Appendix III
Reviews1
1. It is suggested that each of these reviews be assigned for a written test.
I. Review of Vocabulary and Grammar Through Lesson VIII
502. Give the English of the following words:1
Nouns
agricola
ancilla
aqua
casa
causa
cēna
corōna
dea
domina
fābula
fera
fīlia
fortūna
fuga
gallīna
iniūria
īnsula
lūna
nauta
pecūnia
puella
pugna
sagitta
silva
terra
tuba
via
victōria
Adjectives
alta
bona
clāra
grāta
lāta
longa
magna
mala
nova
parva
pulchra
sōla
Verbs
amat
dat
est
habitat
labōrat
laudat
nārrat
necat
nūntiat
parat
portat
pugnat
sunt
vocat
| Prepositions | Pronouns | Adverbs | Conjunctions | Interrogative Particle |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ā or ab ad cum dē ē or ex in | mea tua quis cuius cui quem quid | cūr deinde nōn ubi | et quia quod | -ne |
1. Proper nouns and proper adjectives are not repeated in the reviews. Words used in Cassar’s “Gallic War” are in heavy type.
503. Give the Latin of the following words:1
Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you have underlined.
flight
story
new
lives (verb)
away from
who
why
forest
wreath
deep, high
dinner
famous
cottage
battle (noun)
trumpet
lady, mistress
whom
island
wide
tells
money
calls
with
your
then, in the
next place
daughter
to whom
fortune
out from
labors (verb)
gives
small
in
and
sailor
farmer
goddess
wild beast
praises (verb)
alone
pleasing
prepares
are
to
because
arrow
my
kills
girl
fights (verb)
carries
chicken
victory
land
what
way
bad
loves
pretty
water
great
is
announces
injury, wrong
where
not
good
maid
down from
long
cause
whose
1. The translations of words used in Cæsar are in italics.
504. Review Questions. How many syllables has a Latin word? How are words divided into syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the antepenult? When is a syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is the law of Latin accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the predicate; the object; the copula. What is inflection? declension? conjugation? What is the ending of the verb in the third person singular, and what in the plural? What does the form of a noun show? Name the Latin cases. What case is used for the subject? the direct object? the possessor? What relation is expressed by the dative case? Give the rule for the indirect object. How are questions answered in Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an attributive adjective? What is meant by agreement? Give the rule for the agreement of the adjective. What are the three relations expressed by the ablative? What can you say of the position of the possessive pronoun? the modifying genitive? the adjective? What is the base? What is grammatical gender? What is the rule for gender in the first declension? What are the general principles of Latin word order?
505. Fill out the following summary of the first declension:
| The First or Ā-Declension | 1. Ending in the nominative singular | |
| 2. Rule for gender | ||
| 3. Case terminations | a. Singular b. Plural | |
| 4. Irregular nouns | ||
II. Review of Lessons Ix-Xvii
506. Give the English of the following words:
Nouns of the First Declension
agrī cultūra
cōnstantia
cōpia
dīligentia
fāma
fēmina
galea
inopia
lacrima
lōrīca
patria
praeda
Nouns of the Second Declension
ager
amīcus
arma (plural)
auxilium
bellum
carrus
castrum
cibus
cōnsilium
domicilium
dominus
equus
fīlius
fluvius
frūmentum
gladius
lēgātus
līberī
magister
mūrus
numerus
oppidānus
oppidum
pīlum
populus
praemium
proelium
puer
scūtum
servus
studium
tēlum
vīcus
vir
Adjectives of the First and Second Declensons
aeger, aegra, aegrum
alius, alia, aliud
alter, altera, alterum
armātus, -a, -um
crēber, crēbra, crēbrum
dūrus, -a, -um
fīnitimus, -a, -um
īnfīrmus, -a, -um
legiōnārius, -a, -um
līber, lībera, līberum
mātūrus, -a, -um
meus, -a, -um
miser, misera, miserum
multus, -a, -um
neuter, neutra, neutrum
noster, nostra, nostrum
alter, altera, alterum
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
sōlus, -a, -um
suus, -a, -um
fīnitimus, -a, -um
tuus, -a, -um
ūllus, -a, -um
ūnus, -a, -um
uter, utra, utrum
validus, -a, -um
vester, vestra, vestrum
| Verbs | Demonstrative Pronoun | Adverbs |
|---|---|---|
| arat cūrat dēsīderat mātūrat properat | is, ea, id Conjunctions an -que sed | iam quō saepe Preposition apud |
507. Give the Latin of the following words:
sword
corselet
man
your (plural)
hasten
but
among
tear (noun)
village
strong
long for
and (enclitic)
often
want (noun)
which (of two)
care for
or (in a question)
whither
wagon
townsman
wretched
ripe
war
number
my
free (adj.)
children
wall
grain
weapon
one
plow (verb)
this or that
already
helmet
river
zeal
any
he
son
slave
your (singular)
she
woman
horse
shield (noun)
whole
it
aid (noun)
legionary
weak
arms
master
(of school)
friend
neighboring
sick
lieutenant
field
report, rumor
abode
boy
his own
alone
prize (noun)
master (owner)
carefulness
plenty
troops
plan (noun)
people
beautiful
no (adj.)
our
battle
spear
food
steadiness
fatherland
town
fort
camp
neither (of two)
much
agriculture
other
the other (of two)
hard
booty
frequent
armed
508. Review Questions. How many declensions are there? What three things must be known about a noun before it can be declined? What three cases of neuter nouns are always alike, and in what do they end in the plural? What two plural cases are always alike? When is the vocative singular not like the nominative? What is a predicate noun? With what does it agree? What is an appositive? Give the rule for the agreement of an appositive. How can we tell whether a noun in -er is declined like puer or like ager? Decline bonus, līber, pulcher. How can we tell whether an adjective in -er is declined like līber or like pulcher? Why must we say nauta bonus and not nauta bona? Name the Latin possessive pronouns. How are they declined? With what does the possessive pronoun agree? When do we use tuus and when vester? Why is suus called a reflexive possessive? What is the non-reflexive possessive of the third person? When are possessives omitted? What four uses of the ablative case are covered by the relations expressed in English by with? Give an illustration in Latin of the ablative of manner; of the ablative of cause; of the ablative of means; of the ablative of accompaniment. What ablative regularly has cum? What ablative sometimes has cum? What uses of the ablative never have cum? Name the nine pronominal adjectives, with their meanings. Decline alius, nūllus. Decline is. What does is mean as a demonstrative adjective or pronoun? What other important use has it?
509. Fill out the following summary of the second declension:
| The Second or O-Declension | 1. Endings in the nominative | |
| 2. Rule for gender | ||
| 3. Case terminations of nouns in -us | a. Singular b. Plural | |
| a. The vocative singular of nouns in -us | ||
| 4. Case terminations of nouns in -um | a. Singular b. Plural | |
| 5. Peculiarities of nouns in -er and -ir | ||
| 6. Peculiarities of nouns in -ius and -ium | ||
III. Review of Lessons Xviii-Xxvi
510. Give the English of the following words:
Nouns of the First Declension
disciplīna
fōrma
poena
potentia
rēgīna
superbia
trīstitia
Nouns of the Second Declension
lūdus ōrnāmentum sacrum socius verbum
Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions
amīcus
antīquus
fīnitimus
grātus
idōneus
inimīcus
interfectus
īrātus
laetus
molestus
perpetuus
proximus
septem
superbus
| Adverbs | Conjunctions | Personal Pronoun | |
|---|---|---|---|
| hodiē ibi maximē | mox nunc nūper | etiam nōn sōlum... sed etiam | ego |
| Verbs | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| CONJ. I | CONJ. II | CONJ. III | CONJ. IV |
| volō, -āre IRREGULAR VERB sum, esse | dēleō, -ēre doceō, -ēre faveō, -ēre habeō, -ēre iubeō, -ēre moneō, -ēre moveō, -ēre noceō, -ēre pāreō, -ēre persuādeō, -ēre sedeō, -ēre studeō, -ēre videō, -ēre | agō, -ere capiō, -ere crēdō, -ere dīcō, -ere dūcō, -ere faciō, -ere fugiō, -ere iaciō, -ere mittō, -ere rapiō, -ere regō, -ere resistō, -ere | audiō, -īre mūniō, -īre reperiō, -īre veniō, -īre |
511. Give the Latin of the following words. In the case of verbs always give the first form and the present infinitive.
ancient
come
resist
see
be
fly
I
proud
word
sadness
find
rule (verb)
be eager for
not only...
but also
seven
ally, companion
pride
fortify
send
sit
also
school
hear
hurl
persuade
only
nearest
sacred rite
queen
flee
obey
lately
constant
ornament
power
make, do
injure
now
annoying
lead
move
soon
glad
punishment
believe
advise
especially,
most of all
angry
beauty
say
command (verb)
there
slain
training
take
have
to-day
unfriendly
drive
favor (verb)
suitable
pleasing
teach
neighboring
destroy
friendly
seize
512. Review Questions. What is conjugation? Name two important differences between conjugation in Latin and in English. What is tense? What is mood? What are the Latin moods? When do we use the indicative mood? Name the six tenses of the indicative. What are personal endings? Name those you have had. Inflect sum in the three tenses you have learned. How many regular conjugations are there? How are they distinguished? How is the present stem found? What tenses are formed from the present stem? What is the tense sign of the imperfect? What is the meaning of the imperfect? What is the tense sign of the future in the first two conjugations? in the last two? Before what letters is a final long vowel of the stem shortened? What are the three possible translations of a present, as of pugnō? Inflect arō, sedeō, mittō, faciō, and veniō, in the present, imperfect, and future active. What forms of -iō verbs of the third conjugation are like audiō? what like regō? Give the rule for the dative with adjectives. Name the special intransitive verbs that govern the dative. What does the imperative mood express? How is the present active imperative formed in the singular? in the plural? What three verbs have a shortened present active imperative? Give the present active imperative of portō, dēleō, agō, faciō, mūniō.
IV. Review of Lessons Xxvii-Xxxvi
513. Give the English of the following words:
Nouns of the First Declension
āla cūra mora porta prōvincia vīta
Nouns of the Second Declension
animus
aurum
bracchium
deus
locus
mōnstrum
nāvigium
ōrāculum
perīculum
ventus
vīnum
Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions
adversus
attentus
cārus
commōtus
dēfessus
dexter
dubius
maximus
perfidus
plēnus
saevus
sinister
Adverbs
anteā
celeriter
dēnique
diū
frūstrā
graviter
ita
longē
semper
subitō
tamen
tum
Conjunctions
autem sī ubi
Prepositions
dē per prō sine
| Verbs | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| CONJ. I | CONJ. II | ||
| adpropinquō nāvigō occupō postulō | recūsō reportō servō stō | superō temptō vāstō vulnerō | contineō egeō prohibeō respondeō teneō |
| CONJ. III | IRREGULAR VERB | ||
| discēdō | gerō | interficiō | absum |
514. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.
be away
wind
through
if
savage
wound (verb)
wine
delay
faithless
right
seize
quickly
before, in behalf of
battle
down from or concerning
moreover
greatest
oracle
danger
lay waste
gate
doubtful
opposite, adverse
demand
finally
attentive
then, at that time
weary
overcome,
conquer
boat, ship
sail (verb)
life
save
full
refuse
heavily
monster
approach
nevertheless
place
be without,
lack
moved
gold
restrain, keep from
without
hold
suddenly
dear
always
god
hold in, keep
afar
thus, so,
as follows
arm (noun)
when
in vain
stand
bring back, win
before,
previously
depart,
go away
province
care, trouble
kill
reply (verb)
wing
mind, heart
left (adj.)
bear, carry on
try
for a long time
515. Give the principal parts and meaning of the following verbs:
sum
dō
teneō
iubeō
agō
mittō
mūniō
moveō
crēdō
rapiō
reperiō
dēleō
resistō
audiō
moneō
capiō
doceō
regō
faveō
noceō
dīcō
pāreō
dūcō
faciō
persuādeō
sedeō
studeō
fugiō
veniō
iaciō
videō
absum
egeō
gerō
stō
516. Review Questions. What are the personal endings in the passive voice? What is the letter -r sometimes called? What are the distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations? What forms constitute the principal parts? What are the three different conjugation stems? How may they be found? What are the tenses of the indicative? of the infinitive? What tense of the imperative have you learned? What forms are built on the present stem? on the perfect stem? on the participial stem? What are the endings of the perfect active indicative? What is the tense sign of the pluperfect active? of the future perfect active? How is the present active infinitive formed? the present passive infinitive? How is the present active imperative formed? the present passive imperative? How is the perfect active infinitive formed? the perfect passive infinitive? How is the future active infinitive formed? What is a participle? How are participles in -us declined? Give the rule for the agreement of the participle. How are the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive indicative formed? Conjugate the verb sum in all moods and tenses as far as you have learned it (§ 494). What is meant by the separative ablative? How is the place from which expressed in Latin? Give the rule for the ablative of separation; for the ablative of the personal agent. How can we distinguish between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent? What is the perfect definite? the perfect indefinite? What is the difference in meaning between the perfect indefinite and the imperfect? What two cases in Latin may be governed by a preposition? Name the prepositions that govern the ablative. What does the preposition in mean when it governs the ablative? the accusative? What are the three interrogatives used to introduce yes-and-no questions? Explain the force of each. What words are sometimes used for yes and no? What are the different meanings and uses of ubi?
V. Review of Lessons Xxxvii-Xliv
517. Give the English of the following words:
| Nouns | ||
|---|---|---|
| FIRST DECLENSION | SECOND DECLENSION | |
| rīpa | barbarī captīvus | castellum impedīmentum |
THIRD DECLENSION
animal
arbor
avis
caedēs
calamitās
calcar
caput
cīvis
cliēns
collis
cōnsul
dēns
dux
eques
fīnis
flūmen
fōns
frāter
homō
hostīs
ignis
imperātor
īnsigne
iter
iūdex
labor
lapis
legiō
mare
māter
mēnsis
mīles
mōns
nāvis
opus
ōrātor
ōrdō
pater
pedes
pēs
pōns
prīnceps
rēx
salūs
sanguis
soror
tempus
terror
turris
urbs
victor
virtūs
vīs
Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions
barbarus dexter sinister summus
| Prepositions | Adverbs | Conjunctions |
|---|---|---|
| in with the abl. in with the acc. trāns | cotīdiē numquam | nec, neque nec... nec, or neque... neque |
| Verbs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CONJ. I | CONJ. III | |||
| cessō confirmō | oppugnō vetō | accipiō incipiō | petō ponō | vincō vivō |
518. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:
forbid
rank, row
brother
force
across
savages
horseman
never
mountain
manliness,
courage
leader
put, place
time
savage,
barbarous
sister
seek
captive
hindrance,
baggage
man-of-war
judge
defeat, disaster
fire
tree
foot soldier
receive
general
highest
fountain
orator
neither... nor
and not
left
tooth
soldier
month
city
victor
daily
live (verb)
conquer
consul
mother
retainer
citizen
head
safety
assail, storm
begin
march
decoration
bridge
bird
cease
man
river
work (noun)
and
ship
bank
redoubt, fort
sea
tower
drill (verb)
legion
terror
into, to
right (adj.)
in
stone
blood
labor (noun)
king
spur
chief
slaughter
strengthen
foot
enemy
animal
father
519. Review Questions. Give the conjugation of possum. What is an infinitive? What three uses has the Latin infinitive that are like the English? What is the case of the subject of the infinitive? What is meant by a complementary infinitive? In the sentence The bad boy cannot be happy, what is the case of happy? Give the rule. Decline quī. Give the rule for the agreement of the relative. What are the two uses of the interrogative? Decline quis. What is the base of a noun? How is the stem formed from the base? Are the stem and the base ever the same? How many declensions of nouns are there? Name them. What are the two chief divisions of the third declension? How are the consonant stems classified? Explain the formation of lapis from the stem lapid-, mīles from mīlit-, rēx from rēg-. What nouns have i-stems? What peculiarities of form do i-stems have,—masc., fem., and neut.? Name the five nouns that have -ī and -e in the abl. Decline turris. Give the rules for gender in the third declension. Decline mīles, lapis, rēx, virtūs, cōnsul, legiō, homō, pater, flūmen, opus, tempus, caput, caedēs, urbs, hostis, mare, animal, vīs, iter.
