Chapter IV The Men Who Came in With the Saxons
The researches of Mr. Kemble, supplemented by those of Mr. Taylor, in connection with the early Saxon settlements in England, have an important bearing upon the subject of our existing surnames. Mr. Kemble was the first to call attention to the fact that very many of the names of places in England, as disclosed by the forms in which these names appear in ancient charters, consist of a personal name in a patronymic form. Some of these names consist simply of a nominative plural in ingas, as Æscingas, the sons or descendants of Æsc, others of a genitive plural in inga, with ton, ham, &c., appended, as in Billingatun, the town of the Billings, i.e. sons or descendants of Billa. These he takes to denote tribal or family settlements, forming the Anglo-Saxon “mark,” consisting of a certain area of cultivated land, surrounded by a belt of pasture land enjoyed by all the settlers in common, the whole inclosed by the forest.
Of these names he has made two lists, the one derived from the names found in ancient charters, and so perfectly trustworthy, the other inferred from existing names of places which appear to be in the same form. The latter list is of course subject to considerable correction and deduction, inasmuch as it depends entirely upon the ancient forms in which these names would appear whether they would come under this category or not. Thus, if a name were anciently Billingaham, it would be “the home of the Billings,” while if it were Billingham, it would simply be the home of an individual man called Billing. And in looking through this list, a few names will be found, which a comparison with his own index of place-names shows to be incorrectly assigned. Thus he infers Impingas from Impington in Cambridgeshire, and Tidmingas from Tidmington in Worcester, whereas it appears from his index that the ancient name of the one was Impintun, and of the other Tidelminctun, both being thus from the name of an individual and not of a tribe or family. Sempringham again in Lincolnshire, whence he derives Sempringas, I find to have been Sempingaham, and so used already for Sempingas. I also feel very great doubt about names taken from places ending in by, thorp, and toft, in Lincolnshire and the ancient Denelaga, as being Scandinavian, and given at a distinctly later period. Indeed I have a certain amount of distrust of all names taken from the North of England, in the absence, as far as I know, of any distinct proof in any one case. Northumberland would perhaps be the county to which, as containing the greatest number of such forms, any such doubt would the least strongly apply. Moreover, I do not feel at all sure that ing is not in some cases simply a form of the possessive, and that Dunningland, for instance, is not simply Dunn’s land. This doubt is considerably strengthened when the name is that of a woman, as in Cyneburginctun (now Kemerton in Glouc). Cyneburg is certainly a woman’s name, and as such could not, I should suppose—though the question is one for more experienced Anglo-Saxon scholars—form a patronymic, in which case Cyneburginctun can only be “Cyneburg’s tun.” And if it be so in one case, it may of course be so in others. Mr. Kemble’s second list, then, requires to be used with a certain amount of caution, though in the main his deductions may be taken as trustworthy.
The corresponding forms in Germany have since been collected by Professor Foerstemann from ancient charters up to the eleventh century, and must all be considered therefore as trustworthy. His list contains upwards of a thousand different names, but inasmuch as many of these names are found in different parts of Germany, the total number of such names must amount to many thousands. These consist sometimes of a form in ingas, same as in England, and this obtains more particularly in Bavaria, sometimes of a form in inga, which he takes to be also a nominative plural, but most commonly of a dative plural, in ingen, as in Herlingen, “to the Harlings.” This dative plural explains the origin of many existing names of places in Germany, as Göttingen, Dettingen, Tübingen, &c. A dative plural also occurs occasionally in England in the corresponding Anglo-Saxon form ingum, as in Godelmingum, now Godalming, Angemeringum, now Angmering, &c.
Meanwhile Mr. Taylor has instituted a detailed and very important comparison between the names contained in Mr. Kemble’s two lists, and those of a corresponding kind in Germany, not indeed from ancient records, but from existing place-names. And he has further supplemented this by a list of similar forms disclosed by his own very interesting discovery of a Saxon area in France opposite to the shore of England, and which we can hardly doubt to be, as he considers it to be, the result of a Saxon emigration from England. He has, moreover, given some similar instances of German occupation in the north of Italy, and it can hardly be doubted that a more detailed examination would add to their number.
