quotation comes from Memorandum No. 4, “Employment of Women and Girls,” which appeared in January, 1916, and discussed daily hours, night work and rest periods, as well as Sunday labor.

174 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 18, “Further Statistical Information Concerning Output in Relation to Hours of Work,” 1917, p. 4.

175 Great Britain, Defence of the Realm Act, Order No. 702.

176 Home Office, General Order, Sept. 9, 1916, p. 1.

177 Vide Appendix J, p. 243.

178 Women’s Industrial News, April 1916, pp. 17, 18.

179 The Woman Worker, Feb., 1916, p. 10.

180 John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

181 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1916, p. 8.

182 The Woman Worker, May, 1916, p. 12.

183 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers’ Committee, Memo. No. 20.

184 Woolen and Worsted. In force till June 20, when government rationing of raw material began.

Cotton. Six hours weekly.

Hosiery. Six and a half hours weekly. In force till June 20, when government rationing of raw material began.

Print, bleach and dye works. Up to 60 hours weekly. “Little used.”
Manchester warehouses. Up to 60 hours weekly. “Used only in emergencies.”
Munitions. Order of September, 1916, continued in force.

Shipbuilding. Maximum daily limit 15 hours. Maximum weekly hours, 63 and 65 in “great emergencies.”

Boots. Maximum weekly limit 60 hours.
Flour Mills. Women allowed to work at night.
Oil and Cake Mills. Women allowed to work at night.
Malting. Women allowed to work at night.

185 Henriette R. Walter, “Munition Workers in England,” Munition Makers, p. 139.

186 Ibid., p. 138.

187 Susan Lawrence, as reported in the Women’s Trade Union Review, July, 1917, p. 12.

188 The Labour Gazette, October, 1919, p. 418.

189 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915, pp. 14, 15.

190 6 and 7 Geo. 5, 1916, Ch. 31.

191 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 4, “Employment of Women,” p. 7.

192 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Circular L6.

193 Under this head were included (1) cloakrooms having separate pegs and arrangements for drying clothes, (2) wash rooms with hot and cold water, soap and towels, (3) sanitary conveniences, (4) rest and first aid rooms, separated, if the latter were used by men, (5) chairs or stools, (6) caps and aprons.

194 John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

195 John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

196 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1916, p. 9.

197 Ibid.

198 Barbara Drake, Women in the Engineering Trades, p. 74.

199 The Woman Worker, January, 1917, p. 13.

200 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Final Report, April, 1918, p. 58.

201 The New Statesman, February 3, 1917, pp. 415-416.

202 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Final Report, April, 1918, p. 76.

203 Memorandum No. 2, “Welfare Supervision,” January, 1916.

204 John and Katherine Barrett, British Industrial Experience during the War, Sen. Doc. 114, 65th Cong., 1st Sess.

205 B. Seebohm Rowntree, “The Value of Welfare Supervision to the Employer,” System (Eng. ed.), June, 1916.

206 Rebecca West, “Mothering the Munition Maker,” The New Republic, Oct. 13, 1917, p. 300.

207 Women in the Engineering Trades, p. 75.

208 Women’s Trade Union Review, Jan., 1917, p. 12.

209 Great Britain, Health of Munition Workers’ Committee, Final Report, 1918, in United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 249, p. 263.

210 Women’s Industrial News, April, 1917, p. 19.

211 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 17, “Health and Welfare of Munition Workers Outside the Factory,” 1917.

212 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 2, “Welfare Supervision,” p. 3.

213 Ibid., Memorandum No. 4, “Employment of Women,” p. 5.

214 Rebecca West, “Mothering the Munition Maker,” The New Republic, Oct. 6, 1917, p. 267.

215 June, 1918, pp. 206-210.

216 A number of soldiers may be assigned to a town, and householders may be required to furnish them with board and lodging at a fixed rate.