520. Fill out the following scheme:
| The Third Declension | Gender Endings | Masculine Feminine Neuter | |
| Case Terminations | I. Consonant Stems | a. Masc. and fem. b. Neuters | |
| II. I-Stems | a. Masc. and fem. b. Neuters | ||
| Irregular Nouns | |||
VI. Review of Lessons Xlv-Lii
521. Give the English of the following words:
| Nouns | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| FIRST DECLENSION | SECOND DECLENSION | ||
| amīcitia hōra littera | annus modus nūntius oculus | rēgnum signum supplicium, supplicium dare supplicium sūmere dē | tergum, tergum vertere vestīgium |
| THIRD DECLENSION | FOURTH DECLENSION | ||
| aestās corpus hiems lībertās lūx, prīma lūx nōmen | nox pars pāx rūs sōl vōx vulnus | adventus cornū domus equitātus exercitus fluctus | impetus lacus manus metus portus |
| FIFTH DECLENSION | INDECLINABLE NOUN | ||
| aciēs diēs fidēs, in fidem venīre | rēs, rēs gestae rēs adversae rēs pūblica rēs secundae | spēs | nihil |
| Adjectives | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS | THIRD DECLENSION | ||
| dēnsus invīsus mīrus paucī prīmus | prīstinus pūblicus secundus tantus vērus | ācer, ācris, ācre brevis, breve difficilis, difficile facīlis, facile fortis, forte | gravis, grave incolumis, incolume omnis, omne pār, pār vēlōx, vēlōx |
| Pronouns | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PERSONAL | DEMONSTRATIVE | INTENSIVE | INDEFINITE |
| ego nōs suī tū vōs | hic īdem ille iste | ipse | aliquis, aliquī quīdam quis, quī quisquam quisque |
| Adverbs | Conjunctions | Prepositions | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nē... quidem ōlim | paene quoque | satis vērō | itaque nisi | ante post propter |
| Verbs | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| CONJ. I | CONJ. II | CONJ. III | CONJ. IV |
| conlocō convocō cremō dēmōnstrō mandō | dēbeō exerceō maneō placeō sustineō | committō, committere proelium dēcidō ēripiō sūmō, sūmere supplicium dē trādūcō vertō | dēsiliō |
522. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.
if not, unless
on account of
unharmed
public
commonwealth
leap down, dismount
lead across
remain
call together
friendship
footprint, trace
each
fear (noun)
hope
therefore
behind, after
so great
equal
in truth, indeed
that (yonder)
a certain
fall down
owe, ought
measure, mode
eye
name
wave, billow
thing, matter
exploits
republic
prosperity
adversity
former, old-time
all, every
any one (at all)
this (of mine)
heavy, serious
hateful, detested
true
burn
snatch from
letter
punishment
inflict
punishment on
suffer punishment
liberty
sun
sustain
take up, assume
hour
reign, realm
messenger
part, direction
body
harbor
faith, protection
of himself
also, too
sufficiently
burn
that (of yours)
before
you (plur.)
light
daybreak
winter
attack
line of battle
army
drill, train
join battle
house, home
midday
wonderful
brave
almost
the same
some, any
if any one
self, very
not even
easy
dense
point out, explain
difficult
first
arrange, station
please
year
peace
back
turn the back, retreat
night
hand, force
lake
day
commit, intrust
a few only
sharp, eager
we
turn
you (sing.)
I
signal
summer
cavalry
wound
horn, wing
country
second, favorable
short
voice
formerly, once
arrival
come under the
protection of
swift
nothing
523. Review Questions. By what declensions are Latin adjectives declined? What can you say about the stem of adjectives of the third declension? Into what classes are these adjectives divided? How can you tell to which of the classes an adjective belongs? Decline ācer, omnis, pār. What are the nominative endings and genders of nouns of the fourth or u-declension? What nouns are feminine by exception? Decline adventus, lacus, cornū, domus. Give the rules for the ordinary expression of the place to which, the place from which, the place in which. What special rules apply to names of towns, small islands, and rūs? What is the locative case? What words have a locative case? What is the form of the locative case? Translate Galba lives at home, Galba lives at Rome, Galba lives at Pompeii. What is the rule for gender in the fifth or ē-declension? Decline diēs, rēs. When is the long ē shortened? What can you say about the plural of the fifth declension? Decline tuba, servus, pīlum, ager, puer, mīles, cōnsul, flūmen, caedēs, animal. How is the time when expressed? Name the classes of pronouns and define each class. Decline ego, tū, is. What are the reflexives of the first and second persons? What is the reflexive of the third person? Decline it. Translate I see myself, he sees himself, he sees him. Decline ipse. How is ipse used? Decline īdem. Decline hic, iste, ille. Explain the use of these words. Name and translate the commoner indefinite pronouns. Decline aliquis, quisquam, quīdam, quisque.
VII. Review of Lessons Liii-Lx
524. Give the English of the following words:
| Nouns | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| FIRST DECLENSION | SECOND DECLENSION | ||
| aquila fossa | aedificium captīvus concilium | imperium negōtium | spatium vāllum |
THIRD DECLENSION
agmen
celeritās
cīvitās
clāmor
cohors
difficultās
explōrātor
gēns
lātitūdō
longitūdō
magnitūdō
mēns
mercātor
mīlle
mors
mulier
multitūdō
mūnītiō
nēmō
obses
opīniō
regiō
rūmor
scelus
servitūs
timor
vallēs
| FOURTH DECLENSION | FIFTH DECLENSION | |
| aditus commeātus | passus | rēs frūmentāria |
Adjectives
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
aequus
bīnī
ducentī
duo
exterus
īnferus
maximus
medius
minimus
opportūnus
optimus
pessimus
plūrimus
posterus
prīmus
reliquus
secundus
singulī
superus
tardus
ternī
ūnus
THIRD DECLENSION
alacer, alacris, alacre
audāx, audāx
celer, celeris, celere
citerior, citerius
difficilis, difficile
dissimilis, dissimile
facilis, facile
gracilis, gracile
humilis, humile
ingēns, ingēns
interior, interius
lēnis, lēne
maior, maius
melior, melius
minor, minus
nōbilis, nōbile
peior, peius
——, plūs
prior, prius
recēns, recēns
similis, simile
trēs, tria
ulterior, ulterius
Adverbs
ācriter
audācter
bene
facile
ferē
fortiter
magis
magnopere
maximē
melius
minimē
multum
optimē
parum
paulō
plūrimum
prope
propius
proximē
quam
statim
tam
undique
| Conjunctions | Prepositions | |
|---|---|---|
| atque, ac aut aut... aut et... et nam | quā dē causā quam ob rem simul atque or simul ac | circum contrā inter ob trāns |
| Verbs | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| CONJ. I | CONJ. II | ||
| cōnor hortor | moror vexō | obtineō perterreō | valeō vereor |
| CONJ. III | |||
| abdō cadō cognōscō cōnsequor contendō cupiō currō | dēdō dēfendō ēgredior incendō incolō īnsequor occīdō | patior premō proficīscor prōgredior quaerō recipiō relinquō | revertor sequor statuō subsequor suscipiō trādō trahō |
| CONJ. III | |||
| orior | perveniō | ||
525. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:
on account of
nearly
keenly, sharply
thousand
two
opportune
remaining
above (adj.)
next
grain supply
pace
shout (noun)
from all sides
against
around
three
further
line of march
manor
region
fortification
eagle
almost
boldly
bravely
across
between, among
hither (adj.)
so
less
more
most
worst
difficulty
hostage
death
command, power
captive
or
and
arrive
attempt, try
length
width
scout
cohort
tribe, nation
business
by a little
somewhat
crime
difficult
equal
move forward,
advance
multitude
woman
desire (verb)
give over,
surrender
kill
overtake
hasten, strive
hide
one
first
second, favorable
two hundred
former
inner
middle
low
outward
three by three
provisions
speed
ditch
wherefore or
therefore
for this reason
fear (noun)
return
inquire
set out
move out, disembark
fear (verb)
worse
greater, larger
two by two
least (adv.)
opinion,
expectation
approach, entrance
trader
magnitude, size
council, assembly
space, room
either... or
rise, arise
suffer, allow
press hard
fall
surrender
set fire to
defend
possess, hold
delay (verb)
nearest (adv.)
nearer (adv.)
better (adj.)
well known, noble
mild, gentle
swift
eager
low (adj.)
slender
one by one
no one
least (adv.)
little (adv.)
learn, know
drag
undertake
run
fix, decide
leave
abandon
be strong
receive, recover
terrify, frighten
dwell
state, citizenship
valley
slavery
greatly
best of all (adv.)
better (adv.)
well (adv.)
very much
much
unlike
like (adj.)
slow
very greatly,
exceedingly
building
mind (noun)
easily
easy
recent
huge, great
bold
immediately
as soon as
for
than
best (adj.)
greatest
follow close
encourage
annoy, ravage
hide
follow
pursue
both... and
rampart
526. Review Questions. What is meant by comparison? In what two ways may adjectives be compared? Compare clārus, brevis, vēlōx, and explain the formation of the comparative and the superlative. What are the adverbs used in comparison? Compare brevis by adverbs. Decline the comparative of vēlōx. How are adjectives in -er compared? Compare ācer, pulcher, liber. What are possible translations for the comparative and superlative? Name the six adjectives that form the superlative in -limus. Translate in two ways Nothing is brighter than the sun. Give the rule for the ablative with comparatives. Compare bonus, magnus, malus, multus, parvus, exterus, īnferus, posterus, superus. Decline plūs. Compare citerior, interior, propior, ulterior. Translate That route to Italy is much shorter. Give the rule for the expression of measure of difference. Name five words that are especially common in this construction. How are adverbs usually formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions? from adjectives of the third declension? Compare the adverbs cārē, līberē, fortiter, audācter. What cases of adjectives are sometimes used as adverbs? What are the adverbs from facilis? multus? prīmus? plūrimus? bonus? magnus? parvus? Compare prope, saepe, magnopere. How are numerals classified? Give the first twenty cardinals. Decline ūnus, duo, trēs, mīlle. How are the hundreds declined? What is meant by the partitive genitive? Give the rule for the partitive genitive. What sort of words are commonly used with this construction? What construction is used with quīdam and cardinal numbers excepting mīlle? Give the first twenty ordinals. How are they declined? How are the distributives declined? Give the rule for the expression of duration of time and extent of space. What is the difference between the ablative of time and the accusative of time? What is a deponent verb? Give the synopsis of one. What form always has a passive meaning? Conjugate amō, moneō, regō, capiō, audiō, in the active and passive.
VIII. Review of Lessons Lxi-Lxix
527. Review the vocabularies of the first seventeen lessons. See §§ 502, 503, 506, 507.
528. Review Questions. Name the tenses of the subjunctive. What time is denoted by these tenses? What are the mood signs of the present subjunctive? How may the imperfect subjunctive be formed? How do the perfect subjunctive and the future perfect indicative active differ in form? How is the pluperfect subjunctive active formed? Inflect the subjunctive active and passive of cūrō, dēleō, vincō, rapiō, mūniō. Inflect the subjunctive tenses of sum; of possum. What are the tenses of the participles in the active? What in the passive? Give the active and passive participles of amō, moneō, regō, capiō, audiō. Decline regēns. What participles do deponent verbs have? What is the difference in meaning between the perfect participle of a deponent verb and of one not deponent? Give the participles of vereor. How should participles usually be translated? Conjugate volō, nolō, mālō, fīō.
What is the difference between the indicative and subjunctive in their fundamental ideas? How is purpose usually expressed in English? How is it expressed in Latin? By what words is a Latin purpose clause introduced? When should quō be used? What is meant by sequence of tenses? Name the primary tenses of the indicative and of the subjunctive; the secondary tenses. What Latin verbs are regularly followed by substantive clauses of purpose? What construction follows iubeō? What construction follows verbs of fearing? How is consequence or result expressed in Latin? How is a result clause introduced? What words are often found in the principal clause foreshadowing the coming of a result clause? How may negative purpose be distinguished from negative result? What is meant by the subjunctive of characteristic or description? How are such clauses introduced? Explain the ablative absolute. Why is the ablative absolute of such frequent occurrence in Latin? Explain the predicate accusative. After what verbs are two accusatives commonly found? What do these accusatives become when the verb is passive?
Special Vocabularies
The Words in Heavy Type Are Used in Cæsar’s “Gallic War”
Lesson IV, § 39
Nouns
dea, goddess (deity)
Diā´na, Diana
fera, a wild beast (fierce)
Lātō´na, Latona
sagit´ta, arrow
Verbs
est, he (she, it) is; sunt, they are necat, he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill
Conjunction1
et, and
Pronouns
quis, interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., who?
cuius (pronounced co͝oi´yo͝os, two syllables), interrog. pronoun, gen. sing., whose?
1. A conjunction is a word which connects words, parts of sentences, or sentences.
Lesson V, § 47
Nouns
corō´na, wreath, garland, crown fā´bula, story (fable)
pecū´nia, money (pecuniary)
pugna, battle (pugnacious)
victō´ria, victory
Verbs
dat, he (she, it) gives nārrat, he (she, it) tells (narrate)
Conjunction1
quia or quod, because
Pronoun
cui (pronounced co͝oi, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, dat. sing., to whom? for whom?
1. A conjunction is a word which connects words, parts of sentences, or sentences.
Lesson VI, § 56
Adjectives
bona, good
grāta, pleasing
magna, large, great
mala, bad, wicked
parva, small, little
pulchra, beautiful, pretty
sōla, alone
Nouns
ancil´la, maidservant
Iūlia, Julia
Adverbs1
cūr, why
nōn, not
Pronouns
mea, my; tua, thy, your (possesives)
quid, interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., what?
-ne, the question sign, an enclitic (§ 16) added to the first word, which, in a question, is usually the verb, as amat, he loves, but amat´ne? does he love? est, he is; estne? is he? Of course -ne is not used when the sentence contains quis, cūr, or some other interrogative word.
1. An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings sweetly; she is very talented; she began to sing very early.
Lesson VII, § 62
Nouns
casa, -ae, f., cottage cēna, -ae, f., dinner gallī´na, -ae, f., hen, chicken
īn´sula, ae, f., island (pen-insula)
Adverbs
de-in´de, then, in the next place
ubi, where
Preposition
ad, to, with acc. to express motion toward
Verbs
ha´bitat, he (she, it) lives, is living, does live (inhabit)
laudat, he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise (laud)
parat, he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does prepare vocat, he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites, is inviting, does invite (vocation)
Pronoun
quem, interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., whom?
Lesson VIII, § 69
Nouns
Italia, -ae, f., Italy
Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily
tuba, -ae, f., trumpet (tube)
via, -ae, f., way, road, street (viaduct)
Adjectives
alta, high, deep (altitude)
clāra, clear, bright; famous
lāta, wide (latitude)
longa, long (longitude)
nova, new (novelty)
Lesson IX, § 77
Nouns
bellum, -ī, n., war (re-bel)
cōnstantia, -ae, f., firmness, constancy, steadiness dominus, -ī, m., master, lord (dominate)
equus, -ī, m., horse (equine)
frūmentum, -ī, n., grain
lēgātus, -ī, m., lieutenant, ambassador (legate)
Mārcus, -ī, m., Marcus, Mark
mūrus, -ī, m., wall (mural)
oppidānus, -ī, m., townsman
oppidum, -ī, n., town
pīlum, -ī, n., spear (pile driver)
servus, -ī, m., slave, servant
Sextus, -ī, m., Sextus
Verbs
cūrat, he (she, it) cares for, with acc.
properat, he (she, it) hastens
Lesson X, § 82
Nouns
amīcus, -ī, m., friend (amicable)
Germānia, -ae, f., Germany
patria, -ae, f., fatherland
populus, -ī, m., people
Rhēnus, -ī, m., the Rhine
vīcus, -ī, m., village
Lesson XI, § 86
| Nouns | |
| arma, armōrum, n., plur., arms, especially defensive weapons fāma, -ae, f., rumor; reputation, fame | galea, -ae, f., helmet praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoils (predatory) tēlum, -ī, n., weapon of offense, spear |
| Adjectives | |
| dūrus, -a, -um, hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome (durable) | Rōmānus, -a, -um, Roman. As a noun, Rōmānus, -ī, m., a Roman |
Lesson XII, § 90
Nouns
fīlius, fīlī, m., son (filial)
fluvius, fluvī, m., river (fluent)
gladius, gladī, m., sword (gladiator)
praesidium, praesi´dī, n., garrison, guard, protection
proelium, proelī, n., battle
Adjectives
fīnitimus, -a, -um, bordering upon, neighboring, near to. As a noun, fīnitimī, -ōrum, m., plur., neighbors
Germānus, -a, -um, German. As a noun, Germānus, -ī, m., a German multus, -a, -um, much; plur., many
Adverb
saepe, often
Lesson XIII, § 95
| Nouns | |
| ager, agrī, m., field (acre) cōpia, -ae, f., plenty, abundance (copious); plur., troops, forces Cornēlius, Cornē´lī, m., Cornelius lōrī´ca, -ae, f., coat of mail, corselet | praemium, praemī, n., reward, prize (premium) puer, puerī, m., boy (puerile) Rōma, -ae, f., Rome scūtum, -ī, n., shield (escutcheon) vir, virī, m., man, hero (virile) |
| Adjectives | |
| legiōnārius, -a, -um,1 legionary, belonging to the legion. As a noun, legiōnāriī, -ōrum, m., plur., legionary soldiers līber, lībera, līberum, free (liberty) As a noun. līberī, -ōrum, m., plur., children (lit. the freeborn) | pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, pretty, beautiful Preposition apud, among, with acc. Conjunction sed, but |
1. The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in -ius ends in -iī and the vocative in -ie; not in -ī, as in nouns.