The question now to be considered is—what is the value of these various forms in ingas, inga, and ingen, in England and in Germany? In Anglo-Saxon and other Teutonic dialects ing is a patronymic, as in Bruning, son of Brûn. But it has also a wider sense implying any connection with a person or thing, and in certain of the names under consideration both in England and in Germany, it seems very clear that it is used simply in a geographical sense. Thus we cannot doubt that Madelungen and Lauringen, in Germany, signify, as Foerstemann suggests, the people of the Madel and of the Lauer, on which two rivers the places in question are respectively situated. Also that Salzungen signifies the people of the salt springs, in the neighbourhood of which the name is found.28 So in England it seems clear that the Leamingas found in Leamington signifies the people of the Leam, on which river the place is situated. So also the Heretuningas, the Hohtuningas, and the Suthtuningas, must mean simply the people respectively of Heretun, of Hohtun, and of Suthtun, the Beorganstedingas the people of Beorgansted, the Eoforduningas the people of Eofordun, and the Teofuntingas, the people dwelling by the two fountains. But with these and perhaps one or two other exceptions, the word contained is simply a personal name, and the question is—in what connection is it used? Does Billingas mean the descendants of the man Bill or Billa, under whose leadership the settlement was made, or does it, as Mr. Kemble seems to think, refer to some older, perhaps mythical ancestor from whom the Billings claimed a traditional descent? Now, considering the great number of these names, amounting to more than a thousand in England alone, seeing the manner in which they are dispersed, not only over different counties of England, but as the annexed table will show, over the length and breadth of Germany, it seems to me utterly impossible to consider them as anything else than the every-day names of men common to the great German family. I am quite in accord then with the view taken by Sir J. Picton (Ethnology of Wiltshire).29 “When the Saxons first invaded England, they came in tribes and families headed by their patriarchal leaders. Each tribe was called by its leader’s name, with the termination ing, signifying family, and where they settled they gave their patriarchal name to the mark or central point round which they clustered.” This is also the view taken by Foerstemann with regard to the German names, and I cannot doubt that Mr. Kemble, if he had had the opportunity of extending his survey over this wider area, would have come to the same conclusion. I take it then that the name contained in these forms is simply that of the leader under whose guidance these little settlements were made, and that, inasmuch as members of the same family would generally keep together, it is in most cases that of the patriarch or head of the family. Each man would no doubt have his own individual name, but as a community exercising certain rights in common, from which outsiders were excluded, they would require some distinctive appellation, and what so natural as that of their leader.
I now come to consider some points of difference between the Anglo-Saxon settlements and the German. While all the settlements in England must be taken to have been made by a Low German race, a large proportion of those in Germany must be taken to have been made by a High German people. Thus when we find Bæbingas in England represented by Papinga in Austria, Bassingas by Pasingas, and Bædingas by Patinga in Bavaria, we have the distinction between High and Low German, which might naturally be expected. So when we find Eastringas represented by Austringa in Baden, we have again a High German form to compare with a Low German. But this distinction is by no means consistently maintained throughout, and we seem to have a considerable mixture of High and Low German forms. Thus we have both Bæcgingas and Pæccingas, Dissingas and Tissingas, Gâringas and Coringas, Edingas and Odingas (representing as it seems the Anglo-Saxon ead or ed, and the High German aud or od). And even in some cases the rule seems to be reversed, and we have the High German in England, as in Eclingas against Egilinga in Bavaria, Hoppingas against Hobinga in Alsace, Ticcingas against Dichingen, &c. It would seem as if our settlements were made, at least in part, by a people who if not High German, had at any rate considerable High German affinities. To what extent the speech of the Angles which I suppose to have been the main element in the Northumbrian dialect, would answer these conditions, I would rather leave to our higher Anglo-Saxon scholars to decide. But it seems to me, so far as I may venture to give an opinion, that Lappenberg’s theory, that the Saxons were accompanied by Franks, Frisians, and Lombards, would perhaps better than any other meet all the requirements of the case. Whence for instance could come such a form as Cwichelm for Wighelm, apparently a rather strongly marked Frankish form? Or Cissa (Chissa) for, as I suppose, Gisa, which would be apparently in conformity with a Frisian form? I have endeavoured to go into this subject more fully in a subsequent chapter, more particularly with regard to the Franks, and to show that there are a number of names in Anglo-Saxon times which might be of Frankish origin, and which perhaps it would be difficult to account for on any other theory. And it must be borne in mind that the earlier date now generally assigned for the first Teutonic settlements, naturally tends to give greater latitude to the inquiry as to the races by whom those settlements were made.
Another difference to be noted is that whereas all our settlements seem to have been made in heathen times, those of Germany extend into Christian times, as shown by such names as Johanningen, Jagobingen, and Steveningen, containing the scriptural names John, Jacob and Stephen. There is another and a curious name, Satanasinga, which, the place to which it is applied being a waste, seems to describe the people who lived in it, or around it, perhaps in reference to their forlorn condition, as “the children of Satan.” The adoption of scriptural names seems to have taken place at a later period in England than either in Germany or in France. And we have not, as I believe, a single instance in our surnames of a scriptural name in an Anglo-Saxon patronymic form, as the Germans, judging from the above, might—possibly may—have.
