Practical Mechanics for Boys

Chapter XVI Handy Tables

Table of Weights for Round and Square Steel

The Estimate is on the basis of Lineal Feet. 1 cu. ft. of Steel—490 lbs.

Sizes in Inches	Weight in Pounds		Sizes in Inches	Weight in Pounds
	Round	Square		Round	Square
1/16	.110	.013	1 1/16	3.014	3.400
1/8	.042	.053	1 1/8	3.379	3.838
3/16	.094	.119	1 3/16	3.766	4.303
1/4	.167	.212	1 1/4	4.173	4.795
5/16	.261	.333	1 5/16	4.600	5.312
3/8	.375	.478	1 3/8	5.049	5.857
7/16	.511	.651	1 7/16	5.518	6.428
1/2	.667	.850	1 1/2	6.008	7.650
9/16	.845	1.026	1 9/16	6.520	7.650
5/8	1.043	1.328	1 5/8	7.051	8.301
11/16	1.262	1.608	1 11/16	7.604	8.978
3/4	1.502	1.913	1 3/4	8.178	10.410
13/16	1.773	2.245	1 13/16	8.773	11.170
7/8	2.044	2.603	1 7/8	9.388	11.950
15/16	2.347	2.989	1 15/16	10.020	12.760
1	2.670	3.400	2	10.680	13.600

Weight of Flat Steel Bars

Thickness in Inches	Width
1/16	.212	.265	.32	.372	.425	.477	.53	.588	.63
1/8	.425	.53	.64	.745	.85	.955	1.06	1.17	1.27
3/16	.638	.797	.957	1.11	1.28	1.44	1.59	1.75	1.91
1/4	.85	1.06	1.28	1.49	1.70	1.91	2.12	2.34	2.55
5/16	1.06	1.33	1.59	1.86	2.12	2.39	2.65	2.92	3.19
3/8	1.28	1.59	1.92	2.23	2.55	2.87	3.19	3.51	3.83
7/16	1.49	1.85	2.23	2.60	2.98	3.35	3.72	4.09	4.46
1/2	1.70	2.12	2.55	2.98	3.40	3.83	4.25	4.67	5.10
9/16	1.92	2.39	2.87	3.35	3.83	4.30	4.78	5.26	5.74
5/8	2.12	2.65	3.19	3.72	4.25	4.78	5.31	5.84	6.38
11/16	2.34	2.92	3.51	4.09	4.67	5.26	5.84	6.43	7.02
3/4	2.55	3.19	3.83	4.47	5.10	5.75	6.38	7.02	7.65
13/16	2.76	3.45	4.14	4.48	5.53	6.21	6.90	7.60	8.29
7/8	2.98	3.72	4.47	5.20	5.95	6.69	7.44	8.18	8.93
15/16	3.19	3.99	4.78	5.58	6.38	7.18	7.97	8.77	9.57
1	3.40	4.25	5.10	5.95	6.80	7.65	8.50	9.35	10.20

Avoirdupois Weight

For Merchandise of all kinds.

16	Drams (dr.) make	1 Ounce (oz.)
16	Ounces make	1 Pound (pd.)
25	Pounds make	1 Quarter (qr.)
4	Quarters, or 100 lbs., make	1 Hundredweight (cwt.)
20	Hundredweights make	1 Ton (T.)
2,240	Pounds make	1 Long ton (L. T.)

Troy Weight

For Gold, Silver, and Precious Metals.

24	Grains (gr.) make	1 Pennyweight (pwt.)
20	Pennyweights make	1 Ounce (oz.)
12	Ounces make	1 Pound (pd.)

Apothecaries Weight

For Drugs, Medicals and Chemicals.

20	Grains (gr.) make	1 Scruple (sc.)
3	Scruples make	1 Dram (dr.)
8	Drams make	1 Pound (pd.)
12	Ounces make	1 Pound (pd.)

Linear Measure

For Surveyors’ Use.

12	Inches make	1 Foot
3	Feet make	1 Yard
5 1/2	Yards make	1 Rod
40	Rods make	1 Furlong
8	Furlongs make	1 Mile

Long Measure

12	Inches make	1 Foot
3	Feet make	1 Yard
6	Feet make	1 Fathom
5 1/2	Yards make	1 Rod or pole
40	Poles make	1 Furlong
8	Furlongs make	1 Mile
3	Miles make	1 League
69 1/2	Leagues make	1 Degree

Square Measure

144	square inches make	1 square foot
9	square feet make	1 square yard
30 1/2	square yards make	1 square pole
40	square poles make	1 square rod
4	square rods make	1 acre
640	square acres make	1 acre mile
9	square feet make	1 square yard

Solid or Cubic Measure

1,728	Cubic inches make	1 Cubic foot
27	Cubic feet make	1 Cubic yard
128	Cubic feet make	1 Cord of wood
24 3/4	Cubic feet make	1 Perch of stone

Dry Measure

2	Pints make	1 Quart (qt.)
8	Quarts make	1 peck (pk.)
4	Pecks make	1 Bushel (bu.)
36	Bushels make	1 Chaldron (ch.)

Liquid Measure

4	Gills (g.) make	1 Pint (pt.)
4	Quarts make	1 Gallon (gal.)
31 1/2	Gallons make	1 Barrel (bbl.)
2	Bbls., or 63 gals., make	1 Hogshead (hhd.)