Lesson XIV, § 99
| Nouns | |
| auxilium, auxi´lī, n., help, aid (auxiliary) castrum, -ī, n., fort (castle); plur., camp (lit. forts) cibus, -ī, m., food | cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī, n., plan (counsel) dīligentia, -ae, f., diligence, industry magister, magistrī, m., master, teacher1 |
| Adjectives | |
| aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick crēber, crēbra, crēbrum, frequent | miser, misera, miserum, wretched, unfortunate (miser) |
1. Observe that dominus, as distinguished from magister, means master in the sense of owner.
Lesson XV, § 107
Nouns
carrus, -ī, m., cart, wagon
inopia, -ae, f., want, lack; the opposite of cōpia studium, studī, n., zeal, eagerness (study)
Verb
mātūrat, he (she, it) hastens. Cf. properat
Adjectives
armātus, -a, -um, armed
īnfīrmus, -a, -um, week, feeble (infirm)
vali´dus, -a, -um, strong, sturdy
Adverb
iam, already, now
-que, conjunction, and; an enclitic (cf. § 16) and always added to the second of two words to be connected, as arma tēla´que, arms and weapons.
Lesson XVII, § 117
| Nouns | |
| agrī cultūra, -ae, f., agriculture domicilīum, domīci´lī, n., dwelling place (domicile) abode fēmina, -ae, f., woman (female) | Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul Gallus, -i, m., a Gaul lacrima, -ae, f., tear numerus, -ī, m., number (numeral) |
| Adjective mātūrus, -a, -um, ripe, mature Verbs arat, he (she, it) plows (arable) dēsīderat, he (she, it) misses, longs for (desire), with acc. | Adverb quō, whither Conjunction an, or, introducing the second half of a double question, as Is he a Roman or a Gaul, Estne Romanus an Gallus? |
Lesson XVIII, § 124
| Nouns lūdus, -ī, m.,school socius, socī, m., companion, ally (social) | Adjectives īrātus, -a, -um, angry, furious (irate) laetus, -a, -um, happy, glad (social) |
| Adverbs | |
| hodiē, to-day ibi, there, in that place mox, presently, soon, of the immediate future | nunc, now, the present moment nūper, lately, recently, of the immediate past |
Lesson XX, § 136
| Nouns | |
| fōrma, -ae, f., form, beauty poena, -ae, f., punishment, penalty potentia, -ae, f., power (potent) | regīna, -ae, f., queen (regal) superbia, -ae, f., pride, haughtiness trīstītīa, -ae, f., sadness, sorrow |
| Adjectives septem, indeclinable, seven superbus, -a, -um, proud, haughty (superb) | Conjunctions nōn sōlum... sed etiam, not only... but also |
Lesson XXI, § 140
Nouns
sacrum, -ī, n., sacrifice, offering, rite
verbum, -ī, n., word (verb)
Verbs
sedeō, -ēre, sit (sediment)
volō, -āre, fly (volatile)
Adjectives
interfectus, -a, -um, slain
molestus, -a, -um, troublesome, annoying (molest)
perpetuus, -a, -um, perpetual, continuous
ego, personal pronoun, I (egotism). Always emphatic in the nominative.
Lesson XXII, § 146
| Nouns | |
| disciplīna, -ae, f., training, culture, discipline ōrnāmentum, -ī, n., ornament, jewel | Gāius, Gāī, m., Caius, a Roman first name Tiberius, Tibe´rī, m., Tiberius, a Roman first name |
| Verb doceō, -ēre, teach (doctrine) | Adverb maximē, most of all, especially |
| Adjective antīquus, -qua, -quum, old, ancient (antique) | |
Lesson XXVII, § 168
Nouns
āla, -ae, f., wing
deus, -ī, m., god (deity)1
monstrum, -ī, n., omen, prodigy; monster
ōrāculum, -ī, n., oracle
Verb
vāstō, -āre, lay waste, devastate
Adjectives
commōtus, -a, -um, moved, excited
maximus, -a, -um, greatest (maximum)
saevus, -a, -um, fierce, savage
Adverbs
ita, thus, in this way, as follows
tum, then, at that time
1. For the declension of deus, see § 468
Lesson XXVIII, § 171
Verbs
respondeō, -ēre, respond, reply
servō, -āre, save, preserve
Adjective
cārus, -a, -um, dear (cherish)
Conjunction
autem, but, moreover, now. Usually stands second, never first
Noun
vīta, -ae, f., life (vital)
Lesson XXIX, § 176
Verb
superō, -āre, conquer, overcome (insuperable)
Nouns
cūra, -ae, f., care, trouble
locus, -ī, m., place, spot (location). Locus is neuter in the plural and is declined loca, -ōrum, etc.
perīculum, -ī, n., danger, peril
Adverbs
semper, always
tamen, yet, nevertheless
Prepositions
dē, with abl., down from; concerning
per, with acc., through
Conjunction
si, if
Lesson XXX, § 182
| Verbs | |
| absum, abesse, irreg., be away, be absent, be distant, with separative abl. adpropinquō, -āre, draw near, approach (propinquity), with dative1 contineō, -ēre, hold together, hem in, keep (contain) | discēdō, -ere, depart, go away, leave, with separative abl. egeō, -ēre, lack, need, be without, with separative abl. interficiō, -ere, kill prohibeō, -ēre, restrain, keep from (prohibit) vulnerō, -āre, wound (vulnerable) |
| Nouns prōvincia, -ae, f., province vīnum, -ī, n., wine | Adjective dēfessus, -a, -um, weary, worn out Adverb longē, far, by far, far away |
1. This verb governs the dative because the idea of nearness to is stronger than that of motion to. If the latter idea were the stronger, the word would be used with ad and the accusative.
Lesson XXXI, § 188
Nouns
aurum, -ī, n., gold (oriole)
mora, -ae, f., delay
nāvigium, nāvi´gī, n., boat, ship
ventus, -ī, m., wind (ventilate)
Verb
nāvigō, -āre, sail (navigate)
Adjectives
attentus, -a, -um, attentive, careful
dubius, -a, -um, doubtful (dubious)
perfidus, -a, -um, faithless, treacherous (perfidy)
Adverb
anteā, before, previously
Preposition
sine, with abl., without
Lesson XXXII, § 193
| Nouns animus, -ī, m., mind, heart; spirit, feeling (animate) bracchium, bracchī, n., forearm, arm porta, -ae, f., gate (portal) | Adjectives adversus, -a, -um, opposite; adverse, contrary plēnus, -a, -um, full (plenty) |
| Preposition prō, with abl., before; in behalf of; instead of | Adverb diū, for a long time, long |
Lesson XXXIV, § 200
Adverbs
celeriter, quickly (celerity)
dēnique, finally
graviter, heavily, severely (gravity)
subitō, suddenly
Verb
reportō, -āre, -āvī, bring back, restore; win, gain (report)
Lesson XXXVI, § 211
dexter, dextra, dextrum, right (dextrous)
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left
frūstrā, adv., in vain (frustrate)
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus, bear, carry on; wear; bellum gerere, to wage war occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus, seize, take possession of (occupy)
postulō, postulāre, postulāvī, postulātus, demand (ex-postulate)
recūsō, recūsāre, recūsāvī, recūsātus, refuse
stō, stāre, stetī, status, stand
temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātus, try, tempt, test; attempt teneō, tenēre, tenuī, ——, keep, hold (tenacious)
The word ubi, which we have used so much in the sense of where in asking a question, has two other uses equally important:
1. ubi = when, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as, Ubi mōnstrum audīvērunt, fūgērunt, when they heard the monster, they fled
2. ubi = where, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as, Videō oppidum ubi Galba habitat, I see the town where Galba lives
Ubi is called a relative conjunction because it is equivalent to a relative pronoun. When in the first sentence is equivalent to at the time at which; and in the second, where is equivalent to the place in which.
Lesson XXXVII, § 217
neque or nec, conj., neither, nor, and... not; neque... neque, neither... nor castellum, -ī, n., redoubt, fort (castle)
cotīdiē, adv., daily cessō, cessāre, cessāvī, cessātus, cease, with the infin.
incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptus, begin (incipient), with the infin.
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus, storm, assail
petō, petere, petivi or petiī, petītus, aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask (petition)
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus, place, put (position); castra pōnere, to pitch camp possum, posse, potuī, ——, be able, can (potent), with the infin.
vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus, forbid (veto), vith the infin.; opposite of iubeō, command vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus, conquer (in-vincible)
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, ——, live, be alive (re-vive)
Lesson XXXIX, § 234
barbarus, -a, -um, strange, foreign, barbarous. As a noun, barbarī, -ōrum, m., plur., savages, barbarians dux, ducis, m., leader (duke). Cf. the verb dūcō eques, equitis, m., horseman, cavalryman (equestrian)
iūdex, iūdicis, m., judge
lapis, lapidis, m., stone (lapidary)
mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier (militia)
pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier (pedestrian)
pēs, pedis,1 m., foot (pedal)
prīnceps, prīncipis, m., chief (principal)
rēx, rēgis, m., king (regal)
summus, -a, -um, highest, greatest (summit)
virtūs, virtūtis, f., manliness, courage (virtue)
1. Observe that e is long in the nom. sing, and short in the other cases.
Lesson XL, § 237
Caesar, -aris, m., Cæsar
captīvus, -ī, m., captive, prisoner
cōnsul, -is, m., consul
frāter, frātris, m., brother (fraternity)
homō, hominis, m., man, human being
impedīmentum, -ī, n., hindrance (impediment); plur. impedīmenta, -ōrum, baggage imperātor, imperātōris, m., commander in chief, general (emperor)
legiō, legiōnis, f., legion
māter, mātris, f., mother (maternal)
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m., row, rank (order)
pater, patris, m., father (paternal)
salūs, salūtis, f., safety (salutary)
soror, sorōris, f., sister (sorority)
Lesson XLI, § 239
calamitās, calamitātis, f., loss, disaster, defeat (calamity)
caput, capitis, n., head (capital)
flūmen, flūminis, n., river (flume)
labor, labōris, m., labor, toil
opus, operis, n., work, task
ōrātor, ōrātōris, m., orator
rīpa, -ae, f., bank (of a stream)
tempus, temporis, n., time (temporal)
terror, terrōris, m., terror, fear
victor, victōris, m., victor
accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus, receive, accept
cōnfirmō, cōnfīrmāre, cōnfīrmāvī, cōnfīrmātus, strengthen, establish, encourage (confirm)
Lesson XLIII, § 245
animal, animālis (-ium1), n., animal
avis, avis (-ium), f., bird (aviation)
caedēs, caedīs (-ium), f., slaughter calcar, calcāris (-ium), n., spur cīvis, cīvis (-ium), m. and f., citizen (civic)
cliēns, clientis (-ium), m., retainer, dependent (client)
fīnis, fīnis (-ium), m., end, limit (final); plur., country, territory hostis, hostis (-ium), m. and f., enemy in war (hostile). Distinguish from inimīcus, which means a personal enemy ignis, ignis (-ium), m., fire (ignite)
īnsigne, īnsignis (-ium), n. decoration, badge (ensign)
mare, maris (-ium2), n., sea (marine)
nāvis, nāvis (-ium), f., ship (naval);
nāvis longa, man-of-war
turris, turris (-ium), f., tower (turret)
urbs, urbis (-ium), f., city (suburb). An urbs is larger than an oppidum.
1. The genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark the i-stems.
2. The genitive plural of mare is not in use.
Lesson XLIV, § 249
arbor, arboris, f., tree (arbor)
collis, collis (-ium), m., hill
dēns, dentis (-ium), m., tooth (dentist)
fōns, fontis (-ium), m.. fountain, spring; source
iter, itineris, n., march, journey, route (itinerary)
mēnsis, mēnsis (-ium), m., month
moenia, -ium, n., plur., walls, fortifications. Cf. mūrus mōns, montis (-ium), m., mountain;
summus mōns, top of the mountain
numquam, adv., never
pōns, pontis, m., bridge (pontoon)
sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood (sanguinary)
summus, -a, -um, highest, greatest (summit)
trāns, prep, with acc., across (transatlantic)
vīs (vīs), gen. plur. virium, f. strength, force, violence (vim)
Lesson XLV, § 258
ācer, ācris, ācre, sharp, keen, eager (acrid)
brevis, breve, short, brief
difficilis, difficile, difficult
facilis, facile, facile, easy
fortis, forte, brave (fortitude)
gravis, grave, heavy, severe, serious (grave)
omnis, omne, every, all (omnibus)
pār, gen. paris, equal (par)
paucī, -ae, -a, few, only a few (paucity)
secundus, -a, -um, second; favorable, opposite of adversus signum, -ī, n., signal, sign, standard vēlōx, gen. vēlōcis, swift (velocity)
conlocō, conlocāre, conlocāvī, conlocātus, arrange, station, place (collocation)
dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātus, point out, explain (demonstrate)
mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātus, commit, intrust (mandate)
Lesson XLVI, § 261
adventus, -ūs, m., approach, arrival (advent)
ante, prep, with acc., before (ante-date)
cornū, -ūs, n., horn, wing of an army (cornucopia);
ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing;
ā sinistrō cornū, on the left wing
equitātus, -ūs, m., cavalry
exercitus, -ūs, m., army
impetus, -ūs, m., attack (impetus); impetum facere in, with acc., to make an attack on lacus, -ūs, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus, m., lake manus, -ūs, f., hand; band, force (manual)
portus, -ūs, m., harbor (port)
post, prep, with acc., behind, after (post-mortem)
cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus, burn (cremate)
exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitus, practice, drill, train (exercise)
Lesson XLVII, § 270
Athēnae, -ārum, f., plur., Athens
Corinthus, -ī, f., Corinth
domus, -ūs, locative domī, f., house, home (dome). Cf. domicilium
Genāva, -ae, f., Geneva
Pompēii, -ōrum, m., plur., Pompeii, a city in Campania. See map propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because of rūs, rūris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. rūra, n., country (rustic)
tergum, tergī, n., back; ā tergō, behind, in the rear vulnus, vulneris, n., wound (vulnerable)
committō, committere, commīsī, commissus, intrust, commit; proelium committere, join battle convocō, convocāre, convocāvī, convocātus, call together, summon (convoke)
timeō, timēre, timuī, ——, fear; be afraid (timid)
vertō, vertere, vertī, versus, turn, change (convert); terga vertere, to turn the backs, hence to retreat
Lesson XLVIII, § 276
aciēs, -ēī, f., line of battle
aestās, aestātis, f., summer
annus, -ī, m., year (annual)
diēs, diēī, m., day (diary)
fidēs, fideī, no plur., f., faith, trust; promise, word; protection; in fidem venīre, to come under the protection fluctus, -ūs, m. wave, billow (fluctuate)
hiems, hiemis, f., winter
hōra, -ae, f., hour
lūx, lūcis, f., light (lucid); prīma lux, daybreak merīdiēs, acc. -em, abl. -ē, no plur., m., midday (meridian)
nox, noctis (-ium), f., night (nocturnal)
prīmus, -a, -um, first (prime)
rēs, reī, f., thing, matter (real);
rēs gestae, deeds, exploits (lit. things performed); rēs adversae, adversity; rēs secundae, prosperity spēs, speī, f., hope
Lesson XLIX, § 283
amīcitia, -ae, f., friendship (amicable)
itaque, conj., and so, therefore, accordingly
littera, -ae, f., a letter of the alphabet; plur., a letter, an epistle metus, metūs, m., fear nihil, indeclinable, n., nothing (nihilist)
nūntius, nūntī, m., messenger. Cf. nūntiō
pāx, pācis, f., peace (pacify)
rēgnum, -ī, n., reign, sovereignty, kingdom
supplicum, suppli´cī, n., punishment;
supplicum sūmere dē, with abl., inflict punishment on;
supplicum dare, suffer punishment. Cf. poena
placeō, placēre, placuī, placitus, be pleasing to, please, with dative. Cf. § 154
sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus, take up, assume
sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus, sustain
Lesson L, § 288
corpus, corporis, n., body (corporal)
dēnsus, -a, -um, dense
īdem, e´adem, idem, demonstrative pronoun, the same (identity)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pronoun, self; even, very mīrus, -a, -um, wonderful, marvelous (miracle)
ōlim, adv., formerly, once upon a time
pars, partis (-ium), f., part, region, direction
quoque, adv., also. Stands after the word which it emphasizes sōl, sōlis, m., sun (solar)
vērus, -a, -um, true, real (verity)
dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus, owe, ought (debt)
ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus, snatch from
Lesson LI, § 294
hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative pronoun, this (of mine); he, she, it ille, illa, illud, demonstrative pronoun that (yonder); he, she, it invīsus, -a, -um, hateful, detested, with dative Cf. § 143
iste, ista, istud, demonstrative pronoun, that (of yours); he, she, it lībertās, -ātis, f., liberty modus, -ī, m., measure; manner, way, mode nōmen, nōminis, n., name (nominate)
oculus, -ī, m., eye (oculist)
prīstinus, -a, -um, former, old-time (pristine)
pūblicus, -a, -um, public, belonging to the state; rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae, f., the commonwealth, the state, the republic vestīgium, vestī´gī, n., footprint, track; trace, vestige vōx, vōcis, f., voice
Lesson LII, § 298
incolumis, -e, unharmed
nē... quidem, adv., not even. The emphatic word stands between nē and quidem nisi, conj., unless, if... not paene, adv., almost (pen-insula)
satis, adv., enough, sufficiently (satisfaction)
tantus, -a, -um, so great
vērō, adv., truly, indeed, in fact. As a conj. but, however, usually stands second, never first.