Another point of difference between the Anglo-Saxon and the German settlements would seem to be this, that while the German list contains a considerable proportion of compound names, such as Willimundingas and Managoldingas, the Anglo-Saxon list consists almost exclusively of names formed of a single word, and the exceptions may almost be counted upon the fingers. With this I was at first considerably puzzled, but on looking more carefully into the lists, it seemed to me apparent that many of the names assumed by Mr. Kemble from names of places were in reality compound names in a disguised and contracted form. And as Tidmington, whence he derives Tidmingas, was properly Tidhelmingtun, so I conceive that Osmingas derived from Osmington, ought properly to be Oshelmingas, and Wylmingas, found in Wilmington, to be Wilhelmingas. So also I take it that Wearblingas, found in Warblington, ought to be Warboldingas, that Weomeringas, deduced from Wymering, ought to be Wigmeringas, and that Horblingas, found in Horbling, ought to be Horbaldingas. There are several other names, such as Scymplingas, Wramplingas, Wearmingas, Galmingas, &c., that seem as they stand, to be scarcely possible for names of men, and which may also contain compounds in a corrupted or contracted form. In addition to this, I note the following, found in ancient charters, which Mr. Kemble seems to have overlooked, Ægelbyrhtingas, found in Ægelbyrtingahyrst, No. 1041, Ceolredingas, found in Colredinga gemerc, 1149, and Godhelmingas found in Godelmingum, 314. If all these were taken into account, the difference, though it would still exist, might not be so great as to be unaccountable, considering that our settlements were made to a considerable extent at an earlier date, and by tribes more or less differing from those of Germany. It raises, moreover the question, dealt with in a very thorough manner by Stark, as to the extent to which these short and simple names may be contractions of compound names. I have referred to the subject in another place, and I will only observe at present that from the instances he cites the practice seems to have been rather specially common among the Frisians. Now it will be found on comparing the names of our ancient settlers with the Frisian names past and present cited by Outzen and Wassenberg, that there is a very strong family likeness between them, though we need not take it to amount to more than this, that the Frisian names may be taken as a type of the kind of names prevalent among the other neighbouring Low German tribes, until it can be more distinctly shown that there were settlements made by the Frisians themselves. And I have brought these names into the comparison simply as being the nearest representatives that I can find.
Notwithstanding the complete and valuable tables drawn up by Mr. Taylor for the purpose of comparing the Anglo-Saxon settlements with those of Germany, I have thought it useful to supplement them by another confined exclusively to the names drawn from ancient German records, and therefore, so far as they go, entirely trustworthy. And I take the opportunity to compare our existing surnames with these ancient names thus shown to be common to the great Teutonic family.
In the following table I have given then, first the Anglo-Saxon names from Kemble’s lists, then the corresponding Old German from that of Foerstemann, with the district in which it is found, and, wherever identified, the existing name of the place, then names corresponding from the Liber Vitæ or elsewhere to show continued Anglo-Saxon use, with also Frisian names as already mentioned, and finally, the existing English surnames with which I compare them. It will be seen that these surnames in not a few cases retain an ancient vowel-ending in a, i, or o, as explained in a preceding chapter.
THE EARLY SAXON SETTLEMENTS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF GERMANY.
Anglo-Saxon
German
Locality in Germany
(L.V.), Liber Vitæ. (F.), Frisian
English Surnames
Aldingas }
Oldingas }
Aldinge
Now Aldingen, in Würtemburg
Alda (L.V.), Alte (F.)
Allday, Allt, Old, Olding.
Æceringas30
Aguringas
Now Egringen in Bavaria
Aker (L.V.)
Ager, Acres.
Ælingas
Allingen
Bavaria
Alli (L.V.), Alle (F.)
Alley, Allo.
Ælfingas }
Ælpingas }
Albungen
Hesse Cassell
Alef (F.)
Aulph, Alpha, Elvy.
Æfeningas
{Heveningare
{ marca
Appenzell
Afun (L.V.)
Heaven? Evening.
Antingas
Endinga
Now Endingen, in Baden
Anta (A.S.)
And, Andoe, Hand.
Æscingas
Esginga
...
Æsc (A.S.)
Ask, Ashe.
Ætingas
Adinga
Pruss. Saxony
Atta (A.S.), Atte (F.)
Hatt.
Bæbingas
Papinga
Now Pabing, in Austria
Babba (A.S.), Babe (F.)
Babb.
Baningas
Boninge
...
Beana (L.V.), Banne (F.)
Bann, Banning.
Bædingas }
Beadingas }
Patinga
{Now Beddingen, in Brunswick;
{also Baden, Prussia, Austria
Bada, Betti (L.V.)