217 Final Report, April, 1918, p. 127.

218 Vide Appendix K, p. 245.

219 Owen R. Lovejoy, “Safeguarding Childhood in Peace and War,” Child Labor Bulletin, May, 1917, p. 74.

220 United States Department of Labor, Children’s Bureau, “Child Labor in Warring Countries,” Bureau Publication No. 27, 1917, p. 12.

221 Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, “Juvenile Employment during the War and After,” Reconstruction Pamphlet, No. 15, p. 3.

222 House of Commons, Debates, August 10, 1917, p. 790.

223 Labour Year Book, 1916, pp. 88-89.

224 Great Britain Board of Education, Circular 898, March 12, 1915.

225 United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Review, June, 1917, p. 889.

226 The Woman Worker, May, 1916, p. 3.

227 Great Britain Board of Education, Report of the Chief Medical Officer of the Board of Education for 1915, p. 106.

228 Ibid., p. 103.

229 Ibid., Circular 943, February 29, 1916.

230 Great Britain Board of Education, School Attendance and Employment in Agriculture, Returns 1st September, 1914, to 31st January, 1915, p. 3.

231 Labour Year Book, 1916, p. 89.

232 Great Britain Board of Education, Annual Report for 1915 of the Chief Medical Officer of the Board of Education, p. 106.

233 Ibid., Summary of Returns supplied by Local Education Authorities for the period of September 1, 1914, to January 31, 1915, p. 4.

234 Page 4.

235 Vide p. 123.

236 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Dilution of Labour Bulletin, February, 1916, p. 2.

237 London Times, Educational Supplement, March 15, 1917.

238 February, 1917, p. 49.

239 The Labour Woman, August, 1916, p. 44.

240 Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, “Juvenile Employment during the War and After,” Reconstruction Pamphlet, No. 15, p. 27.

241 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 13, “Juvenile Employment,” 1916, p. 4.

242 Ibid., Interim Report, 1917, p. 103.

243 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 13, “Juvenile Employment,” p. 5.

244 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 5, “Hours of Work,” pp. 7-8.

245 Following is the section of the general order regulating hours for boys under eighteen:
Scheme D. (Overtime for Boys.)
This scheme applies to male young persons of 16 years of age and over provided that the superintending inspector of factories shall have power in cases where the work is of a specially urgent character to extend the application of the scheme to male young persons between 14 and 16 years of age.
Such young persons may be employed overtime on week days other than Saturday subject to the following conditions:
(1) The total hours worked per week (exclusive of intervals for meals) shall not exceed 65.
(2) The daily period of employment (including overtime and intervals for meals)
(a) Shall not commence earlier than 6 a.m. or end later than 10 p.m.
(b) Shall not exceed 14 hours.
Provided that where overtime is worked on not more than 3 days in the week the period of employment may in the case of boys of 16 years of age and over be 15 hours.
(3) Intervals for meals amounting to not less than 1½ hours shall be allowed during the period of employment with an additional half hour if the period of employment is more than 13½ hours or an additional three-fourths of an hour if the period of employment is 15 hours.
(4) On Saturday the period of employment shall end not later than 2 p.m.

246 Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, “Juvenile Employment during the War and After.” Pamphlets on Reconstruction Problems No. 15, p. 8.

247 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 13, “Juvenile Employment,” p. 6.

248 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Interim Report, p. 103.

249 Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, “Juvenile Employment during the War and After,” Reconstruction Pamphlet No. 15, p. 24.

250 The Labour Woman, July, 1916, p. 34.

251 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 4, “Employment of Women,” pp. 3, 10.

252 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915, pp. 9-10.

253 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers’ Committee, Final Report, April, 1918, pp. 21-22.

254 Ibid., p. 72.

255 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915, p. 14.

256 Dr. Rhoda H. B. Adamson, “Future Possibilities for the Work of Women,” Common Cause, February 7, 1919, pp. 512-514.

257 British Association for the Advancement of Science, Labour, Finance, and the War, p. 117.

258 Labour, Finance, and the War, p. 129.

259 Ibid., p. 84.

260 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 4, “Employment of Women,” p. 4.