dēcidō, dēcidere, dēcidī, ——, fall down (deciduous)
dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī, dēsultus, leap down, dismount
maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus, remain
trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductus, lead across
Lesson LIII, § 306
aquila, -ae, f., eagle (aquiline)
audāx, gen. audācis, adj., bold, audacious
celer, celeris, celere, swift, quick (celerity). Cf. vēlōx explōratōr, -ōris, m., scout, spy (explorer)
ingēns, gen. ingentis, adj., huge, vast
medius, -a, -um, middle, middle part of (medium)
mēns, mentis (-ium), f., mind (mental). Cf. animus opportūnus, -a, -um, opportune quam, adv., than. With the superlative quam gives the force of as possible, as quam audācissimī virī, men as bold as possible recens, gen. recentis, adj., recent tam, adv., so. Always with an adjective or adverb, while ita is generally used with a verb quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus, ask, inquire, seek (question). Cf. petō
Lesson LIV, § 310
alacer, alacris, alacre, eager, spirited, excited (alacrity)
celeritās, -ātis, f., speed (celerity)
clāmor, clāmōris, m., shout, clamor
lēnis, lēne, mild, gentle (lenient)
mulier, muli´eris, f., woman
multitūdō, multitūdinis, f., multitude
nēmŏ, dat. nēminī, acc. nēminem (gen. nūllīus, abl. nūllō, from nūllus), no plur., m. and f., no one nōbilis, nōbile, well known, noble noctū, adv. (an old abl.), by night (nocturnal)
statim, adv., immediately, at once
subitō, adv., suddenly
tardus, -a, -um, slow (tardy)
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus, desire, wish (cupidity)
Lesson LV, § 314
aedificium, aedifi´cī, n., building, dwelling (edifice)
imperium, impe´rī, n., command, chief power; empire
mors, mortis (-ium), f., death (mortal)
reliquus, -a, -um, remaining, rest of. As a noun, m. and n. plur., the rest (relic)
scelus, sceleris, n., crime
servitūs, -ūtis, f., slavery (servitude)
vallēs, vallis (-ium), f., valley
abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus, hide
contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus, strain, struggle; hasten (contend)
occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus, cut down, kill. Cf. necō, interficiō perterreō, perterrēre, perterruī, perterritus, terrify, frighten recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptus, receive, recover; sē recipere, betake one’s self, withdraw, retreat trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus, give over, surrender, deliver (traitor)
Lesson LVI, § 318
aditus, -ūs, m., approach, access; entrance
cīvitās, cīvitātis, f., citizenship; body of citizens, state (city)
inter, prep, with acc., between, among (interstate commerce)
nam, conj., for
obses, obsidis, m. and f., hostage
paulō, adv. (abl. n. of paulus), by a little, somewhat incolō, incolere, incoluī, ——, transitive, inhabit; intransitive, dwell. Cf.
habitō, vīvō
relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictus, leave, abandon (relinquish)
statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtus, fix, decide (statute), usually with infin.
Lesson LVII, § 326
aequus, -a, -um, even, level; equal
cohors, cohortis (-ium), f., cohort, a tenth part of a legion, about 360 men currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus, run (course)
difficultās, -ātis, f., difficulty
fossa, -ae, f., ditch (fosse)
gēns, gentis (-ium), f., race, tribe, nation (Gentile)
negōtium, negōtī, n., business, affair, matter (negotiate)
regiō, -ōnis, f., region, district
rūmor, rūmōris, m., rumor, report. Cf. fāma
simul atque, conj., as soon as
suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptus, undertake
trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctus, drag, draw (ex-tract)
valeō, valēre, valuī, valitūrus, be strong; plūrimum valēre, to be most powerful, have great influence (value). Cf. validus
Lesson LVIII, § 332
commeātus, -ūs, m.. provisions
lātitūdō, -inis, f., width (latitude)
longitūdō, -inis, f., length (longitude)
magnitūdō, -inis, f., size, magnitude
mercātor, mercātōris, m., trader, merchant
mūnītiō, -ōnis, f., fortification (munition)
spatium, spatī, n., room, space, distance; time
cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus, learn; in the perfect tenses, know (re-cognize)
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus, collect; compel (cogent)
dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus, defend
incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus, set fire to, burn (incendiary). Cf. cremō obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentus, possess, occupy, hold (obtain)
perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventus, come through, arrive
Lesson LIX, § 337
agmen, agminis, n., line of march, column; prīmum agmen, the van; novissimum agmen, the rear atque, ac, conj., and; atque is used before vowels and consonants, ac before consonants only. Cf. et and -que concilium, conci´lī, n., council, assembly
Helvētiī, -ōrum, m., the Helvetii, a Gallic tribe passus, passūs, m., a pace, five Roman feet; mīlle passuum, a thousand (of) paces, a Roman mile quā dē causā, for this reason, for what reason vāllum, -ī, n., earth-works, rampart cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus, fall (decadence)
dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus, surrender, give up; with a reflexive pronoun, surrender one’s self, submit, with the dative of the indirect object premō, premere, pressī, pressus, press hard, harass vexō, vexāre, vexāvī, vexātus, annoy, ravage (vex)
Lesson LX, § 341
aut, conj., or; aut... aut, either... or
causā, abl. of causa, for the sake of, because of. Always stands after the gen. which modifies it ferē, adv., nearly, almost opīniō, -ōnis, f., opinion, supposition, expectation rēs frūmentāria, reī frūmentāriae, f. (lit. the grain affair), grain supply timor, -ōris, m., fear. Cf. timeō undique, adv., from all sides cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum, attempt, try
ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum, move out, disembark; prōgredior, move forward, advance (egress, progress)
moror, morārī, morātus sum, delay
orior, orirī, ortus sum, arise, spring; begin; be born (from) (origin)
proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum, set out
revertor, revertī, reversus sum, return (revert). The forms of this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect system. Perf. act., revertī sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow (sequence). Note the following compounds of sequor and the force of the different prefixes: cōnsequor (follow with), overtake; īnsequor (follow against), pursue; subsequor (follow under), follow close after
Latin-English Vocabulary
Translations inclosed within parentheses are not to be used as such; they are inserted to show etymological meanings.
The “parentheses” are shown in square brackets, as in the original.
ā or ab, prep. with abl. from, by, off. Translated on in ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing; ā fronte, on the front or in front; ā dextrā, on the right; ā latere, on the side; etc.
ab-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus, hide, conceal
ab-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead off, lead away abs-cīdō, -ere, -cīdī,-cīsus [ab(s), off, + caedō, cut], cut off ab-sum, -esse, āfuī, āfutūrus, be away, be absent, be distant, be off; with ā or ab and abl., § 501.32
ac, conj., see atque
ac-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus [ad, to, + capiō, take], receive, accept
ācer, ācris, ācre, adj. sharp; figuratively, keen, active, eager (§ 471)
acerbus, -a, -um, adj. bitter, sour
aciēs, -ēī, f. [ācer, sharp], edge; line of battle
ācriter, adv. [ācer, sharp], compared ācrius, ācerrimē, sharply, fiercely ad, prep. with acc. to, towards, near. With the gerund or gerundive, to, for ad-aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, make equal, make level with ad-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead to; move, induce ad-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go to, approach, draw near, visit, with acc. (§ 413)
ad-ferō, ad-ferre, at-tulī, ad-lātus, bring, convey; report, announce; render, give (§ 426)
ad-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [ad, to, + faciō, do], affect, visit adflīctātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of adflīctō, shatter], shattered ad-flīgō, -ere, -flīxī, -flīctus, dash upon, strike upon; harass, distress ad-hibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [ad, to, + habeō, hold], apply, employ, use ad-hūc, adv. hitherto, as yet, thus far aditus, -ūs, m. [adeō, approach], approach, access; entrance. Cf. adventus ad-ligō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, bind to, fasten ad-loquor, -loquī, -locūtus sum, dep. verb [ad, to, + loquor, speak], speak to, address, with acc.
ad-ministrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, manage, direct
admīrātiō, -ōnis, f. [admīror, wonder at], admiration, astonishment ad-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtus, move to; apply, employ ad-propinquō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, come near, approach, with dat.
ad-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūres, be present; assist; with dat., § 426
adulēscēns, -entis, m. and f. [part. of adolēscō, grow], a youth, young man, young person adventus, -ūs, m. [ad, to, + veniō, come], approach, arrival (§ 466)
adversus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of advertō, turn to], turned towards, facing; contrary, adverse.
rēs adversae, adversity
aedificium, aedifi´cī, n. [aedificō, build], building, edifice
aedificō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus [aedēs, house, + faciō, make], build aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj. sick, feeble aequālis, -e, adj. equal, like. As a noun, aequālis, -is, m. or f. one of the same age aequus, -a, -um, adj. even, level; equal
Aesōpus, -ī, m. Æsop, a writer of fables aestās, -ātis, f. summer, initā aestāte, at the beginning of summer aetās, -ātis, f. age
Aethiopia, -ae, f. Ethiopia, a country in Africa
Āfrica, -ae, f. Africa
Āfricānus, -a, -um, adj. of Africa. A name given to Scipio for his victories in Africa ager, agrī, m. field, farm, land (§ 462. c)
agger, -eris, m. mound
agmen, -inis, n. [agō, drive], an army on the march, column.
prīmum agmen, the van
agō, -ere, ēgī, āctus, drive, lead; do, perform.
vītam agere, pass life
agricola, -ae, m. [ager, field, + colō, cultivate], farmer agrī cultūra, -ae, f. agriculture
āla, -ae, f. wing
alacer, -cris, -cre, adj. active, eager. Cf. ācer alacritās, -ātis, f. [alacer, active], eagerness, alacrity alacriter, adv. [alacer, active], comp alacrius, alacerrimē, actively, eagerly albus, -a, -um, adj., white alcēs, -is, f. elk
Alcmēna, -ae, f. Alcme´na, the mother of Hercules aliquis (-quī), -qua, -quid (-quod), indef. pron. some one, some (§ 487)
alius, -a, -ud (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. another, other.
alius... alius, one... another.
aliī... aliī, some... others (§ 110)
Alpēs, -ium, f. plur. the Alps
alter, -era, -erum (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. the one, the other (of two).
alter... alter, the one... the other (§ 110)
altitūdō, -inis, f. [altus, high], height
altus, -a, -um, adj. high, tall, deep
Amāzonēs, -um, f. plur. Amazons, a fabled tribe of warlike women ambō, -ae, -ō, adj. (decl. like duo), both amīcē, adv. [amīcus, friendly], superl. amīcissimē, in a friendly manner amiciō, -īre, ——, -ictus [am-, about, + iaciō, throw], throw around, wrap about, clothe amīcitia, -ae, f. [amīcus, friend], friendship amīcus, -a, -um, adj. [amō, love], friendly. As a noun, amīcus, -ī, m. friend
ā-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus, send away; lose
amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, love, like, be fond of (§ 488)
amphitheātrum, -ī, n. amphitheater
amplus, -a, -um, adj. large, ample; honorable, noble an, conj. or, introducing the second part of a double question ancilla, -ae, f. maidservant ancora, -ae, f. anchor
Andromeda, -ae, f. Androm´eda, daughter of Cepheus and wife of Perseus angulus, -ī, m. angle, corner anim-advertō, -ere, -tī, -sus [animus, mind, + advertō, turn to], turn the mind to, notice animal, -ālis, n. [anima, breath], animal (§ 465. b)
animōsus, -a, -um, adj. spirited
animus, -ī, m. [anima, breath], mind, heart; spirit, courage, feeling; in this sense often plural annus, -i, m. year ante, prep, with acc. before anteā, adv. [ante], before, formerly antīquus, -a, -um, adj. [ante, before], former, ancient, old aper, aprī, m. wild boar
Apollō, -inis, m. Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, brother of Diana ap-pāreō, -ēre, -uī, —— [ad + pāreō, appear], appear ap-pellō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, call by name, name. Cf. nōminō, vocō
Appius, -a, -um, adj. Appian
ap-plicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, apply, direct, turn
apud, prep, with acc. among; at, at the house of aqua, -ae, f. water aquila, -ae, f. eagle
āra, -ae, f. altar
arbitror, -ārī, -ātus sum, think, suppose (§ 420. c). Cf. exīstimō, putō arbor, -oris, f. tree (§ 247. 1. a)
Arcadia, -ae, f. Arcadia, a district in southern Greece
ārdeō, -ēre, ārsī, ārsūrus, be on fire, blaze, burn arduus, -a, -um, adj. steep
Arīcia, -ae, f. Aricia, a town on the Appian Way, near Rome ariēs, -etis, m. battering-ram (p. 221)
arma, -ōrum, n. plur. arms, weapons. Cf. tēlum armātus, -a, -um, adj. [armō, arm], armed, equipped arō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, plow, till ars, artis, f. art, skill articulus, -ī, m. joint ascrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus [ad, in addition, + scrībō, write], enroll, enlist
Āsia, -ae, f. Asia, i.e. Asia Minor
at, conj. but. Cf. autem, sed
Athēnae, -ārum, f. plur. Athens
Atlās, -antis, m. Atlas, a Titan who was said to hold up the sky at-que, ac, conj. and, and also, and what is more. atque may be used before either vowels or consonants, ac before consonants only attentus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of attendō, direct (the mind) toward], attentive, intent on, careful at-tonitus, -a, -um, adj. thunderstruck, astounded audācia, -ae, f. [audāx, bold], boldness, audacity audācter, adv. [audāx, bold], compared audācius, audācissimē, boldly audāx, -ācis, adj. bold, daring audeō, -ēre, ausus sum, dare audiō, -īre, -īvī or -īī, -ītus, hear, listen to (§§ 420.d; 491)
Augēās, -ae, m. Auge´as, a king whose stables Hercules cleaned aura, -ae, f. air, breeze aurātus, -a, -um, adj. [aurum, gold], adorned with gold aureus, -a, -um, adj. [aurum, gold], golden aurum, -ī, n. gold aut, conj. or.
aut... aut, either... or
autem, conj., usually second, never first, in the clause, but, moreover, however, now. Cf. at, sed auxilium, auxi´lī, n. help, aid, assistance; plur. auxiliaries
ā-vertō, -ere, -tī, -sus, turn away, turn aside avis, -is, f. bird (§ 243. 1)
ballista, -ae, f. ballista, an engine for hurling missiles (p. 220)
balteus, -ī, m. belt, sword belt
barbarus, -ī, m. barbarian, savage
bellum, -ī, n. war.
bellum īnferre, with dat. make war upon
bene, adv. [for bonē, from bonus], compared melius, optimē, well benignē, adv. [benignus, kind], compared benignius, benignissimē, kindly benignus, -a, -um, adj. good-natured, kind, often used with dat.
bīnī, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. two each, two at a time (§ 334)
bis, adv. twice
bonus, -a, -um, adj. compared melior, optimus, good, kind (§ 469. a)
bōs, bovis (gen. plur. boum or bovum, dat. and abl. plur. bōbus or būbus), m. and f. ox, cow bracchium, bracchī, n. arm brevis, -e, adj. short
Brundisium, -ī, n. Brundisium, a seaport in southern Italy. See map bulla, -ae, f. bulla, a locket made of small concave plates of gold fastened by a spring (p. 212)
C. abbreviation for Gāius, Eng. Caius
cadō, -ere, ce´cidī, cāsūrus, fall
caedēs, -is, f. [caedō, cut], (a cutting down), slaughter, carnage (§ 465. a)
caelum, -ī, n. sky, heavens
Caesar, -aris, m. Cæsar, the famous general, statesman, and writer calamitās, -ātis, f. loss, calamity, defeat, disaster calcar, -āris, n. spur (§ 465. b)
Campānia, -ae, f. Campania., a district of central Italy. See map
Campānus, -a, -um, adj. of Campania
campus, -ī, m. plain, field, esp. the Campus Martius, along the Tiber just outside the walls of Rome canis, -is, m. and f. dog canō, -ere, ce´cinī, ——, sing cantō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus [canō, sing], sing
Capēnus, -a, -um, adj. of Capena, esp. the Porta Cape´na, the gate at Rome leading to the Appian Way capiō, -ere, cēpī, captus, take, seize, capture (§ 492)
Capitōlīnus, -a, -um, adj. belonging to the Capitol, Capitoline
Capitōlium, Capitō´lī, n. [caput, head], the Capitol, the hill at Rome on which stood the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and the citadel capsa, -ae, f. box for books captīvus, -ī, m. [capiō, take], captive
Capua, -ae, f. Capua, a large city of Campania. See map caput, -itis, n. head (§ 464. 2. b)
carcer, -eris, m. prison, jail
carrus, -ī, m. cart, wagon
cārus, -a, -um, adj. dear; precious
casa, -ae, f. hut, cottage
castellum, -ī, n. [dim. of castrum, fort], redoubt, fort castrum, -ī, n. fort. Usually in the plural, castra, -ōrum, a military camp.