Batt, Batty, Betty, Batting.
Bassingas
Pasingas
Bavaria
Bass (A.S.)
Bass, Pass.
Bæcgingas }
Beccingas }
Pæccingas }
Bachingen
Beckinga
Würtemburg
Rhenish Prussia
Baga, Backa (L.V.)
Bagge, Back, Beck, Peck.
Bensingas
Pinsinga
Bavaria
Benza (L.V.)
Bence.
Bircingas
Biricchingen
...
...
Birch.
Bebingas
Bebingun
Bavaria, Würtg.
Bebba (A.S.)
Bibb, Bibby, Beeby.
Billingas
Bilinga
Hess., Würt., Friesland
...
Bill, Billow, Billing.
Binningas
Binnungen
Now Bingen, on Rhine
Bynni (L.V.), Binne (F.)
Binney, Binning.
Bydelingas
Budilingen
Luxembg., Austria
Botel (F.)
Biddle.
Briningas
...
...
Bryni (L.V.)
Brine, Brinney.
Beorningas
Pirninga
Würtemburg
Beorn (L.V.)
Burn, Burning.
Bondingas
...
...
Bonde (L.V., F.)
Bond.
Beormingas
Bermingahem
...
...
Breem.
Brydingas
Breidinge
Hesse Cass., Pruss. Sax.
...
Bride, Bird.
Bridlingas
Britlingi
Now Brütlingen, in Hanr.
...
Bridle.
Blæcingas
...
...
Blaca (L.V.)
Black.
Bruningas
Brunninga
Austria
Brôn (L.V.), Bruyn (F.)
Brown, Browning.
Beorhtingas }
Byrtingas }
Perhtingen
Bavaria
Bercht (L.V.), Berti (F.)
Burt, Bright, Brighty, Brighting.
Brihtlingas
Bertelingas
Rhen. Prussia
...
Brightly, Brittell.
Buccingas
Puchinga
...
Bocco, Buco (F.)
Buck, Puck.
Bullingas
Bollinga
{Bullingen, in Rh. Pruss.
{Also Tyrol and Westphal.
Bolle (F.)
Bull, Bolley, Bulling.
Byttingas }
Buddinga
Baden, Würt., Friesland
Bota (L.V.)
Budd, Butt, Botting.
Potingas }
Potingin
Baden, Aust., Friesland
Botte (F.)
Pott, Potto.
Bobingas }
Bofingas }
Bobinga
Bobingen, in Bav.
Bofa (L.V.), Poppe (F.)
Boby, Poppy.
Bosingas
Bosinga
Austria, Würt.
Bosa (L.V.)
Boss, Bossey.
Buslingas
Buselingen
Büssling, by Schaffhausen
...
Bussell.
Burringas
Buringen
Würtemburg.
Burra (L.V.), Bore (F.)
Burr.
Cægingas
Cachinga
...
Kay, Key (F.)
Kay, Key (see p. 10).
Callingas
Callinge
Holland
Kalle (F.)
Call, Callow.
Ceaningas
Conninge
Würtemburg
Canio (L.V.), Keno (F.)
Cann, Canning.
Cearlingas
Chirlingen
Kierling, in Austria
Karl (L.V.), Carl (F.)
Charley, Charles.
Cifíngas
Cheffingin
Würtemburg
Ceefi (L.V.)
Chaff, Chaffey.
Ceopingas
Chuppinga
Würtemburg
...
Chope, Chubb.
Copingas
Cofunga
Hesse Cassel
Cufa, Coifi (Ang.-Sax.)
Coffey, Cuff, Cuffey.
Codingas }
Cuttingas
Near Metz
Goda, (L.V.)
Goad, Codd, Coate, Godding.
Cotingas }
Gotinga
Bavaria
Gode (F.)
Colingas
Cholinga
...
Ceolla (L.V.)
Coll, Collie, Colling.
Cocingas
Gukkingin
Gugging, in Austria
...
Cock.
Cressingas
Chresinga
Würtemberg
...
Cressy.
Cnottingas
Knutingen
...
Cnut (L.V.)
Knott.
Cnudlingas
Cnutlinga
Baden
...
Nuttall.
Cenesingas31
{Kenzinga
{Gensingen
Kenzingen, in Baden
Gensungen, Hess. Cass.
...
Chance?
Centingas
Gandingen
Friesland
Kaenta (L.V.)
Cant, Gant, Gandy.
Culingas
...
...
...
Cull, Cooling.
Denningas
Daningen
Baden
Dene (L.V.)
Dane, Dana, Denn, Denning.
Dillingas
Dilinga
Dillengen, in Bav.
