Table of Contents and Index
CHAPTER I
BURIAL CUSTOMS IN GREECE.
Importance attached to burial, 1. The Prothesis, 2; illustrated by
vases, 3. Presence of ghosts, 4. The Ecphora, on archaic vases, 5; on later monuments, 6. Sleep and Death, 7. Custom of burning, 9. Funeral feast and speeches, 11.
CHAPTER II
THE WORSHIP OF THE DEAD.
Primitive beliefs as to needs of dead, 12. Liberality to the dead in archaic times, 12. Terra-cotta offerings, 13. Sacrifices at tombs, 14. Evidence of excavations, 16. Classes of heroes, 17. Evidence of sepulchral lekythi, 18. Presence of the dead in representations, 19.
CHAPTER III
BELIEFS AS TO THE FUTURE LIFE.
Question what became of the dead, 23. Homeric beliefs; Hades, 25; visit to Hades of Odysseus, 26; Islands of the Blessed, 27. Influence of Orphism, 28. Paintings of Polygnotus at Delphi, 30; Charon, 31; Theseus and Peirithous, 32; Orpheus, 33; the Uninitiated, 34; Eurynomus, 35. Painting on vase of Canusium, 36; Orpheus, 37; Herakles and Cerberus, 37; Megara, 38; Initiated, 38. Comparison of Greek and Christian Hades, 39. Development of the Eumenides, 40. Conflict between ritual and ethics, 42. Hades in the Tragedians, 43. Localization of ghosts, 44.
CHAPTER IV
THE PRE-HISTORIC AGE OF GREECE.
So-called treasuries of early Greece, 46; at Mycenae, 47; really tombs, 51; various forms, 51. Rock-graves at Mycenae, 52; their tombstones, 54; subjects and style of art, 57.
CHAPTER V
ASIA MINOR: EARLY.
Early Ionian civilization not yet excavated, 59. Tomb of Tantalus on Sipylus, 60. Geometric tombs of Phrygia, 62; Lion-tombs, 64; their chronology, 66; relation to Mycenae, 67. Archaic tombs of Lycia, 67; pre-Ionian art, 68; the Harpy Monument, 69; Sirens, 73; other Lycian tombs, 74.
CHAPTER VI
SPARTA.
Relief of Chrysapha, 76; its meaning, 77; other similar tombs, 78. Cultus of ancestors at Sparta, 80. Details of reliefs; honour paid to women, 81; food of the dead, 82; horse and dog, 83.
CHAPTER VII
HEROIZING RELIEFS.
Distinction of tombs from commemorative tablets, 87. Lines of descent from Spartan reliefs, 88. Athenian banqueting reliefs, 88. Customs of sitting and reclining, 89. Tegean relief, 90. Presence of votaries, 91. Asklepian tablets, 92. Tablets to heroes and to ancestors, 93. The hero as horseman, 94; accompanied by lady, 98. Votive tablets from Tarentum, 100. The hero as foot-soldier, 102; unarmed, 103.
CHAPTER VIII
ATHENS: PERIODS AND FORMS OF MONUMENTS.
Graves of Dipylon style at Athens, 105. Periods of Athenian monuments, 106. First period, the mound and stele, 108; the table, 109; the pillar, 110. Early Athenian tombs usually of the young, 111. Second period; forms of tombs, 112; marble vases, 113. Tombs usually of families, 116. The use of painting and metal on marble, 116. Determination of dates of tombs, 117. Third period, 118. Preservation of part of cemetery at Athens, 118. Architectural decoration of tombs; the acanthus, 119; the sphinx, 121; the siren, 126; goats butting, 128; the lion, 130; the bull, 131.
CHAPTER IX
ATHENS AND GREECE. PORTRAITS.
Portraits of the dead originate in Ionia, 133. Portraits at Athens, 134; their ideal character, 134. Portrait statues, 135; on horseback or on foot, 136; female figures, 137. The dead as Hermes, 138. Statues of mourning women, 139. Portraits on stelae, first period, 140; Aristion, Lyseas, 141; stelae of youths, 143. Second period, stelae of citizens, 145; stelae of warriors, 146; Dexileos, 147; young athletes, 149; hunters, 152; students, 153; shipwrecked men, 154; children, 154; matrons, 157; girls, 158; priestesses, 160.
CHAPTER X
FAMILY GROUPS.
Pathos and charm of Attic groups, 162. Predominance of women, 163. Women and children in later Greece, 163. Stelae with father and children, 164; mother and children, 166. Family groups, 167. Series of groups representing leave-taking, 168; series representing self-adornment, 171. Stele of Phaenarete, 173. Stele of Ameinocleia, 176. Dressing for a journey or offerings to the dead? 176. Domestic interiors or scenes at the tomb? 178. Several stone lekythi on one slab, 178. Occasional appearance of Hermes, 180.
CHAPTER XI
MEANING AND STYLE OF THE RELIEFS.
Do the Attic reliefs refer to past or future life? 182. Line of connexion with Spartan stelae, 182; the wine-cup, the pomegranate, the cock, 183; the dove, the horse, 184; the dog, 185. Reliefs which clearly refer to past life, 185. The δεξίωσις, 186. We must distinguish between origin and meaning of reliefs, 187. Oblong reliefs refer to the future, 188; in them Herakles and Dionysus sometimes present, 189. Style of archaic reliefs, 190; bear name of sculptor, 191. Lower level of style in fifth-century reliefs, 191. Fourth-century reliefs connected with the second Attic school of sculpture, 193.
CHAPTER XII
INSCRIPTIONS.
Simplicity of inscriptions on early stelae, 195. Explicatory character of inscriptions, 196. Occurrence of χαῖρε, 197. Inscription of Dexileos, 197. Longer inscriptions after the fourth century, 197. Specimens of public epitaphs over warriors, 198; over others, 201. Specimens of later inscriptions, 203; sentiments as to life, 204; statements as to the future life, 204. Orphism in epitaphs, 206. Threats to violators, 207. Epitaphs of the Palatine Anthology, 208.
CHAPTER XIII
LATER MONUMENTS OF ASIA MINOR.
Splendour of Asiatic Greek tombs, 214. The Lycian Nereid Monument, 215; its sculptures, 216; its occasion, 219; its date, 220. Relation to Ionian school of historical painting, 221. The heroon of Gyeulbashi, 221; subjects of sculpture, 223; relation to painters, 224. The Lion-tomb of Cnidus, 225. Greek graves in the Crimea, 226.
CHAPTER XIV
THE MAUSOLEUM.
Interesting problem of reconstruction, 228. Plans of Pullan and Oldfield, 230. Testimony of ancient writers, Hyginus, Martial, 232; Pliny, 233. Account of excavation by Guichard, 236. Analogy of other buildings, 239. The statues of Mausolus and Artemisia, where placed, 240. Other sculptural remains, 241.
CHAPTER XV
GREEK SARCOPHAGI.
Discovery of sarcophagi at Sidon, 243. Archaic sarcophagi of Clazomenae, 243. Sarcophagus of the Satrap at Sidon, 245; its connexion with history, 246; and with Ionian art, 247. The Lycian sarcophagus, 248; ideal character, 248. The sarcophagus of the Mourning Women, 249; variety in expression of grief, 251; likeness to temple, 251; perhaps belongs to King Strato, 252. The Alexander sarcophagus, 252; dress of Greeks and Persians, 253; subjects of pediments, 253; the lion-hunt, 255; the battle, 256; perhaps belongs to Abdalonymus, 258; of uncertain artistic school, 258. The Amazon sarcophagus of Vienna, 258.