Musical Instruments

Note

In the preparation of the revised edition of the late Dr. Engel’s handbook, first published in 1875, care has been taken to make as few alterations as possible and to express no views from which he might have dissented.

The greatly enlarged chapter relating to post-mediæval instruments has been chiefly compiled from Dr. Engel’s Descriptive Catalogue of the musical instruments in the Museum, published in 1874.

The pages relating to the Ancient Egyptians have been revised by Dr. W. M. Flinders Petrie, those dealing with the Greeks, Etruscans and Romans by Dr. Cecil H. Smith, and the description of Chinese and Japanese instruments by Dr. Stephen W. Bushell. The thanks of the Board are due to these gentlemen for their valuable co-operation.

CONTENTS.
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Page
Note			iii
List of Contents			v
″ ″ Illustrations			vii
Chapter	I.	—Introduction	1
″	II.	—Pre-Historic Relics and Ancient Egyptian	9
″	III.	—Assyrian and Hebrew	16
″	IV.	—Greek, Etruscan and Roman	27
″	V.	—Oriental	37
″	VI.	—American Indian	58
″	VII.	—European Instruments of the Middle Ages	83
″	VIII.	—European Instruments of the Middle Ages	92
″	IX.	—European Instruments of the Middle Ages	99
″	X.	—Post-Mediæval Instruments	104
Appendix			135
Index			139