Tilli (L.V.), Tilo (F.)
Dill, Till, Tilly.
Deorlingas }
Teorlingas }
Darlingin
Brunswick
...
Darrell, Darling.
Dissingas }
Tissingas }
Tisinga
Bavaria
Tisa, Disa (F.)
Dyce, Dicey, Tisoe.
Ticcangas
Dichingen
Friesland, Bav.
Tycca (A.S.)
Dick.
Dyclingas
Tuchilingen
Now Tuchling
...
Dickle, Tickle.
Doccingas
Dockinga
Friesland
Tocki (L.V.), Tocke (F.)
Dock, Tocque, Docking.
Dodingas
...
...
Doda (F.)
Dodd, Todd.
Dunningas
Tuningas
...
Duna (L.V.)
Dunn, Dunning.
Eastringas
Austringa
Oestringen, in Baden
...
Easter.
Edingas }
Edinga
Holland, Baden, Bav.
Ede (L.V.), Edde (F.)
Eddy.
Oddingas }
Odinga
Westphal., Bav.
Oda (L.V.), Odde (F.)
Oddy.
Elcingas
...
...
...
Elk, Elcy, Elgee.
Ecgingas
Eginga
Schaffhausen, Bav.
Ecga (L.V.), Egga (F.)
Egg.
Eclingas
Egilinga
Bavaria
Ecgel (A.S.)
Edgell, Egle.
Elsingas
Elisingun
Hesse
Elsi (L.V.), Ealse (F.)
Else, Elsey, Elliss.
Eppingas }
Ebinga
Baden, Austria
Ebbi (L.V.)
{Epps.
Ippingas }
Ippinga
Ippingen, on Danube
Eppe (F.)
{Hipp.
Everingas }
Eoforingas }
Eburingen
Pruss. Silesia
...
Ever, Every, Heber.
Eorpingas
Arpingi
...
Earbe (L.V.), Arpe (F.)
Harp, Earp.
Fearingas
Faringa
Upper Bav. & L. Constance
...
Farre, Farrow.
Fearningas
...
...
Forne (L.V.)
Fearn.
Finningas
Finninga
...
Finn (A.S.)
Finn, Finney.
Fincingas
...
...
Finc (A.S.), surname
Finch.
Folcingas
Fulchingen
...
Folco (L.V.)
Fulke.
Frodingas
...
...
Frode (L.V.)
Froude.
Gâringas }
Coringas }
Geringen
Würtemberg
...
Gore, Cory.
Gestingas
...
...
...
Guest, Gasting.
Geofuningas
Gebeningen
Austria
...
Giffen.
Gisilingas }
Gillingas }
Gisilinga
Bavaria
Gisle, Gille (L.V.)
Gill.
Gealdingas }
Goldingas }
Geltingen
Gelting, in Bav.
Golde (A.S.), Giolt (F.)
Gold, Galt, Golding.
Hallingas
Halinge
Bavaria
Halle (L.V.)
Hall, Halling.
Hæglingas
Hegelinge
Bavaria
Hagel (A.S.)
Hail, Hailing.
Hanesingas
Anzinga
Bavaria
...
Hance.
Heardingas }
Hardinghen
Pas de Calais
Hart (F.)
Hard, Hardy.
Heartingas }
Hertingen
Bavaria
...
Hart, Harding.
Hæslingas }
Æslingas }
Hasalinge
Near Bremen
Esel (L.V.), Hessel (F.)
Hasell.
Hanningas }
Heningas }
Anningas }
Heninge
...
Anna (L.V.), Hanne, Enno (F.)
Hann, Hanning, Henn, Anning, Anne.
Hillingas }
Illingas }
Illingun
Illingen, in Baden
Ylla (L.V.), Hille (F.)
Hill
Honingas
Oningas
Oeningen, on L. Constance
Ona (L.V.), Onno (F.)
Hone.
Horningas
...
...
Horn (A.S.)
Horne, Horning.
Herelingas
Herlingun
Austria
Harrol (F.)
Harle, Harley, Harling.
Hoppingas
Hobinga
Near Metz
Obbe, Hobbe (F.)
Hopp, Hoby, Hopping.
Hæcingas
Hahhinga
Haching, near Munich
Hacci (L.V.), Acke (F.)
Hack, Hacking.
Hafocingas
Hauechingas
Rhen. Pruss.
Hauc (L.V.)
Hawke.
Hocingas
Hohingun
Near Cologne and Zurich
Hoco (F.)
Hockey.
Hucingas
Huchingen
Friesland
...
Hook.
Huningas
Huninga
Hüningen, near Basle
Una (L.V.), Hunne (F.)
Hunn, Honey.