261 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 4, “Employment of Women,” p. 4.

262 An Inquiry into the Prevalence and Aetiology of Tuberculosis among Industrial Workers, with Special Reference to Female Munition Workers, p. 4.

263 Great Britain Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee, Memorandum No. 4, “Employment of Women,” p. 5.

264 Committee of Industrial Women’s Organizations, The Position of Women After the War, p. 9.

265 June 23, 1917, p. 271.

266 Great Britain Home Office, Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1916, pp. 6, 7.

267 Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, Reconstruction Pamphlet No. 1, “The Aims of Reconstruction,” 1918, p. 4.

268 The Women’s Employment Committee of the Ministry of Reconstruction held that the question of what disposition should be made of the national factories was also one of major importance. The committee suggested that work in these factories, if they were retained by the government, could be so regulated as largely to prevent unemployment by manufacturing goods for which an early demand could be foreseen. Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, Report of the Women’s Employment Committee (Cd. 9239) 1919, p. 4.

269 Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, Civil War Workers Committee, First Interim Report, p. 5.

270 Vide p. 246.

271 Vide Appendix L for detailed figures on unemployment among women workers after the armistice.

272 United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Review, May, 1919, pp. 242-243.

273 Vide The Common Cause, May 9, 1919, p. 1.

274 Labour Gazette, May, 1919, pp. 171 and 187.

275 Committee of Inquiry into the Scheme of Out-of-Work Donation. Interim Report (Cmd. 196), Final Report (Cmd. 305).

276 London Times, May 1, 1919.

277 Violet Markham in The Labour Woman, June, 1919, p. 59.

278 Vide p. 55.

279 Vide p. 62.

280 G. D. H. and M. I. Cole, Regulation of Wages, p. 17.

281 Labour Gazette, August, 1918, p. 307.

282 Tobacco; aerated waters; boot and shoe repairing; paper bag making; brush and broom making; hair, bass, and fibre trade; laundries; corsets.

283 Great Britain, Ministry of Labour, Labour Gazette, December, 1919, pp. 514, 515.

284 Vide Appendix M (p. 249) for list of “unsuitable” occupations.

285 The report of the “Machinery of Government Committee” took a similar position, advocating in a rather guarded way the increased employment of women in the civil service, including the upper division, from which they had been excluded before the war.

286 Great Britain, Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, Minority Report, p. 255.

287 Scientific American, June 7, 1919.

288 The Labour Gazette, December, 1919, p. 524.

289 The Labour Gazette, December, 1919, p. 524.

290 Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, Pamphlets on Reconstruction Problems, No. 15, “Juvenile Employment,” 1919, p. 19.

291 Not owned by government.

292 Includes arsenals, docks, government shell filling factories, etc.

293 Includes teachers and transportation workers for municipalities.

294 Not owned by government.

295 Includes arsenals, docks, government shell filling factories, etc.

296 Includes teachers and transportation workers for municipalities.

297 Not owned by government.

298 Includes arsenals, docks, government shell filling factories, etc.

299 Includes teachers and transportation workers for municipalities.

300 Not owned by government.

301 Includes arsenals, docks, government shell filling factories, etc.

302 Includes teachers and transportation workers for municipalities.

303 The order expired and was not renewed.

304 The order expired and was not renewed.

305 The order expired and was not renewed.

306 The order expired and was not renewed.

307 The order expired and was not renewed.

308 The order expired and was not renewed.

309 A new order, which was allowed in all nontextile works not otherwise provided for. It allowed greater elasticity than was provided by the Factory Acts, and permitted, for example, such moderate overtime during the week as could be compensated by an earlier stop on Saturdays.

310 Figures for Oct. 3 and 10, on account of special arrangements made during the railway strike of these weeks, are not given.

311 Great Britain Ministry of Reconstruction, Report of the Committee on Women’s Employment, p. 82.

312 Includes “Paper Making.”

← Back to Economic Effects of the World War upon Women and Children