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
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Fig.	Page.
1.—	Music, after an oil painting attributed to Melozzo da Forlì (1438-1494)	Frontispiece
2.—	Painted Wooden Harp. Ancient Egyptian. XVIIIth dynasty (B.C. 1450)	Facing	10
3.—	Bronze and Reed Flutes. Ancient Egyptian. B.C. 600, or later	Facing	12
4.—	Bronze Sistra. Ancient Egyptian. XXIInd-XXVIth dynasty (B.C. 1000-600)	Facing	14
5.—	Series of Bells. Ancient Egyptian. Late Period	15
6.—	A Muse with a Harp, and two others with Lyres. From a Greek vase	29
7.—	Pair of Bronze Flutes, with mouthpiece in the form of a bust of a Mænad holding a bunch of grapes. Greek	Facing	30
8.—	A Muse Playing the Diaulos. Greek	31
9.—	Wall Painting of a youth wearing a myrtle wreath and playing on the Double Pipes. Said to have been found in a columbarium in the Vigna Ammendola on the Appian Way near Rome, about 1823. British Museum	Facing	34
10.—	Tuba, Cornu and Lituus. Roman	35
11.—	Hsüan. Chinese	42
12.—	(a) Ch’in (a species of Lute). Modern Chinese
	(b) Shêng (Mouth Organ). Chinese. 19th century
	(c) Yueh-ch’in (Moon Guitar). Chinese. 19th century	Facing	42
13.—	(a) Koto (a species of Lute). Japanese. 19th century
	(b) Biwa (a species of Guitar). Modern Japanese
	(c) Sâmisen. Japanese	Facing	44
14.—	(a) Sârinda and Bow. Indian (Bengal). 19th century
	(b) Rudra Vina. Southern Indian (Madras). 19th century
	(c) Sârangi and Bow. Southern Indian. 19th century	Facing	48
15.—	(a) Kemángeh or Sitâra or Fiddle. Persian. About 1800
	(b) Nuy (Flute). Persian. 19th century
	(c) Santir (Dulcimer) Case. Persian	Facing	54
16.—	Pottery Whistles, with finger-holes. Ancient Mexican	59
17.—	Pottery Flageolets, with finger-holes. (a) and (c) Ancient Mexican; (b) from the Island of Sacrificios	Facing	60
18.—	Bone Flutes. Ancient Peruvian, (a) and (b) Truxillo; (c) Lima	Facing	60
19.—	Huayra-puhura, discovered in a Peruvian tomb	64
20.—	Wooden Trumpet. Used by Indians near the Orinoco	65
21.—	Juruparis, with and without cover. South American	66
22.—	Botuto. Used by Indians near the Orinoco	68
23.—	Cithara. From a 9th century MS. formerly in the monastery of St. Blasius in the Black Forest	84
24.—	Psalterium. From a 9th century MS. formerly in the monastery of St. Blasius in the Black Forest	85
25.—	Cithara. From a 9th century MS. formerly in the monastery of St. Blasius in the Black Forest	85
26.—	King playing Psaltery. After an engraving in N. X. Willemin’s Monuments Français Inédits, Vol. I., pl. 19, taken from Hortus Deliciarum, a MS. of the 12th century	86
27.—	Nablum. From a 9th century MS. at Angers	86
28.—	Female playing a Species of Citole. From a 9th century MS. formerly in the monastery of St. Blasius in the Black Forest	86
29.—	Harp. From a 9th century MS. formerly in the monastery of St. Blasius in the Black Forest	87
30.—	Crwth. Welsh. 18th century	Facing	90
31.—	Organistrum	93
32.—	Sackbut	94
33.—	Organ. From a 12th century psalter in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge	95
34.—	Organ (Grand Orgue). After an engraving in N. X. Willemin’s Monuments Français Inédits	96
35.—	Bas-relief, representing a group of musicians, formerly at the abbey of St. Georges de Boscherville. Late 11th century (?). After an engraving in N. X. Willemin’s Monuments Français Inédits	Facing	98
36.—	Hurdy-Gurdy (Vielle). With arms of France and crowned monogram of Henry II. on back and front. About 1550	Facing	100
37.—	Tympanum of the Glory Gate of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostella. Dated 1188. From a plaster cast in the Victoria and Albert Museum	Facing	100
38.—	Minstrel Gallery, Exeter Cathedral. 14th century. From a plaster cast in the Victoria and Albert Museum	Facing	102
39.—	Lute. Italian (Venetian). Beginning of the 17th century	Facing	104
40.—	Angel Playing a Lute. After an oil painting by Ambrogio da Predis. Late 15th century	Facing	104
41.—	Archlute. Inscribed “Rauche in Chandos Street, London, 1762”	Facing	104
42.—	Chitarrone. Italian. Made by Buchenberg in Rome, anno 1614	Facing	106
43.—	Pandurina. French. Second half of 16th century	Facing	108
44.—	Guitar. French (?). 17th century	Facing	108
45.—	Quinterna, or Chiterna. German. Dated 1539	Facing	108
46.—	Cither. German. End of 17th century	Facing	108
47.—	Harp Theorbo. Made by Harley. English. About 1800	Facing	110
48.—	Harp Ventura. English. Early 19th century	Facing	110
49.—	Banduria. English. Early 19th century	Facing	110
50.—	Harp. Old Irish	Facing	110
51.—	Harp. French. About 1770	Facing	112
52.—	Violin. Said to have belonged to James I. English. Early 17th century	Facing	112
53.—	Angel Playing a Viol. After an oil painting by Ambrogio da Predis. Late 15th century	Facing	104
54.—	Viola da Gamba. Italian. About 1600	Facing	114
55.—	Viola da Gamba. Italian. 17th century	Facing	114
56.—	Viola di Bardone, or Bariton, with Bow. German. 17th century	Facing	114
57.—	Viola d’Amore. Probably English. Late 17th century	Facing	116
58.—	Double-Bass, with Bow. Known as “The Giant.” Italian. 17th century	Facing	116
59.—	Sordino, or Pochette. Probably German. Late 17th or early 18th century	Facing	118
60.—	Bûche, or Scheitholz. Made by Fleurot, of the Val d’Ajol in the Vosges Mountains. Early 19th century	Facing	118
61.—	Virginal. Formerly belonging to Queen Elizabeth. Italian. Second half of 16th century	Facing	118
62.—	Virginal. Flemish. Second half of 16th century	Facing	118
63.—	Spinet. Made by Annibale dei Rossi of Milan. Italian. Dated 1577	Facing	120
64.—	Spinet. Signed “Johannes Player fecit” English. About 1700	Facing	120
65.—	Clavichord. Inscribed “Barthold Fritz fecit, Braunschweig, anno 1751.” German. 18th century	Facing	120
66.—	Clavicembalo. Signed “Joanes Antonius Baffo, Venetus.” Italian. Dated 1574	Facing	122
67.—	Clavecin. Made by Pascal Taskin of Paris. French. Dated 1786	Facing	124
68.—	Organ-Harpsichord, or Claviorganum. Formerly in the chapel of Ightham Mote, near Sevenoaks, Kent. Probably English	Facing	124
69.—	Triple Flageolet. Italian. About 1820	Facing	124
70.—	Flauto Dolce, or Flute. Ivory. Inscribed “Anciuti a Milan, 1740”	Facing	124
71.—	Flageolet. Italian. Middle of 18th century	Facing	126
72.—	Oboe. Made by Anciuti of Milan. Formerly in the possession of the composer Rossini. Latter half of 18th century	Facing	126
73.—	Bassoon, species of. English. Late 18th, or early 19th century	Facing	128
74.—	The Serpent. Made by Gerock Wolf, in London. English. Early 19th century	Facing	128
75.—	Serinette or Bird Organ. French. Period of Louis XIV.	Facing	128
76.—	Organ (Positive). German. Dated 1627	Facing	128
77.—	Bagpipes. English. 18th century	Facing	130
78.—	Handel’s Harpsichord. Made by Andreas Ruckers, of Antwerp, 1651	Facing	134