Huntingas
Huntingun
Baden
...
Hunt, Hunting.
Ifingas
...
...
Ivo (L.V.)
Ive, Ivy.
Immingas
Eminga
Emmingen, in Würt.
Imma (L.V.), Emo, Imme (F.)
Eames, Yems, Hime.
Læferingas
Livaringa
Near Salzburg
...
Laver.
Lullingas
Lolinga
Lullingen, in Rh. Pruss.
Lolle (F.)
Lull, Lully.
Luddingas
Liutingen
Baden
Lioda (L.V.), Ludde (F.)
Lyde, Lutto.
Lofingas
Luppinge
...
Lufe (L.V.), Lubbe (F.)
Love, Loving.
Lidelingas
Lutilinga
Würtemburg
...
Liddle.
Locingas
...
...
Locchi (L.V.)
Lock, Lockie.
Leasingas
Lasingi
...
Leising (L.V.)
Lees, Lessy.
Manningas
Meningen
...
Man (L.V.), Manno (F.)
Mann, Manning.
Massingas
Masingi
...
Mæssa (A.S.)
Massey, Messing.
Madingas
Madungen
Sax-Weimar
...
Maddey.
Mægdlingas32
...
...
Mædle (L.V.)
Madle.
Mæccingas
Maginga
{Maching, in Bavaria
{Mechingen, by L. Constance
Mecga (A.S.)
Mekke (F.)
Maggy, May.
Mycgingas
...
...
...
Mico, Michie.
Merlingas
Marlingen
Bavaria
...
Merrill, Marl, Marling.
Mundlingas
Mundilinga
Bavaria
...
Mundell.
Marringas
Maringen
Baden, Würt.
Mar (A.S.)
Marr.
Meringas
Meringa
Hanover
...
Merry.
Millingas
Milinga
Bav., Rhen. Pruss.
Milo (L.V.)
Millie, Milo, Millinge.
Myrcingas33
Mirchingen
Lower Austria
Murk (F.)
Murch, Murchie.
Nydingas }
Neddingas }
Nidinga
Neidingen, in Rh. Pruss.
Nytta (L.V.), Nette (F.)
Need, Neate.
Nottingas
Notingen
Upper Bavaria
Noedt (F.)
Nott, Nutting.
Ossingas
Ossingen
Rh. Bavaria
Hosa (L.V.)
Hose.
Palingas
...
...
Paelli (L.V.)
Palev, Paling.
Pegingas
Biginga
Westphalia
Pega (L.V.)
Pegg, Bigg.
Penningas
Penningin
North Germany
Benna (A.S.)
Penn, Benn.
Puningas
Buninga
...
Buna (A.S.)
Bunn.
Pitingas
Pidingun
Austria
...
Pitt.
Poclingas
Puchilinga
Pückling, on Danube
...
Puckle, Buckle.
Piperingas
...
...
...
Piper.
Readingas
Radinga
Reding, in Luxembg.
Reid (F.)
Read.
Riccingas
...
...
Riki (F.)
Rich, Richey.
Ridingas
Ridingin
Rieding, in Upp. Bav.
...
Riddy, Rita, Ridding.
Riclingas
Richilinga
Reichling, on Rhine
Rykle (F.)
Regal, Wrigley.
Riplingas
Rupilinga
Upper Bavaria
...
Ripley.
Rollingas
Roldingen
Rolingen, in Luxembg.
Rolle (F.)
Rolle.
Ræfningas
Ravininge
Bavaria
Reuen (L.V.)
Raven.
Rodingas
Hrotthingun
Rh. Pruss., Bav.
Rudda (L.V.), Rode (F.)
Rodd, Rudd, Rudding.
Rossingas
Rossunga
...
Russe (F.)
Ross.
Ruscingas
...
...
Rosce (L.V.)
Rush.
Rocingas
Roggingun
Bavaria
Rogge, Rocche (F.)
Rock.
Rucingas
...
...
Rouke (F.)
Rugg, Ruck.
Sandringas
Sinderingum
Würtemburg
Sander (F.)
Sander.
Swaningas
Swaningun
Schwanningen, near Schaffhausen
Suan (L.V.)
Swan.
Syclingas
Sikilingin
Sittling, in Bav.
...
Sickle, Sickling.
Seaxlingas
Saxlinga
...
...
Satchell?
Sceardingas
Scardinga
Bavaria
...
Scard, Scarth.
Scytingas
Scithingi
...
Scytta (A.S.)
Skitt, Skeat, Shute.
Surlingas
...
...
Serlo (L.V.)
Sarle, Searle.
Scyrlingas
Skirilinga
Schierling, in Bav.
...
Shirley.
Sælingas
...