castra pōnere, to pitch camp
cāsus, -us, m. [cadō, fall], chance; misfortune, loss catapulta, -ae, f. catapult, an engine for hurling stones catēna, -ae, f. chain caupōna, -ae, f. inn causa, -ae, f. cause, reason, quā dē causā, for this reason cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessūrus, give way, retire celer, -eris, -ere, adj. swift, fleet celeritās, -ātis, f. [celer, swift], swiftness, speed celeriter, adv. [celer, swift], compared celerius, celerrimē, swiftly cēna, -ae, f. dinner centum, indecl. numeral adj. hundred centuriō, -ōnis, m. centurion, captain
Cēpheus (dissyl.), -eī (acc. Cēphea), m. Cepheus, a king of Ethiopia and father of Andromeda
Cerberus, -ī, m. Cerberus, the fabled three-headed dog that guarded the entrance to Hades certāmen, -inis, n. [certō, struggle], struggle, contest, rivalry certē, adv. [certus, sure], compared certius, certissimē, surely, certainly certus, -a, -um, adj. fixed, certain, sure.
aliquem certiōrem facere (to make some one more certain), to inform some one cervus, -ī, m. stag, deer cessō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, delay, cease cibāria, -ōrum, n. plur. food, provisions cibus, -ī, m. food, victuals
Cimbrī, -ōrum, m. plur. the Cimbri
Cimbricus, -a, -um, adj. Cimbrian
cīnctus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of cingō, surround], girt, surrounded cingō, -ere, cīnxī, cīnctus, gird, surround circiter, adv. about circum, prep, with acc. around circum´-dō, -dare, -dedī, -datus, place around, surround, inclose circum´-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go around circum-sistō, -ere, circum´stetī, ——, stand around, surround circum-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus (come around), surround citerior, -ius, adj. in comp., superl. citimus, hither, nearer (§ 475)
cīvīlis, -e, adj. [cīvis], civil
cīvis, -is, m. and f. citizen (§ 243. 1)
cīvitās, -ātis, f. [cīvis, citizen], (body of citizens), state; citizenship clāmor, -ōris, m. shout, cry clārus, -a, -um, adj. clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining classis, -is, f. fleet claudō, -ere, -sī, -sus, shut, close clavus, -ī, m. stripe cliēns, -entis, m. dependent, retainer, client (§ 465. a)
Cocles, -itis, m. (blind in one eye), Cocles, the surname of Horatius co-gnōscō, -ere, -gnōvī, -gnītus, learn, know, understand. Cf. sciō (§ 420. b)
cōgō, -ere, coēgī, coāctus [co(m)-, together, + agō, drive], (drive together), collect; compel, drive cohors, cohortis, f. cohort, the tenth part of a legion, about 360 men collis, -is, m. hill, in summō colle, on top of the hill (§ 247. 2. a)
collum, -ī, n. neck
colō, -ere, coluī, cultus, cultivate, till; honor, worship; devote one’s self to columna, -ae, f. column, pillar com- (col-, con-, cor-, co-), a prefix, together, with, or intensifying the meaning of the root word coma, -ae, f. hair comes, -itis, m. and f. [com-, together, + eō, go], companion, comrade comitātus, -ūs, m. [comitor, accompany], escort, company comitor, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb [comes, companion], accompany com-meātus, -ūs, m. supplies com-minus, adv. [com-, together, + manus, hand], hand to hand com-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus, join together; commit, intrust.
proelium committere, join battle.
sē committere with dat, trust one’s self to commodē, adv. [commodus, fit], compared commodius, commodissimē, conveniently, fitly commodus, -a, -um, adj. suitable, fit com-mōtus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of commoveō, move], aroused, moved com-parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, intensive, + parō, prepare], prepare; provide, get com-pleō, -ēre, -plēvī, -plētus [com-, intensive, + pleō, fill], fill up complexus, -ūs, m. embrace com-primō, -ere, -pressī, -pressus [com-, together, + premō, press], press together, grasp, seize con-cidō, -ere, -cidī, —— [com-, intensive, + cadō, fall], fall down concilium, conci´lī, n. meeting, council con-clūdō, -ere, -clūsī, -clūsus [com-, intensive, + claudō, close], shut up, close; end, finish con-currō, -ere, -currī, -cursus [com-, together, + currō, run], run together; rally, gather condiciō, -ōnis, f. [com-, together, + dicō, talk], agreement, condition, terms con-dōnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, pardon con-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus, hire cōn-ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus, bring together.
sē cōnferre, betake one’s self
cōn-fertus, -a, -um, adj. crowded, thick
cōnfestim, adv. immediately
cōn-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [com-, completely, + faciō, do], make, complete, accomplish, finish cōn-fīrmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, make firm, establish, strengthen, affirm, assert cōn-fluō, -ere, -flūxī, ——, flow together cōn-fugiō, -ere, -fūgī, -fugitūrus, flee for refuge, flee con-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [com-, intensive, + iaciō, throw], hurl con-iungō, -ere, -iūnxī, -iūnctus [com-, together, + iungō, join], join together, unite con-iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, together, + iūrō, swear], unite by oath, conspire con-locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, together, + locō, place], arrange, place, station conloquium, conlo´quī, n. [com-, together, + loquor, speak], conversation, conference cōnor, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb, endeavor, attempt, try cōn-scendō, -ere, -scendī, -scēnsus [com-, intensive, + scandō, climb], climb up, ascend.
nāvem cōnscendere, embark, go on board
cōn-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus [com-, together, + scrībō, write], (write together), enroll, enlist cōn-secrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, intensive, + sacrō, consecrate], consecrate, devote cōn-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum, dep. verb [com-, intensive, + sequor, follow], pursue; overtake; win cōn-servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, intensive, + servō, save], preserve, save cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī, n. plan, purpose, design; wisdom cōn-sistō, -ere, -stitī, -stitus [com-, intensive, + sistō, cause to stand], stand firmly, halt, take one’s stand cōn-spiciō, -ere, -spēxī, -spectus [com-, intensive, + spiciō, spy], look at attentively, perceive, see cōnstantia, -ae, f. firmness, steadiness, perseverance cōn-stituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus [com-, intensive, + statuō, set], establish, determine, resolve cōn-stō, -āre, -stitī, -stātūrus [com-, together, + stō, stand], agree; be certain; consist of cōnsul, -ulis, m. consul (§ 464. 2. a)
cōn-sūmō, -ere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptus [com-, intensive, + sumō, take], consume, use up con-tendō, -ere, -dī, -tus, strain; hasten; fight, contend, struggle con-tineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentus [com-, together, + teneō, hold], hold together, hem in, contain; restrain contrā, prep, with acc. against, contrary to con-trahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctus [com-, together, + trahō, draw], draw together; of sails, shorten, furl contrōversia, -ae, f. dispute, quarrel con-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus [com-, together, + veniō, come], come together, meet, assemble con-vertō, -ere, -vertī, -versus [com-, intensive, + vertō, turn], turn con-vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, together, + vocō, call], call together co-orior, -īrī, -ortus sum, dep. verb [com-, intensive, + orior, rise], rise, break forth cōpia, -ae, f. [com-, intensive, + ops, wealth], abundance, wealth, plenty. Plur. cōpiae, -ārum, troops coquō, -ere, coxī, coctus, cook
Corinthus, -ī, f. Corinth, the famous city on the Isthmus of Corinth
Cornēlia, -ae, f. Cornelia, daughter of Scipio and mother of the Gracchi
Cornēlius, Cornē´lī, m. Cornelius, a Roman name
cornū, -ūs, n. horn; wing of an army, ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing (§ 466)
corōna, -ae, f. garland, wreath; crown
corōnātus, -a, -um, adj. crowned
corpus, -oris, n. body
cor-ripiō, -ere, -uī, -reptus [com-, intensive, + rapiō, seize], seize, grasp cotīdiānus, -a, -um, adj. daily cotīdiē, adv. daily crēber, -bra, -brum, adj. thick, crowded, numerous, frequent crēdō, -ere, -dīdī, -ditus, trust, believe, with dat. (§ 501.14)
cremō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, burn
creō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, make; elect, appoint
Creōn, -ontis, m. Creon, a king of Corinth crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētus, rise, grow, increase
Crēta, -ae, f. Crete, a large island in the Mediterranean
Crētaeus, -a, -um, adj. Cretan
crūs, crūris, n. leg
crūstulum, -ī, n. pastry, cake
cubīle, -is, n. bed
cultūra, -ae, f. culture, cultivation
cum, conj. with the indic. or subjv. when; since; although (§ 501.46)
cum, prep, with abl. with (§ 209)
cupidē, adv. [cupidus, desirous], compared cupidius, cupidissimē, eagerly cupiditās, -ātis, f. [cupidus, desirous], desire, longing cupiō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītus, desire, wish. Cf. volō cūr, adv. why, wherefore cūra, -ae, f. care, pains; anxiety cūria, -ae, f. senate house cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [cūra, care], care for, attend to, look after currō, -ere, cucurrī, cursus, run currus, -ūs, m. chariot cursus, -ūs, m. course custōdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus [custōs, guard], guard, watch
Daedalus, -ī, m. Dæd´alus, the supposed inventor of the first flying machine
Dāvus, -ī, m. Davus, name of a slave dē, prep, with abl. down from, from; concerning, about, for (§ 209).
quā dē causā, for this reason, wherefore
dea, -ae, f. goddess (§ 461. a)
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [dē, from, + habeō, hold], owe, ought, should decem, indecl. numeral adj. ten dē-cernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētus [dē, from, + cernō, separate], decide, decree dē-cidō, -ere, -cidī, —— [dē, down, + cadō, fall], fall down decimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. tenth dēclīvis, -e, adj. sloping downward dē-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus, give up, surrender, sē dēdere, surrender one’s self dē-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [dē, down, + dūcō, lead], lead down, escort dē-fendō, -ere, -dī, -fēnsus, ward off, repel, defend dē-ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus [dē, down, + ferō, bring], bring down; report, announce (§ 426)
dē-fessus, -a, -um, adj. tired out, weary
dē-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [dē, from, + faciō, make], fail, be wanting; revolt from dē-fīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxus [dē, down, + fīgō, fasten], fasten, fix dē-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [dē, down, + iaciō, hurl], hurl down; bring down, kill de-inde, adv. (from thence), then, in the next place dēlectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, delight dēleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētus, blot out, destroy dēlīberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, weigh, deliberate, ponder dē-ligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctus [dē, from, + legō, gather], choose, select
Delphicus, -a, -um, adj. Delphic
dēmissus, -a, -um [part. of dēmittō, send down], downcast, humble dē-mōnstrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dē, out, + mōnstrō, point], point out, show dēmum, adv. at last, not till then.
tum dēmum, then at last
dēnique, adv. at last, finally. Cf. postrēmō
dēns, dentis, m. tooth (§ 247. 2. a)
dēnsus, -a, -um, adj. dense, thick
dē-pendeō, -ēre, ——, —— [dē, down, + pendeō, hang], hang from, hang down dē-plōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dē, intensive, + plōrō, wail], bewail, deplore dē-pōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positus [dē, down, + pōnō, put], put down dē-scendō, -ere, -dī, -scēnsus [dē, down, + scandō, climb], climb down, descend dē-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus [dē, down, + scrībō, write], write down dēsīderō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, long for dē-siliō, -īre, -uī, -sultus [dē, down, + saliō, leap], leap down dē-spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dē, away from, + spērō, hope], despair dē-spiciō, -ere, -spēxi, -spectus [dē, down], look down upon, despise dē-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus [dē, away from, + sum, be], be wanting, lack, with dat. (§ 426)
deus, -ī, m. god (§ 468)
dē-volvō, -ere, -volvī, -volūtus [dē, down, + volvō, roll], roll down dē-vorō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dē, down, + vorō, swallow], devour dexter, -tra, -trum (-tera, -terum), adj. to the right, right.
ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing
Diāna, -ae, f. Diana, goddess of the moon and twin sister of Apollo dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictus (imv. dīc), say, speak, tell. Usually introduces indirect discourse (§ 420. a)
dictātor, -ōris, m. [dictō, dictate], dictator, a chief magistrate with unlimited power diēs, -ēi or diē, m., sometimes f. in sing., day (§ 467)
dif-ferō, -ferre, distulī, dīlātus [dis-, apart, + ferō, carry], carry apart; differ.
differre inter sē, differ from each other
dif-ficilis, -e, adj. [dis-, not, + facilis, easy], hard, difficult (§ 307)
difficultās, -ātis, f. [difficilis, hard], difficulty
dīligenter, adv. [dīligēns, careful], compared dīligentius, dīligentissimē, industriously, diligently dīligentia, -ae, f. [dīligēns, careful], industry, diligence dī-micō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, fight, struggle dī-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus [dī-, off, + mittō, send], send away, dismiss, disband.
dīmittere animum in, direct one’s mind to, apply one’s self to Diomēdēs, -is, m. Dī-o-mē´dēs, a name dis-, dī-, a prefix expressing separation, off, apart, in different directions. Often negatives the meaning dis-cēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessus [dis-, apart, + cēdō, go], depart from, leave, withdraw, go away dis-cernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētus [dis-, apart, + cernō, sift], separate; distinguish disciplīna, -ae, f. instruction, training, discipline discipulus, -ī, m. [discō, learn], pupil, disciple discō, -ere, didicī, ——, learn dis-cutiō, -ere, -cussī, -cussus [dis-, apart, + quatiō, shake], shatter, dash to pieces dis-pōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positus [dis-, apart, + pōnō, put], put here and there, arrange, station dis-similis, -e, adj. [dis-, apart, + similis, like], unlike, dissimilar (§ 307)
dis-tribuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus, divide, distribute
diū, adv., compared diūtius, diūtissimē, for a long time, long (§ 477)
dō, dare, dedī, datus, give.
in fugam dare, put to flight.
alicui negōtium dare, employ some one
doceō, -ēre, -uī, -tus, teach, show
doctrīna, -ae, f. [doctor, teacher], teaching, learning, wisdom dolor, -ōris, m. pain, sorrow domesticus, -a, -um, adj. [domus, house], of the house, domestic domicilium, domici´lī, n. dwelling; house, abode. Cf. domus domina, -ae, f. mistress (of the house), lady (§ 461)
dominus, -ī, m. master (of the house), owner, ruler (§ 462)
domus, -ūs, f. house, home.
domī, locative, at home (§ 468)
dormiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus, sleep
dracō, -ōnis, m. serpent, dragon
dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, hesitate
dubius, -a, -um, adj. [duo, two], (moving two ways), doubtful, dubious du-centī, -ae, -a, numeral adj. two hundred dūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductus (imv. dūc), lead, conduct dum, conj. while, as long as duo, duae, duo, numeral adj. two (§ 479)
duo-decim, indecl. numeral adj. twelve
dūrus, -a, -um, adj. hard, tough; harsh, pitiless, bitter dux, ducis, m. and f. [cf. dūcō, lead], leader, commander
ē or ex, prep, with abl. out of, from, off, of (§ 209)
eburneus, -a, -um, adj. of ivory
ecce, adv. see! behold! there! here!
ē-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [ē, out, + dūcō, lead], lead out, draw out ef-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [ex, thoroughly, + faciō, do], work out; make, cause ef-fugiō, -ere, -fūgī, -fugitūrus [ex, from, + fugiō, flee], escape egeō, -ēre, -uī, ——, be in need of, lack, with abl. (§ 501.32)
ego, pers. pron. I; plur. nōs, we (§ 480)
ē-gredior, -ī, ēgressus sum, dep. verb [ē, out of, + gradior, go], go out, go forth.