Paper Measure

24	Sheets (sh.) make	1 Quire (qu.)
20	Quires make	1 Ream (r.)
10	Reams make	1 Bale (ba.) or bundle.

Table of Temperatures

Greatest artificial cold	220	degrees	below	Fahr.
“ natural “	39	“	“	“
Mercury freezes	73.7	“	“	“
Mixture of snow and salt	4	“	“	“
Greatest density of water at	39.2	“	above	“
Blood Heat	97.9	“	“	“
Alcohol boils	172.4	“	“	“
Water boils	212	“	“	“
Mercury boils	662	“	“	“
Sulphur boils	824	“	“	“
Silver melts	1,749	“	“	“
Cast iron melts	2,786	“	“	“

Strength of Various Metals

The tests are made by using a cubic inch of the metal and compressing it, and by trying to draw apart a square inch of metal. Indicated in pounds

	Tension	Compression
Aluminum	15,000	12,000
Brass, cast	24,000	30,000
Bronze, gun metal	32,000	20,000
“ manganese	60,000	120,000
“ phosphor	50,000	......
Copper, cast	24,000	40,000
“ wire annealed	36,000	......
“ unannealed	60,000	......
Iron, cast	15,000	......
“ “ annealed	60,000	80,000
“ “ unannealed	80,000	......
“ wrought	48,000	46,000
Lead, cast	2,000	......
Steel castings	70,000	70,000
“ plow	270,000	......
“ structural	60,000	60,000
“ wire annealed	80,000	......
“ crucible	180,000	......
Tin	3,800	6,000

Freezing Mixtures

Mixtures	Temperature Changes in Degrees Fahrenheit
	From	To
Common salt, 1 part; snow, 3 parts	32	zero.0
Common salt, 1 part; snow 1 part	32	-.4
Calcium chloride, 3 parts; snow 1 part	32	-27
Calcium chloride, 2 parts; snow 1 part	32	-44
Sal ammoniac, 5 parts; salt-peter 5 parts; water 16 parts	50	-10
Sal ammoniac, 1 parts; salt-peter 1 part; water 1 part	46	-11
Ammonium nitrate, 1 part; water 1 part	50	- 3
Potassium hydrate, 4 parts; snow 3 parts	32	-35

Ignition Temperatures

Phosphorus	120	degrees	Fahrenheit
Bi-sulphide of carbon	300	“	“
Gun-cotton	430	“	“
Nitro-glycerine	490	“	“
Phosphorus, amorphous	500	“	“
Rifle powder	550	“	“
Charcoal	660	“	“
Dry pine wood	800	“	“
Oak	900	“	“

Power and Heat Equivalents

In studying matters pertaining to power and heat, certain terms are used, such as horsepower, horsepower-hours, watts, watt-hours, kilowatt, kilowatt-hours, foot-pounds, joule, and B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit).

The following tables give a comprehensive idea of the values of the different terms:

1 Horsepower-hour	= 0.746 kilowatt-hour = 1,980,000 foot-pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, raised from 62 degrees to 212 degrees.
1 Kilowatt-hour	= 1,000 watt-hours = 1.34 horse-power-hours = 2,653,200 foot-pounds = 3,600,000 joules = 3,420 B. T. U. = 3.54 pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees = 22.8 pounds of water raised from 62 to 212 degrees.
1 Horsepower	= 746 watts = 0.746 kilowatts.= 33,000 foot-pounds per second = 2,550 B. T. U. per min. = 0.71 B. T. U. per second = 2.64 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees.
1 Kilowatt	= 1,000 watts = 1.34 horsepower = 2,653,200 foot-pounds per hour = 44,220 foot-pounds per min. = 737 foot-pounds per second = 3,420 B. T. U. per hour = 57 B. T. U. per min. = 0.95 B. T. U. per second = 3.54 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212.
1 Watt	= 1 joule per second = 0.00134 horse-power = 0.001 kilowatt = 342 B. T. U. per hour = 44.22 foot-pounds per min. = 0.74 foot-pounds per second = 0.0035 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees.
1 B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit)	= 1,052 watt-seconds = 778 foot-pounds = 0.252 calorie = 0.000292 kilowatt-hours = 0.000391 horsepower-hour = 0.00104 pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees.
1 Foot-pound	= 1.36 joule = 0.000000377 kilowatt-hour = 0.00129 B. T. U. = 0.0000005 horsepower-hour.
1 Joule	= 1 watt-second = 0.000000278 kilowatt-hour = 0.00095 B. T. U. = 0.74 foot-pounds.