...
Salla (L.V.)
Sale, Sala.
Sceafingas
Sceuinge
...
...
Sheaf.
Scealingas
Scelinga
...
Sceal (L.V.)
Scally, Scales.
Snoringas
Snoringer
marca
Rh. Bav.
Snearri (L.V.)
Snare.
Snotingas
Snudinga
...
Snod (A.S.)
Snoad.
Sealfingas
Selvingen
...
...
Self, Selvey.
Stubingas
Staubingen
Staubing, in Bavaria
Stuf (A.S.)
Stubbs, Stubbing.
Secgingas
Siggingahem
Belgium
Sigga (L.V.)
Siggs, Sick.
Specingas
Speichingas
Spaichengen, in Westph.
Spech (Domesday)
Speck.
Sceaflingas
Schuffelinga
Schiflingen, in Luxembg.
...
Shovel.
Stæningas
...
...
Stean (L.V.), Steen (F.)
Stone, Stenning.
Sinningas
Siningas
...
Sinne (F.)
Siney, Shinn.
Stellingas
...
...
...
Stell.
Tædingas
Tattingas
Dettingen, in Bav.
Tade (F.)
Tadd, Taddy.
Tælingas
Telingen
Bavaria
Tella (L.V.), Tiele (F.)
Tall, Telling.
Dorringas
Torringun
Törring, in Austria
Tori (L.V.)
Torr.
Tutlingas
Tutlingun
Dutling, in Bav.
...
Tuttle.
Trumpingas34
...
...
...
Trump, Trumpy.
Thorningas
Thurninga
Dürningen, in Alsace
...
Thorne, Thorning.
Terringas
...
...
Terri (L.V.)
Terry.
Tucingas
Tuginga
Switzerland
Tuk (A.S.), Duce (L.V.)
Tuck, Duck.
Duringas
Turinga
Würtemburg
...
Turr, Durre, Turing.
Uffingas
Uffingen
Oeffingen, in Würtemburg
Offa (L.V.)
Ough, Hough, Huff.
Wearningas
Warningas
...
Warin (L.V.)
Warren, Warne.
Waceringas
Wacheringa
Friesland and Bav.
...
Waker.
Wealdringas
Waltringen
...
Wealdere (A.S.)
Walder, Walter.
Wasingas
Wasunga
Würtg., Sax. Mein.
Wasso (A.S.)
Wass.
Wippingas
...
...
...
Whipp.
Wittingas
Wittungen
Pruss. Sax.
Uitta (L.V.), Witte (F.)
Whit.
Willingas
Willinga
Bavaria
Wille (F.)
Will, Willow, Willing.
Winingas
Winninge
Winningen, on Rhine
Wynna, Uini (L.V.)
Wine, Winn, Winning.
Wealdingas
Waltingun
Austria
Wald (A.S.), Walte (F.)
Waldie, Waldo.
Wælsingas
Walasingas
...
...
Walsh.
Watingas
Waddinga
Weddingen, in Rh. Pruss.
Uada (L.V.), Uatto (F.)
Watt, Waddy.
Wellingas
Wellingen
Baden
...
Well.
Wigingas }
Wiccingas }
Wikinka
Bavaria
Uicga (L.V.), Wigge, Wicco (F.)
Wigg, Wicking.
Wylfingas
Vulfinga
...
Wulf (A.S.)
Wolf.
Wrihtingas
Wirtingen
Austria
...
Wright.
Watringas
Wateringas
Wettringen, in Westph.
...
Water.
Wendlingas
Wenilinga
Near Strasburg
Windel (A.S.)
Windle, Wintle.
Wrihtlingas
Riutilinga
Reutlingen, in Würtg.
...
Riddle.
Wealcingas
...
...
Walch (L.V.), Walke (F.)
Walk, Walkey, Walking.
Wealcringas
...
...
Wealcere (A.S.)
Walker.
Wealingas
Walanger
marca
On the Lahn
Walls (F.)
Wall.
Waplingas
Waplinga
...
...
Waple.
Wræningas
...
...
...
Wren, Rennie.
Wilrincgas
Williheringa
Willering, on Danube
Wyller (A.S.)
Willer.