ē nāvī ēgredī, disembark
ē-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [ē, forth, + iaciō, hurl], hurl forth, expel elementum, -ī, n., in plur. first principles, rudiments elephantus, -ī, m. elephant
Ēlis, Ēlidis, f. E´lis, a district of southern Greece emō, -ere, ēmī, ēmptus, buy, purchase enim, conj., never standing first, for, in fact, indeed. Cf. nam
Ennius, Ennī, m. Ennius, the father of Roman poetry, born 239 B.C.
eō, īre, iī (īvī), itūrus, go (§ 499)
eō, adv. to that place, thither
Ēpīrus, -ī, f. Epi´rus, a district in the north of Greece eques, -itis, m. [equus, horse], horseman, cavalryman equitātus, -ūs, m. [equitō, ride], cavalry equus, -ī, m. horse
ē-rigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctus [ē, out, + regō, make straight], raise up
ē-ripiō, -ere, -uī, -reptus [ē, out of, + rapiō, seize], seize, rescue
ē-rumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptus [ē, forth, + rumpō, break], burst forth
ēruptiō, -ōnis, f. sally
Erymanthius, -a, -um, adj. Erymanthian, of Erymanthus, a district in southern Greece et, conj. and, also.
et... et, both... and. Cf. atque, ac, -que etiam, adv. (rarely conj.) [et, also, + iam, now], yet, still; also, besides. Cf. quoque.
nōn sōlum... sed etiam, not only... but also
Etrūscī, -ōrum, m. the Etruscans, the people of Etruria. See map of Italy
Eurōpa, -ae, f. Europe
Eurystheus, -ī, m. Eurys´theus, a king of Tiryns, a city in southern Greece
ē-vādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsus [ē, out, + vādō, go], go forth, escape ex, see ē exanimātus, -a, -um [part. of exanimō, put out of breath (anima)], adj. out of breath, tired; lifeless ex-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus [ex, out, + capiō, take], welcome, receive exemplum, -ī, n. example, model ex-eō,-īre,-iī,-itūrus [ex, out, + eō, go], go out, go forth (§ 413)
ex-erceō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [ex, out, + arceō, shut], (shut out), employ, train, exercise, use exercitus, -us, m. [exerceō, train], army ex-īstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ex, out, + aestimō, reckon], estimate; think, judge (§ 420. c). Cf. arbitror, putō ex-orior, -īrī, -ortus sum, dep. verb [ex, forth, + orior, rise], come forth, rise expedītus, -a, -um, adj. without baggage ex-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus [ex, out, + pellō, drive], drive out ex-piō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ex, intensive, + pīo, atone for], make amends for, atone for explōrātor, -ōris, m. [explōrō, investigate], spy, scout explōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, examine, explore ex-pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ex, out, + pugnō, fight], take by storm, capture exsilium, exsi´lī, n. [exsul, exile], banishment, exile ex-spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ex, out, + spectō, look], expect, wait ex-struō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctus [ex, out, + struō, build], build up, erect exterus, -a, -um, adj., compared exterior, extrēmus or extimus, outside, outer (§ 312)
extrā, prep, with acc. beyond, outside of
ex-trahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctus [ex, out, + trahō, drag], drag out, pull forth extrēmus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of exterus, utmost, farthest (§ 312)
fābula, -ae, f. story, tale, fable
facile, adv. [facilis, easy], compared facilius, facillimē, easily (§ 322)
facilis, -e, adj. [cf. faciō, make], easy, without difficulty (§ 307)
faciō, -ere, fēcī, factus (imv. fac), make, do; cause, bring about.
impetum facere in, make an attack upon.
proelium facere, fight a battle.
iter facere, make a march or journey.
aliquem certiōrem facere, inform some one.
facere verba prō, speak in behalf of.
Passive fīō, fierī, factus sum, be done, happen.
certior fierī, be informed
fallō, -ere, fefellī, falsus, trip, betray, deceive
fāma, -ae, f. report, rumor; renown, fame, reputation famēs, -is (abl. famē), f. hunger familia, -ae, f. servants, slaves; household, family fascēs, -ium (plur. of fascis), f. fasces (p. 225)
fastīgium, fastī´gī, n. top; slope, descent
fātum, -ī, n. fate, destiny
faucēs, -ium, f. plur. jaws, throat
faveō, -ēre, fāvī, fautūrus, be favorable to, favor, with dat. (§ 501.14)
fēlīx, -īcis, adj. happy, lucky
fēmina, -ae, f. woman. Cf. mulier
fera, -ae, f. [ferus, wild], wild beast
ferāx, -ācis, adj. fertile
ferē, adv. about, nearly, almost
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, bear.
graviter or molestē ferre, be annoyed (§ 498)
ferreus, -a, -um, adj. [ferrum, iron], made of iron fidēlis, -e, adj. [fidēs, trust], faithful, true fidēs, fideī or fidē, trust, faith; promise, word; protection.
in fidem venīre, come under the protection.
in fidē manēre, remain loyal
fīlia, -ae (dat. and abl. plur. fīliābus), f. daughter (§ 461. a)
fīlius, fīlī (voc. sing, fīlī), m. son
fīnis, -is, m. boundary, limit, end; in plur. territory, country (§ 243. 1)
fīnitimus, -a, -um, adj. [fīnis, boundary], adjoining, neighboring. Plur. fīnitimī, -ōrum, m. neighbors fīō, fierī, factus sum, used as passive of faciō. See faciō (§ 500)
flamma, -ae, f. fire, flame
flōs, flōris, m. flower
fluctus, -ūs, m. [of. fluō, flow], flood, wave, billow flūmen, -inis, n. [cf. fluō, flow], river (§ 464. 2. b)
fluō, -ere, flūxī, fluxus, flow
fluvius, fluvī, m. [cf. fluō, flow], river
fodiō, -ere, fōdī, fossus, dig
fōns, fontis, m. fountain (§ 247. 2. a)
fōrma, -ae, f. form, shape, appearance; beauty
Formiae, -ārum, f. Formiae, a town of Latium on the Appian Way. See map forte, adv. [abl. of fors, chance], by chance fortis, -e, adj. strong; fearless, brave fortiter, adv. [fortis, strong], compared fortius, fortissimē, strongly; bravely fortūna, -ae, f. [fors, chance], chance, fate, fortune forum, -ī, n. market place, esp. the Forum Rōmānum, where the life of Rome centered
Forum Appī, Forum of Appius, a town in Latium on the Appian Way fossa, -ae, f. [cf. fodiō, dig], ditch fragor, -ōris, m. [cf. frangō, break], crash, noise frangō, -ere, frēgī, frāctus, break frāter, -tris, m. brother fremitus, -ūs, m. loud noise frequentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, attend frētus, -a, -um, adj. supported, trusting. Usually with abl. of means frōns, frontis, f. front, ā fronte, in front frūctus, -ūs, m. fruit frūmentārius, -a, -um, adj. pertaining to grain.
rēs frūmentāria, grain supplies
frūmentum, -ī, n. grain
frūstrā, adv. in vain, vainly
fuga, -ae, f. [cf. fugiō, flee], flight.
in fugam dare, put to flight
fugiō, -ere, fūgī, fugitūrus, flee, run; avoid, shun fūmō, -are, ——, ——, smoke fūnis, -is, m. rope furor, -ōris, m. [furō, rage], madness.
in furōrem incīdere, go mad
Gāius, Gāī, m. Gaius, a Roman name, abbreviated C., English form Caius
Galba, -ae, m. Galba, a Roman name
galea, -ae, f. helmet
Gallia, -ae, f. Gaul, the country comprising what is now Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and France
Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. Gallic
gallīna, -ae, f. hen, chicken
Gallus, -ī, m. a Gaul
gaudium, gaudī, n. joy
Genāva, -ae, f. Geneva, a city in Switzerland gēns, gentis, f. [cf. gignō, beget], race, family; people, nation, tribe genus, -eris, n. kind, variety
Germānia, -ae, f. Germany
Germānus, -ī, m. a German
gerō, -ere, gessī, gestus, carry, wear; wage.
bellum gerere, wage war.
rēs gestae, exploits.
bene gerere, carry on successfully
gladiātōrius, -a, -um, adj. gladiatorial
gladius, gladī, m. sword
glōria, -ae, f. glory, fame
Gracchus, -ī, m. Gracchus, name of a famous Roman family gracilis, -e, adj. slender (§ 307)
Graeca, -ōrum, n. plur. Greek writings, Greek literature
Graecē, adv. in Greek
Graecia, -ae, f. Greece
grammaticus, -ī, m. grammarian
grātia, -ae, f. thanks, gratitude
grātus, -a, -um, adj. acceptable, pleasing. Often with dat. (§ 501.16)
gravis, -ē, adj. heavy; disagreeable; serious, dangerous; earnest, weighty graviter, adv. [gravis, heavy], compared gravius, gravissimē, heavily; greatly, seriously.
graviter ferre, bear ill, take to heart
gubernātor, -ōris, m. [gubernō, pilot], pilot
habēna, -ae, f. halter, rein.
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus, have, hold; regard, consider, deem habitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [cf. habeō, have], dwell, abide, inhabit. Cf. incolō, vīvō hāc-tenus, adv. thus far
Helvētiī, -ōrum, m. the Helvetii, a Gallic tribe
Herculēs, -is, m. Hercules, son of Jupiter and Alcmena, and god of strength
Hesperidēs, -um, f. the Hesperides, daughters of Hesperus, who kept the garden of the golden apples hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative adj. and pron. this (of mine); as pers. pron. he, she, it (§ 481)
hīc, adv. here
hiems, -emis, f. winter
hīnc, adv. [hīc, here], from here, hence
Hippolytē, -ēs, f. Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons ho-diē, adv. [modified form of hōc diē, on this day], to-day homō, -inis, m. and f. (human being), man, person honestus, -a, -um, adv. [honor, honor], respected, honorable honor, -ōris, m. honor hōra, -ae, f. hour
Horātius, Horā´tī, m. Horatius, a Roman name
horribilis, -e, adj. terrible, horrible
hortor, -āri, -ātus sum, dep. verb, urge, incite, exhort, encourage (§ 493)
hortus, -ī, m. garden
hospitium, hospi´tī, n. [hospes, host], hospitality
hostis, -is, m. and f. enemy, foe (§ 465. a)
humilis, -e, adj. low, humble (§ 307)
Hydra, -ae, f. the Hydra, a mythical water snake slain by Hercules
iaciō, -ere, iēcī, iactus, throw, hurl
iam, adv. now, already.
nec iam, and no longer
Iāniculum, -ī, n. the Janiculum, one of the hills of Rome iānua, -ae, f. door ibi, adv. there, in that place
Īcarus, -ī, m. Ic´arus, the son of Dædalus ictus, -ūs, m. [cf. īcō, strike], blow
īdem, e´adem, idem, demonstrative pron. [is + dem], same (§ 481)
idōneus, -a, -um, adj. suitable, fit
igitur, conj., seldom the first word, therefore, then. Cf. itaque ignis, -is, m. fire (§§ 243.1; 247.2.a; 465.1)
ignōtus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + (g)notus, known], unknown, strange ille, illa, illud, demonstrative adj. and pron. that (yonder); as pers. pron. he, she, it (§ 481)
illīc, adv. [cf. ille], yonder, there
im-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus [in, against, + mittō, send], send against; let in immolō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [in, upon, + mola, meal], sprinkle with sacrificial meal; offer, sacrifice im-mortālis, -e, adj. [in-, not, + mortalis, mortal], immortal im-mortālitās, -ātis, f. [immortālis, immortal], immortality im-parātus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + parātus, prepared], unprepared impedīmentum, -ī, n. [impediō, hinder], hindrance; in plur. baggage impedītus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of impediō, hinder], hindered, burdened im-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus [in, against, + pellō, strike], strike against; impel, drive, propel imperātor, -ōris, m. [imperō, command], general imperium, impe´rī, n. [imperō, command], command, order; realm, empire; power, authority imperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, command, order. Usually with dat. and an object clause of purpose (§ 501.41). With acc. object, levy, impose impetus, -ūs, m. attack, impetum facere in, make an attack upon im-pōnō, -ere, -posui, -positus [in, upon, + pōnō, place], place upon; impose, assign in, prep, with acc. into, to, against, at, upon, towards; with abl. in, on.
in reliquum tempus, for the future
in-, inseparable prefix. With nouns and adjectives often with a negative force, like English un-, in-
in-cautus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + cautus, careful], off one’s guard incendium, incendī, n. flame, fire. Cf. ignis, flamma in-cendō, -ere, -dī, -cēnsus, set fire to, burn in-cidō, -ere, -cidī, ——, [in, in, on, + cadō, fall], fall in, fall on; happen.
in furōrem incidere, go mad
in-cipiō, -ere, -cēpi, -ceptus [in, on, + capiō, take], begin in-cognitus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + cognitus, known], unknown in-colō, -ere, -uī, ——, [in, in, + colō, dwell], inhabit; live incolumis, -e, adj. sound, safe, uninjured, imharmed in-crēdibilis, -e, adj. [in-, not, + crēdibilis, to be believed], incredible inde, from that place, thence induō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus, put on indūtus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of induō, put on], clothed in-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus [in, into, + eō, go], go into; enter upon, begin, with acc. (§ 413)
īn-fāns, -fantis, adj. [in-, not, + *fāns, speaking], not speaking. As a noun, m. and f. infant
īn-fēlīx, -īcis, adj. [in-, not, + fēlīx, happy], unhappy, unlucky
īnfēnsus, -a, -um, adj. hostile
īn´-ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus [in, against, + ferō, bear], bring against or upon, inflict, with acc. and dat. (§ 501.15).
bellum īnferre, with dat., make war upon
īnferus, -a, -um, adj. low, below (§ 312).
īn-fīnītus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + fīnītus, bounded], boundless, endless
īn-fīrmus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + fīrmus, strong], weak, infirm ingenium, inge´ni, n. talent, ability ingēns, -entis, adj. vast, huge, enormous, large. Cf. magnus in-gredior, -gredī, -gressus sum [in, in, + gradior, walk], advance, enter inimīcus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + amīcus, friendly], hostile. As a noun, inimīcus, -ī, m. enemy, foe. Cf. hostis initium, ini´tī, entrance, beginning initus, -a, -um, part. of ineō.
initā aestāte, at the beginning of summer
iniūria, -ae, f. [in, against, + iūs, law], injustice, wrong, injury.
alicui iniūriās īnferre, inflict wrongs upon some one inopia, -ae, f. [inops, needy], want, need, lack in-opīnāns, -antis, adj. [in-, not, + opīnāns, thinking], not expecting, taken by surprise inquit, said he, said she. Regularly inserted in a direct quotation in-rigō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, irrigate, water in-rumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptus [in, into, + rumpō, break], burst in, break in in-ruō, -ere, -ruī,—— [in, in, + ruō, rush], rush in
īn-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum, dep. verb [in, on, + sequor, follow], follow on, pursue
īn-signe, -is, n. badge, decoration (§ 465. b)
īnsignis, -e, adj. remarkable, noted
īnstāns, -antis, adj. [part. of īnsto, be at hand], present, immediate
īn-stō, -āre, -stitī, -statūrus [in, upon, + stō, stand], stand upon; be at hand; pursue, press on
īnstrūmentum, -ī, n. instrument
īn-struō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctus [in, on, + struō, build], draw up
īnsula, -ae, f. island
integer, -gra, -grum, untouched, whole; fresh, new
intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctus [inter, between, +legō, choose], perceive, understand (§ 420. d)
intentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, aim; threaten
inter, prep. with acc. between, among; during, while (§ 340)
interfectus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of inter-ficiō, kill], slain, dead inter-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [inter, between, + faciō, make], put out of the way, kill. Cf. necō, occīdō, trucīdō interim, adv. meanwhile interior, -ius, adj. interior, inner (§ 315)
inter-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus, leave off, suspend
interpres, -etis, m. and f. interpreter
inter-rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, question
inter-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus [inter, between, +sum, be], be present, take part in, with dat. (§ 501.15)
inter-vāllum, -ī, n. interval, distance
intrā, adv. and prep. with acc. within, in intrō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus, go into, enter in-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus [in, upon, +veniō, come], find invīsus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of invideō, envy], hated, detested
Iolāus, -ī, m. I-o-lā´us, a friend of Hercules ipse, -a, -um, intensive pron. that very, this very; self, himself, herself, itself, (§ 481)
īra, -ae, f. wrath, anger
īrātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of īrāscor, be angry], angered, enraged is, ea, id, demonstrative adj. and pron. this, that; he, she, it (§ 481)
iste, -a, -ud, demonstrative adj. and pron. that (of yours), he, she, it (§ 481)
ita, adv. so, thus. Cf. sīc and tam
Italia, -ae, f. Italy
ita-que, conj. and so, therefore
item, adv. also
iter, itineris, n. journey, march, route; way, passage (§§ 247.1.a; 468).
iter dare, give a right of way, allow to pass.
iter facere, march (see p. 159)
iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussus, order, command. Usually with the infin. and subj. acc. (§ 213)
iūdex, -icis, m. and f. judge (§ 464. 1)
iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [iūdex, judge], judge, decide (§ 420. c)
Iūlia, -ae, Julia, a Roman name
Iūlius, Iūlī, m. Julius, a Roman name
iungō, -ēre, iūnxī, iūnctus, join; yoke, harness
Iūnō, -ōnis, f. Juno, the queen of the gods and wife of Jupiter
Iuppiter, Iovis, m. Jupiter, the supreme god
iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, swear, take an oath iussus, -a, -um, part. of iubeō, ordered
L., abbreviation for Lūcius
labefactus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of labefaciō, cause to shake], shaken, weakened, ready to fall
Labiēnus, -ī, m. La-bi-e´nus, one of Cæsar’s lieutenants labor, -ōris, m. labor, toil labōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [labor, labor], labor; suffer, be hard pressed lacrima, -ae, f. tear lacus, -ūs (dat. and abl. plur. lacubus), m. lake laetē, adv. [laetus, glad], compared laetius, laetissimē, gladly laetitia, -ae, f. [laetus, glad], joy laetus, -a, -um, adj. glad, joyful lapis, -idis, m. stone (§§ 247.2.a; 464.1)
Lār, Laris, m.; plur. Larēs, -um (rarely -ium), the Lares or household, gods lātē, adv. [lātus, wide], compared lātius, lātissimē, widely
Latinē, adv. in Latin.
Latīnē loquī, to speak Latin
lātitūdō, -inis, f. [lātus, wide], width
Lātōna, -ae, f. Latona, mother of Apollo and Diana latus, -a, -um, adj. wide lātus, -eris, n. side, flank.
ab utrōque latere, on each side
laudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [laus, praise], praise
laurea, -ae, f. laurel
laureātus, -a, -um, adj. crowned with laurel
laus, laudis, f. praise
lectulus, -ī, m. couch, bed
lēgātus, -ī, m. ambassador; lieutenant
legiō, -ōnis, f. [cf. legō, gather], (body of soldiers), legion, about 3600 men (§ 464. 2. a)
legiōnārius, -a, -um, adj. legionary. Plur. legiōnariī, -ōrum, m. the soldiers of the legion legō, -ere, lēgī, lēctus, read lēnis, -e, adj. gentle, smooth, mild lēniter, adv. [lēnis, gentle], compared lēnius, lēnissimē, gently
Lentulus, -i, m. Lentulus, a Roman family name leō, -ōnis, m. lion
Lernaeus, -a, -um, adj. Lernæean, of Lerna, in southern Greece
Lesbia, -ae, f. Lesbia, a girl’s name
levis, -e, adj. light
lēx, lēgis, f. measure, law
libenter, adv. [libēns, willing], compared libentius, libentissimē, willingly, gladly līber, -era, -erum, adj. free (§ 469. b)
līberī, -ōrum, m. [līber, free], children
līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [līber, free], set free, release, liberate lībertās, -ātis, f. [līber, free], freedom, liberty līctor, -ōris, m. lictor (p. 225)
līmus, -ī, m. mud
littera, -ae, f. a letter of the alphabet; in plur. a letter, epistle lītus, -oris, n. seashore, beach locus, -ī, m. (plur. locī and loca, m. and n.), place, spot longē, adv. [longus, long], comp. longius, longissimē, a long way off; by far longinquus, -a, -um, adj. [longus, long], distant, remote longitūdō, -inis, f. [longus, long], length longus, -a, -um, adj. long loquor, loqui, locūtus sum, dep. verb, talk, speak lōrīca, -ae, f. [lōrum, thong], coat of mail, corselet lūdō, -ere, lūsī, lūsus, play lūdus, -ī, m. play; school, the elementary grades. Cf. schola lūna, -ae, f. moon lūx, lūcis, f. (no gen. plur.), light.
prīma lūx, daybreak
Lȳdia, -ae, f. Lydia, a girl’s name
M., abbreviation for Mārcus
magicus, -a, -um, adj. magic
magis, adv. in comp. degree [magnus, great], more, in a higher degree (§ 323)
magister, -trī, m. master, commander; teacher
magistrātus, -ūs, m. [magister, master], magistracy; magistrate
magnitūdō, -inis, f. [magnus, great], greatness, size
magnopere, adv. [abl. of magnum opus], compared magis, maximē, greatly, exceedingly (§ 323)
magnus, -a, -um, adj., compared maior, maximus, great, large; strong, loud (§ 311)
maior, maius, -ōris, adj., comp. of magnus, greater, larger (§ 311)
maiōrēs, -um, m. plur. of maior, ancestors
mālō, mālle, māluī, —— [magis, more, + volō, wish], wish more, prefer (§ 497)
malus, -a, -um, adj., compared peior, pessimus, bad, evil (§ 311)
mandō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [manus, hand, + dō, put], (put in hand), intrust; order, command maneō, -ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus, stay, remain, abide
Mānlius, Mānlī, m. Manlius, a Roman name
mānsuētus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of mānsuēscō, tame], tamed manus, -ūs, f. hand; force, band
Mārcus, -ī, m. Marcus, Mark, a Roman first name mare, -is, n. (no gen. plur.), sea.
mare tenēre, be out to sea
margō, -inis, m. edge, border
marītus, -ī, m. husband
Marius, Marī, m. Marius, a Roman name, esp. C. Marius, the general
Mārtius, -a, -um, adj. of Mars, esp. the Campus Martius māter, -tris, f. mother mātrimōnium, mātrimō´nī, n. marriage.
in mātrimōnium dūcere, marry
mātūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, hasten. Cf. contendō, properō mātūrus, -a, -um, adj. ripe, mature maximē, adv. in superl. degree [maximus, greatest], compared magnopere, magis, maximē, especially, very much (§ 323)
maximus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of magnus, greatest, extreme (§ 311)
medius, -a, -um, adj. middle part; middle, intervening melior, -ius, -ōris, adj., comp. of bonus, better (§ 311)
melius, adv. in comp. degree, compared bene, melius, optimē, better (§ 323)
memoria, -ae, f. [memor, mindful], memory.
memoriā tenēre, remember
mēns, mentis, f. mind. Cf. animus
mēnsis, -is, m. month (§ 247. 2. a)
mercātor, -ōris, m. [mercor, trade], trader, merchant
merīdiānus, -a, -um, adj. [merīdiēs, noon], of midday merīdiēs, —— (acc. -em, abl. -ē), m. [medius, mid, + diēs, day], noon metus, -ūs, m. fear, dread meus, -a, -um, possessive adj. and pron. my, mine (§ 98)
mīles, -itis, m. soldier (§ 464. 1)
mīlitāris, -e, adj. [mīles, soldier], military.
rēs mīlitāris, science of war
mīlitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [mīles, soldier], serve as a soldier mīlle, plur. mīlia, -ium, numeral adj. and subst. thousand (§ 479)
minimē, adv. in superl. degree, compared parum, minus, minimē, least, very little; by no means (§ 323)
minimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared parvus, minor, minimus, least, smallest (§ 311)
minor, minus, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, compared parvus, minor, minimus, smaller, less (§ 311)
Mīnōs, -ōis, m. Minos, a king of Crete minus, adv. in comp. degree, compared parum, minus, minimē, less (§ 323)
Minyae, -ārum, m. the Minyae, a people of Greece mīrābilis, -e, adj. [mīror, wonder at], wonderful, marvelous mīror, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb [mīrus, wonderful], wonder, marvel, admire mīrus, -a, -um, adj. wonderful
Mīsēnum, -ī, Mise´num, a promontory and harbor on the coast of Campania. See map miser, -era, -erum, adj. wretched, unhappy, miserable missus, -a, -um, part. of mittō, sent mittō, -ere, mīsī, missus, send modicus, -a, -um [modus, measure], modest, ordinary modo, adv. [abl. of modus, measure, with shortened o], only, merely, just now.
modo... modo, now... now, sometimes... sometimes
modus, -ī, m. measure; manner, way; kind
moenia, -ium, n. plur. [cf. mūniō, fortify], walls, ramparts molestē, adv. [molestus, troublesome], compared molestius, molestissimē, annoyingly.
molestē ferre, to be annoyed
molestus, -a, -um, troublesome, annoying, unpleasant (§ 501.16)
moneō, -ēre, -uī, -itus, remind, advise, warn (§ 489)
mōns, montis, m. mountain (§ 247. 2. a)
mōnstrum, -ī, n. monster
mora, -ae, f. delay
moror, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb [mora, delay], delay, linger; impede mors, mortis, f. [cf. morior, die], death mōs, mōris, m. custom, habit mōtus, -ūs, m. [cf. moveō, move], motion, movement.
terrae mōtus, earthquake
moveō, -ēre, mōvī, mōtus, move
mox, adv. soon, presently
mulier, -eris, f. woman
multitūdō, -inis, f. [multus, much], multitude
multum (multō), adv. [multus, much], compared plūs, plūrimum, much (§ 477)
multus, -a, -um, adj., compared plūs, plūrimus, much; plur. many (§ 311)
mūniō, -īre, -īvī or -iī, -ītus, fortify, defend mūnītiō, -ōnis, f. [mūniō, fortify], defense, fortification mūrus, -ī, m. wall. Cf. moenia mūsica, -ae, f. music
nam, conj. for. Cf. enim
nam-que, conj., a strengthened nam, introducing a reason or explanation, for, and in fact; seeing that nārrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, tell, relate nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum, dep. verb, be born, spring from nātūra, -ae, f. nature nātus, part. of nāscor nauta, -ae, m. [for nāvita, from nāvis, ship], sailor nāvālis, -e, adj. [nāvis, ship], naval nāvigium, nāvi´gī, n. ship, boat nāvigō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [nāvis, ship, + agō, drive], sail, cruise nāvis, -is (abl. -ī or -e), f. ship (§ 243. 1).
nāvem cōnscendere, embark, go on board.
nāvem solvere, set sail.
nāvis longa, man-of-war
nē, conj. and adv. in order that not, that (with verbs of fearing), lest; not.
nē... quidem, not even
-ne, interrog. adv., enclitic (see §§ 16, 210). Cf. nōnne and num nec or neque, conj. [nē, not, + que, and], and not, nor.
nec... nec or neque... neque, neither... nor
necessārius, -a, -um, adj. needful, necessary
necō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [cf. nex, death], kill. Cf. interficiō, occīdō, trucīdō negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, deny, say not (§ 420. a)
negōtium, negō´tī, n. [nec, not, + ōtium, ease], business, affair, matter.
alicui negōtium dare, to employ some one
Nemaeus, -a, -um, adj. Neme´an, of Neme´a, in southern Greece nēmŏ, dat. nēminī (gen. nūllīus, abl. nūllō, supplied from nūllus), m. and f. [nē, not, + homō, man], (not a man), no one, nobody
Neptūnus, -ī, m. Neptune, god of the sea, brother of Jupiter neque, see nec neuter, -tra, -trum (gen. -trīus, dat. -trī), adj. neither (of two) (§ 108)
nē-ve, conj. adv. and not, and that not, and lest nihil, n. indecl. [nē, not, + hīlum, a whit], nothing.
nihil posse, to have no power
nihilum, -ī, n., see nihil
Niobē, -ēs, f. Ni´obe, the queen of Thebes whose children were destroyed by Apollo and Diana nisi, conj. [nē, not, + sī, if], if not, unless, except nōbilis, -e, adj. well known; noble noceō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus [cf. necō, kill], hurt, injure, with dat. (§ 501.14)
noctū, abl. used as adv. [cf. nox, night], at night, by night
Nōla, -ae, f. Nola, a town in central Campania. See map nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, —— [ne, not, + volō, wish], not to wish, be unwilling (§ 497)
nōmen, -inis, n. [cf. nōscō, know], (means of knowing), name nōminō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [nōmen, name], name, call. Cf. appellō, vocō nōn, adv. [nē, not, + ūnum, one], not.
nōn sōlum... sed etiam, not only... but also nōn-dum, adv. not yet nōn-ne, interrog. adv. suggesting an affirmative answer, not? (§ 210). Cf. -ne and num nōs, pers. pron. we (see ego) (§ 480)
noster, -tra, -trum, possessive adj. and pron. our, ours. Plur. nostrī, -ōrum, m. our men (§ 98)
novem, indecl. numeral adj. nine
novus, -a, -um, adj. new.
novae rēs, a revolution
nox, noctis, f. night, multā nocte, late at night nūllus, -a, -um (gen. -īus, dat. -ī) adj. [nē, not, + ūllus, any], not any, none, no (§ 108)
num, interrog. adv. suggesting a negative answer (§ 210). Cf. -ne and nōnne. In indir. questions, whether numerus, -ī, m. number numquam, adv. [nē, not, + umquam, ever], never nunc, adv. now. Cf. iam nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [nūntius, messenger], report, announce (§ 420. a)
nūntius, nūntī, m. messenger
nūper, adv. recently, lately, just now
nympha, -ae, f. nymph
ob, prep. with acc. on account of. In compounds it often means in front of, against, or it is intensive.
quam ob rem, for this reason (§ 340)
obses, -idis, m. and f. hostage
ob-sideō,-ēre,-sēdī, -sessus [ob, against, + sedeō, sit], besiege obtineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentus [ob, against, + teneō, hold], possess, occupy, hold occāsiō, -ōnis, f. favorable opportunity, favorable moment occāsus, -ūs, m. going down, setting occīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsus [ob, down, + caedō, strike], strike down; cut down, kill. Cf. interficiō, necō occupō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ob, completely, + capiō, take], seize, take possession of, occupy. Cf. rapio oc-currō, -ere, -currī, -cursus [ob, against + currō, run], run towards; meet, with dat. (§ 426)
ōceanus, -ī, m. the ocean
octō, indecl. numeral adj. eight
oculus, -ī, m. eye
officium, offi´cī, n. duty
ōlim, adv. formerly, once upon a time
ōmen, -inis, n. sign, token, omen
ō-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus [ob, over, past, + mittō, send], let go, omit.
consilium omittere, give up a plan
omnīnō, adv. [omnis, all], altogether, wholly, entirely
omnis, -e, adj. all, every. Cf. tōtus
onerāria, -ae, f. [onus, load], with nāvis expressed or understood, merchant vessel, transport onus, -eris, n. load, burden opīniō, -ōnis, f. [opīnor, suppose], opinion, supposition, expectation oppidānus, -ī, m. [oppidum, town], townsman oppidum, -ī, n. town, stronghold opportūnus, -a, -um, adj. suitable, opportune, favorable op-primō, -ere, -pressī, -pressus [ob, against, + premō, press], (press against), crush; surprise oppugnātiō, -ōnis, f. storming, assault oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ob, against, + pugnō fight], fight against, assault, storm, assail optimē, adv. in superl. degree, compared bene, melius, optimē, very well, best of all (§ 323)
optimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared bonus, melior, optimus, best, most excellent (§ 311)
opus, -eris, n. work, labor, task (§ 464. 2. b)
ōrāculum, -ī, n. [ōrō, speak], oracle
ōrātor, -ōris, m. [ōrō, speak], orator
orbis, -is, m. ring, circle.
orbis terrārum, the earth, world
orbita, -ae, f. [orbis, wheel], rut
Orcus, -ī, m. Orcus, the lower world
ōrdō, -inis, m. row, order, rank (§ 247. 2. a)
orīgo, -inis, f. [orior, rise], source, origin
orior, -īrī, ortus sum, dep. verb, arise, rise, begin; spring, be born
ōrnāmentum, -ī, n. [ōrnō, fit out], ornament, jewel
ōrnātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of ōrnō, fit out] fitted out; adorned
ōrnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, fit out, adorn
P., abbreviation for Pūblius
paene, adv. nearly, almost
palūdāmentum, -ī, n. military cloak
palūs, -ūdis, f. swamp, marsh
pānis, -is, m. bread
pār, paris, adj. equal (§ 471. III)
parātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of parō, prepare], prepared, ready parcō, -ere, peper´cī (parsī), parsūrus, spare, with dat. (§ 501.14)
pāreō, -ēre, -uī, ——, obey, with dat. (§ 501.14)
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, prepare for, prepare; provide, procure pars, partis, f. part, share; side, direction parum, adv., compared minus, minimē, too little, not enough (§ 323)
parvus, -a, -um, adj., compared minor, minimus, small, little (§ 311)
passus, -ūs, m. step, pace.
mīlle passuum, thousand paces, mile (§ 331. b)
pateō, -ēre, patuī, ——, lie open, be open; stretch, extend pater, -tris, m. father (§ 464. 2. a)
patior, -ī, passus sum, dep. verb, bear, suffer, allow, permit patria, -ae, f. [cf. pater, father], fatherland, (one’s) country paucus, -a, -um, adj. (generally plur.), few, only a few paulisper, adv. for a little while paulō, adv. by a little, little paulum adv. a little, somewhat pāx, pācis, f. (no gen. plur.), peace pecūnia, -ae, f. [pecus, cattle], money pedes, -itis, m. [pēs, foot], foot soldier pedester, -tris, -tre, adj. [pēs, foot], on foot; by land peior, peius, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, compared malus, peior, pessimus, worse (§ 311)
pellis, -is, f. skin, hide
penna, -ae, f. feather
per, prep. with acc. through, by means of, on account of. In composition it often has the force of thoroughly, completely, very (§ 340)
percussus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of percutiō, strike through], pierced per-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [per, through, + dūcō, lead], lead through.
fossam perdūcere, to construct a ditch
per-exiguus, -a, -um, adj. [per, very, + exiguus, small], very small, very short perfidus, -a, -um, adj. faithless, treacherous, false per-fringō, -ere, -frēgī, -frāctus [per, through, frangō, break], shatter pergō, -ere, perrēxī, perrēctus [per, through, + regō, conduct], go on, proceed, hasten perīculum, -ī, n. trial, test; danger peristȳlum, -ī, n. peristyle, an open court with columns around it perītus, -a, -um, adj. skillful perpetuus, -a, -um, adj. perpetual
Perseus, -eī, Perseus, a Greek hero, son of Jupiter and Danaë persōna, -ae, f. part, character, person per-suādeō, -ēre, -suāsī, -suāsus [per, thoroughly, + suādeō, persuade], persuade, advise, with dat. (§ 501.14), often with an object clause of purpose (§ 501.41)
per-terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [per, thoroughly, + terreō, frighten], thoroughly terrify, alarm per-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus [per, through, + veniō, come], arrive, reach, come to pēs, pedis, m. foot.