I may observe with regard to the Anglo-Saxon names in the above lists that there is occasionally a little corruption in their forms. The English trouble with the letter h seems to have been present even at this early day. We have Allingas and Hallingas, Anningas and Hanningas, Eslingas and Haslingas, Illingas and Hillingas, in all of which cases the analogy of Old German names would show the h to be in all probability an intruder. And the same applies to the Hanesingas, the Honingas, and the Hoppingas. There is also an occasional intrusion of b or p, thus the Trumpingas, whence the name of Trumpington, should be properly, I take it, Trumingas, A.S. trum, firm, strong. Stark suggests a Celtic word, drumb, but the intrusion of p is so easy that I think any other explanation hardly necessary. The Sempingas, found in Sempingaham, now Sempringham, should also, I take it, be Semingas, which would be in accordance with Teutonic names, whereas semp is a scarcely possible form. Basingstoke, the original of which was Embasingastoc, owes its name to a similar mistake. It would be properly I think Emasingastoc, which would correspond with a Teutonic name-stem. A similar intrusion of t occurs in the case of Glæstingabyrig (now Glastonbury), which should I think be Glæssingabyrig; this again would correspond with an ancient name-stem, which in its present form it does not. So also I take it that Distingas, found in Distington in Cumberland, is only a phonetic corruption of Dissingas, if indeed, (which I very strongly doubt) Distington is from a tribe-name at all. Both of these intrusions are natural from a phonetic point of view, tending as they do to give a little more backbone to a word, and they frequently occur, as I shall have elsewhere occasion to note, in the range of English names.
My object in the present chapter has been more especially to show the intimate connection between our early Saxon names, and those of the general Teutonic system. But now I come to a possible point of difference. All the names of Germany would tend to come to England, but if Anglo-Saxon England made any names on her own account, they would not go back to Germany. For the tide of men flows ever west-ward, and there was no return current in those days. Now there do seem to be certain name-stems peculiar to Anglo-Saxon England, and one of these is peht or pect, which may be taken to represent Pict. The Teutonic peoples were in the habit of introducing into their nomenclature the names of neighbouring nations even when aliens or enemies. Thus the Hun and the Fin were so introduced, the latter more particularly by the Scandinavians who were their nearest neighbours. There is a tendency among men to invest an enemy upon their borders, of whom they may be in constant dread, with unusual personal characteristics of ferocity or of giant stature. Thus the word Hun, as Grimm observes, seems to have become a synonym of giant, and Ohfrid, a metrical writer of the ninth century, describes the giant Polyphemus as the “grosse hun.” Something similar I have noted (in a succeeding chapter on the names of women, in voce Emma) as possibly subsisting between the Saxons and their Celtic neighbours. The Fins again, who as a peculiarly small people could not possibly be magnified into giants, were invested with magical and unearthly characteristics, and the word became almost, if not quite, synonymous with magician. This then seems to represent something of the general principle, upon which such names have found their way into the Teutonic system of nomenclature.
While then England received all the names formed from peoples throughout the Teutonic area, the Goth, the Vandal, the Bavarian, the Hun, and the Fin, in the names of men, there was one such stem which she had and which the rest of Germany had not, for she alone was neighbour to the Pict. Perhaps I should qualify this statement so far as the Old Saxons of the seaboard are concerned, for they were also neighbours, though as far as we know, the Pict did not figure in their names of men. From the stem pect the Anglo-Saxons had a number of names, as Pecthun or Pehtun, Pecthath, Pectgils, Pecthelm, Pectwald, Pectwulf, all formed in accordance with the regular Teutonic system, but none of them found elsewhere than in Anglo-Saxon England. Of these names we may have one, Pecthun, in our surname Picton, perhaps also the other form Pehtun in Peyton or Paton. The Anglo-Saxons no doubt aspirated the h in Pehtun, but we seem in such cases either to drop it altogether, or else to represent it by a hard c, according perhaps as it might have been more or less strongly aspirated. Indeed the Anglo-Saxons themselves would seem to have sometimes dropped it altogether, if the name Piott, in a will of Archbishop Wulfred, A.D. 825, is the same word (which another name Piahtred about the same period would rather seem to indicate). And this suggests that our name Peat may be one of its present representatives. We have again a name Picture, which might represent an Anglo-Saxon Pecther (heri, warrior) not yet turned up, but a probable name, the compound being a very common one.
I do not think it necessary to go into the case of any other name-stem which I do not find except among the Anglo-Saxons, inasmuch as, there being in their case no such reason for the restriction as in that to which I have been referring, it may only be that they have not as yet been disinterred.
Footnotes
28 From a similar origin is the name of the Scandinavian Vikings, Vik-ing, from vik, a bay.
29 Archæological Journal.
30 The reader must bear in mind that Ang.-Sax. æ is pronounced as a in “ant.”
31 I take the word contained herein to be “ganz,” an ancient stem in names.
32 Properly, I think, “Mædlingas,” as it has nothing to do with Ang.-Sax. “mægd,” maid.
33 The same, I take it, as the “Myrgingas” in the Traveller’s Tale.
34 Properly, I take it, “Trumingas,” Ang.-Sax. “trum” firm, strong.