pedem referre, retreat (§ 247. 2. a)
pessimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared malus, peior, pessimus, worst (§ 311)
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītus, strive for, seek, beg, ask; make for, travel to. Cf. postulō, quaerō, rogō
Pharsālus, -ī, f. Pharsa´lus or Pharsa´lia, a town in Thessaly, near which Cassar defeated Pompey, 48 B.C.
philosophia, -ae, f. philosophy
philosophus, -ī, m. philosopher
pictus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of pingō, paint], colored, variegated pīlum, -ī, n. spear, javelin (§ 462. b)
piscīna, -ae, f. [piscis, fish], fish pond
piscis, -is, m. fish
pīstor, -ōris, m. baker
placeō. -ēre, -uī, -itus, please, be pleasing, with dat. (§ 501.14)
plānitiēs, -ēī, f. [plānus, level], plain
plānus, -a, -um, adj. level, flat
plēnus, -a, -um, full
plūrimum, adv. in superl. degree, compared multum, plūs, plūrimum, very much.
plūrimum valēre, be most influential (§ 322)
plūrimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared multus, plūs, plūrimus, most, very many (§ 311)
plūs, plūris, adj. in comp. degree, compared multus, plūs, plūrimus; sing. n. as substantive, more; plur. more, several (§ 311)
pluteus, -ī, m. shield, parapet
poena, -ae, f. punishment, penalty
poēta, -ae, m. poet
pompa, -ae, f. procession
Pompēiī, -ōrum, m. Pompeii, a city of Campania. See map
Pompēius, Pompē´ī, m. Pompey, a Roman name
pōmum, -ī, n. apple
pōnō, -ere, posuī, positus, put, place.
castra pōnere, pitch camp
pōns, pontis, m. bridge (§ 247. 2. a)
popīna, -ae, f. restaurant
populus, -ī, m. people
Porsena, -ae, m. Porsena, king of Etruria, a district of Italy. See map porta, -ae, f. gate, door portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, bear, carry portus, -ūs, m. [cf. porta, gate], harbor possideō, -ēre, -sēdī, -sessus, have, own, possess possum, posse, potuī, ——, irreg. verb [potis, able, + sum, I am], be able, can (§ 495).
nihil posse, have no power
post, prep, with acc. after, behind (§ 340)
posteā, adv. [post, after, + eā, this], afterwards
(posterus), -a, -um, adj., compared posterior, postrēmus or postumus, following, next (§ 312)
postquam, conj. after, as soon as
postrēmō, adv. [abl. of postrēmus, last], at last, finally. Cf. dēmum, dēnique (§ 322)
postrīdiē, adv. [posterō, next, + diē, day], on the next day postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, ask, demand, require. Cf. petō, quaerō, rogō potentia, -ae, f. [potēns, able], might, power, force prae-beō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [prae, forth, + habeō, hold], offer, give praeda, -ae, f. booty, spoil, plunder prae-dīcō, -ere, -dīxī, -dictus [prae, before, + dīcō, tell], foretell, predict prae-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [prae, before, + faciō, make], place in command, with acc. and dat. (§ 501.15)
prae-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus [prae, forward, + mittō, send], send forward praemium, praemī, n. reward, prize praeruptus, -a, -um [part. of prae-rumpō, break off], broken off, steep praesēns, -entis, adj. present, immediate praesertim, adv. especially, chiefly praesidium, praesi´di, n. guard, garrison, protection prae-stō, -āre, -stitī, -stitus [prae, before, + sto, stand], (stand before), excel, surpass, with dat. (§ 501.15); show, exhibit prae-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus [prae, before, + sum, be], be over, be in command of, with dat. (§ 501.15)
praeter, prep, with acc. beyond, contrary to (§ 340)
praetereā, adv. [praeter, besides, + eā, this], in addition, besides, moreover praetextus, -a, -um, adj. bordered, edged praetōrium, praetō´rī, n. prætorium prandium, prandī, n. luncheon premō, -ere, pressī, pressus, press hard, compress; crowd, drive, harass
(prex, precis), f. prayer
prīmō, adv. [prīmus, first], at first, in the beginning (§ 322)
prīmum, adv. [prīmus, first], first.
quam primum, as soon as possible
prīmus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared prior, prīmus, first (§ 315)
prīnceps, -cipis, m. [prīmus, first, + capiō, take], (taking the first place), chief, leader (§ 464. 1)
prior, prius, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, superl., prīmus, former (§ 315)
prīstinus, -a, -um, adj. former, previous
prō, prep, with abl. before; for, for the sake of, in behalf of; instead of, as (§ 209). In composition, forth, forward prō-cēdō, -ere, -cussī, -cessūrus [prō, forward, + cēdō, go], go forward, proceed procul, adv. far, afar off prō-currō, -ere, -currī (-cucurrī), -cur-sus [prō, forward, + currō, run], run forward proelium, proeli, n. battle, combat.
proelium committere, join battle.
proelium facere, fight a battle
profectiō, -ōnis, f. departure
proficīscor, -ī, -fectus sum, dep. verb, set out, march. Cf. ēgredior, exeō prō-gredior, -ī, -gressus sum, dep. verb [prō, forth, + gradior, go], go forth, proceed, advance. Cf. pergō, prōcēdō prōgressus, see prōgredior prohibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [prō, forth, away from, + habeō, hold], keep away from, hinder, prevent prō-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtus [prō, forward, + moveō, move], move forward, advance prō-nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [prō, forth, + nūntiō, announce], proclaim, declare prope, adv., compared propius, proxi-mē, nearly. Prep, with acc. near prō-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus [prō, forth, + pellō, drive], drive forth; move, impel properō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [properus, quick], go quickly, hasten. Cf. contendō, maturō propinquus, -a, -um, adj. [prope, near], near, neighboring propior, -ius, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, superl., proximus, nearer (§ 315)
propius, adv. in comp. degree, compared prope, propius, proximē, nearer (§ 323)
propter, prep. with acc. on account of, because of (§ 340)
prō-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scriptus [prō, forth, + scribō, write], proclaim, publish. Cf. prōnūntiō prō-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum, dep. verb [prō, forth, + sequor, follow], escort, attend prō-sum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus [prō, for, + sum, be], be useful, benefit, with dat. (§§ 496; 501.15)
prō-tegō, -ere, -tēx=i], -tēctus [prō, in front, + tegō, cover], cover in front, protect prōvincia, -ae, f. territory, province proximē, adv. in superl. degree, compared prope, propius, proximē, nearest, next; last, most recently (§ 323)
proximus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared propior, proximus, nearest, next (§ 315)
pūblicus, -a, -um, adj. [populus,people], of the people, public, res pūblica, the commonwealth puella, -ae, f. [diminutive of puer, boy], girl, maiden puer, -eri, m. boy; slave (§ 462. c)
pugna, -ae, f -fight, battle. Cf. proelium
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [pugna, battle], fight. Cf. contendō, dīmicō pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj. beautiful, pretty (§§ 469.b; 304)
Pullō, -ōnis, m. Pullo, a centurion
pulsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, strike, beat
puppis, -is (acc. -im, abl. -ī), f. stern of a ship, deck pūrē, adv. [pūrus, pure], comp. pūrius, purely pūrgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, cleanse, clean purpureus, -a, -um, adj. purple, dark red putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, reckon, think (§ 420,c). Cf. arbitror, exīstimō
Pȳthia, -ae, f. Pythia, the inspired priestess of Apollo at Delphi
quā dē causā, for this reason, wherefore
quā rē, therefore, for this reason
quaerō, -ere, -sīvī, -sītus, seek, ask, inquire. Cf. petō, postulō, rogō quālis, -e, interrog. pronom. adj. of what sort, what kind of.
talis... qualis, such... as
quam, adv. how; after a comparative, than; with a superlative, translated as... as possible, quam prīmum, as soon as possible quantus, -a, -um, adj. [quam, how], how great, how much, tantus... quantus, as great as quārtus, -a, -um, numeral adj. [quattuor, four], fourth quattuor, indecl. numeral adj. four quattuor-decim, indecl. numeral adj. fourteen
-que, conj., enclitic, and (§ 16). Cf. ac, atque, et quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. and adj. who, which, what, that (§ 482)
quia, conj. because. Cf. quod
quīdam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam), indef. pron. and adj. a certain one, a certain, a (§ 485).
quidem, adv. to be sure, certainly, indeed, nē... quidem, not even quiēs, -ētis, f. rest, repose quiētus, -a, -um, adj. quiet, restful quīndecim, indecl. numeral adj. fifteen quīngentī, -ae, -a, numeral adj. five hundred quīnque, indecl. numeral adj. five quīntus, -a, -um, numeral adj. fifth quis (quī), quae, quid (quod), interrog. pron. and adj. who? what? which? (§ 483).
quis (quī), qua (quae), quid (quod), indef. pron. and adj., used after sī, nisi, nē, num, any one, anything, some one, something, any, some (§ 484).
quisquam, quicquam or quidquam (no fem. or plur.), indef. pron. any one (at all), anything (at all) (§ 486).
quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque), indef. pron. and adj. each, each one, every (§ 484).
quō, interrog. and rel. adv. whither, where
quō, conj. in order to, that, with comp. degree (§ 350).
quod, conj. because, in that. Cf. quia
quoque, conj., following an emphatic word, also, too. Cf. etiam quot-annīs, adv. [quot, how many + annus, year], every year, yearly quotiēns, interrog. and rel. adv. how often? as often as
rādīx, -īcis, f. root; foot
rapiō, -ere, -uī, -tus, seize, snatch
rārō, adv. [rārus, rare], rarely
rārus, -a, -um, adj. rare
re- or red-, an inseparable prefix, again, back, anew, in return rebelliō, -ōnis, f. renewal of war, rebellion recēns, -entis, adj. recent re-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus [re-, back, + capiō, take], take back, receive.
sē recipere, withdraw, retreat
re-clīnātus, -a, -um, part. of reclīnō, leaning back re-creātus, -a, -um, part. of recreō, refreshed rēctus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of regō, keep straight], straight, direct re-cūsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, refuse red-āctus, -a, -um, part. of redigō, reduced, subdued red-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus [red-, back, + eō, go], go back, return (§ 413). Cf. revertō reditus, -ūs, m. [cf. redeō, return], return, going back re-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [re-, back, + dūcō, lead], lead back re-ferō, -ferre, rettulī, -lātus [re-, back, + ferō, bear], bear back; report.
pedem referre, withdraw, retreat
re-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [re-, again, + faciō, make], make again, repair.
sē reficere, refresh one’s self
rēgīna, -ae, f. [rēx, king], queen
regiō, -ōnis, f. region, district
rēgnum, -ī, n. sovereignty; kingdom
regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctus [cf. rēx, king], govern, rule (§ 490)
re-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [re-, back, + iaciō, hurl], hurl back; throw away re-linquō, -ere, -līquī, -lictus [re-, behind, + linquō, leave], leave behind, leave, abandon reliquus, -a, -um, adj. [cf. relinquō, leave], left over, remaining. As a noun, plur. the rest remōtus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of re-moveō, remove], remote, distant re-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -motus [re-, back, + moveō, move], remove rēmus, -ī, m. oar re-periō, -īre, repperī, repertus, find re-portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [re-, back, + portō, carry], carry back, bring back, win, gain rēs, reī, f. thing, business, matter, deed, event, circumstance (§ 467).
quam ob rem, for this reason.
rēs adversae, adversity.
rēs frūmentāria, grain supplies.
rēs gestae, exploits.
rēs militāris, science of war.
rēs pūblica, the commonwealth.
rēs secundae, prosperity
re-scindō, -ere, -scidī, -scissus [re-, back, + scindō, cut], cut off, cut down re-sistō, -ere, -stitī, —— [re-, back, + sistō, cause to stand], oppose, resist, with dat. (§ 501.14)
re-spondeō, -ēre, -spondī, -spōnsus [re-, in return, + spondeō, promise], answer, reply (§ 420. a)
re-vertō, -ere, -ī, ——, or dep. verb re-vertor, -ī, -sus sum [re-, back, + vertō, turn], turn back, return. Usually active in the perf. system re-vinciō, -īre, -vīnxī, -vīnctus [re-, back, + vinciō, bind], fasten rēx, rēgis, m. [cf. regō, rule], king
Rhēnus, -ī, m. the Rhine, a river of Germany rīpa, -ae, f. bank rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, ask. Cf. petō, postulō, quaerō
Rōma, -ae, f. Rome. See map
Rōmānus, -a, -um, adj. [Rōma, Rome], Roman, follows its noun. As a noun, m. and f. a Roman rosa, -ae, f. rose rōstrum, -ī, n. beak of a ship. In plur., the rostra, the speaker’s stand in the Roman Forum rota, -ae, f. wheel
Rubicō, -ōnis, m. the Rubicon, a river in northern Italy. See map rūmor, -ōris, m. report, rumor rūrsus, adv. [for reversus, turned back], again, in turn rūs, rūris (locative abl. rūrī, no gen., dat., or abl. plur.), n. the country (§ 501. 36. 1). Cf. ager, patria, terra
Sabīnus, -a, -um, adj. Sabine. As a noun, m. and f. a Sabine. The Sabines were an ancient people of central Italy. See map sacrum, -ī, n. [sacer, consecrated], something consecrated, sacrifice; usually in plur., religious rites saepe, adv., compared saepius, saepissimē, often, frequently saevus, -a, -um, adj. cruel, savage sagitta, -ae, f. arrow saliō, -īre, -uī, saltus, jump salūs, -ūtis, f. safety; health.
salūtem dīcere, send greetings
salūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [salūs, health], greet, salute salvē, imv. of salveō, hail, greetings sanguis, -inis, m. blood (§ 247. 2. a]
sānitās, -ātis, f. [sānus, sound], health, sanity
sapiēns, -entis, adj. [part. of sapiō, be wise], wise, sensible satis, adv. and indecl. noun, enough, sufficient, sufficiently saxum, -ī, n. rock, stone scelus, -eris, n. crime, sin scēptrum, -ī, n. scepter schola, -ae, f. school, the higher grades. Cf. lūdus scientia, -ae, f. [sciēns, knowing], skill, knowledge, science scindō, -ere, scidī, scissus, cut, tear sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus, know (§ 420. b). Cf. cognōscō scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, write scūtum, -ī, n. shield, buckler sē, see suī sēcum = sē + cum secundus, -a, -um, adj. [sequor, follow], following, next, second; favorable, successful.
rēs secundae, prosperity
sed, conj. but, on the contrary.
nōn sōlum... sed etiam, not only... but also sēdecim, indecl. numeral adj. sixteen sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessus, sit semper, adv. always, forever senātus, -ūs, m. [cf. senex, old], council of elders, senate sentiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsus, feel, know, perceive (§ 420. d). Cf. intellegō, videō septem, indecl. numeral adj. seven septimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. seventh sequor, -ī, secūtus sum, dep. verb, follow (§ 493)
serpēns, -entis, f. [serpō, crawl], serpent, snake
sertae, -ārum, f. plur. wreaths, garlands
servitūs, -ūtis, f. [servus, slave], slavery, servitude
servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, save, rescue, keep
servus, -ī, m. slave
sēsē, emphatic for sē
sex, indecl. numeral adj. six
Sextus, -ī, m. Sextus, a Roman first name sī, conj. if sīc, adv. thus, in this way. Cf. ita, tam
Sicilia, -ae, f. Sicily. See map
sīc-ut, just as, as if
signifer, -erī, m. [signum, standard, + ferō, bear], standard bearer (p. 224)
signum, -ī, n. ensign, standard; signal
silva, -ae, f. wood, forest
similis, -e, adj., compared similior, simillimus, like, similar (§ 307)
simul, adv. at the same time
simul ac or simul atque, conj. as soon as sine, prep. with abl. without (§ 209)
singulī, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. one at a time, single (§ 334)
sinister, -tra, -trum, adj. left
Sinuessa, -ae, f. Sinues´sa, a town in Campania. See map sitis, -is (acc. -im, abl. -ī, no plur.), f. thirst situs, -a, -um, adj. [part. of sinō, set], situated, placed, lying socius, socī, m. comrade, ally sōl, sōlis (no gen. plur.), m. sun soleō, -ēre, solitus sum, semi-dep. verb, be wont, be accustomed sollicitus, -a, -um, adj. disturbed, anxious sōlum, adv. [sōlus, alone], alone, only.
nōn sōlum... sed etiam, not only... but also sōlus, -a, -um (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. alone, only (§ 108)
solvō, -ere, solvī, solūtus, loosen, unbind.
nāvem solvere, set sail
somnus, -ī, m. sleep
soror, -ōris, f. sister
spatium, spatī, n. space, distance; time; opportunity
spectāculum, -ī, n. [spectō, look at], show, spectacle spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, look at, witness spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [spēs, hope], hope, expect (§ 420. c)
spēs, speī, f. hope (§ 273. 2)
splendidē, adv. [splendidus], compared splendidius, splendidissimē, splendidly, handsomely splendidus, -a, -um, adj. brilliant, gorgeous, splendid
Stabiānus, -a, -um, Stabian
stabulum, -ī, n. [cf. stō, stand], standing place, stable, stall statim, adv. [cf. stō, stand], on the spot, at once, instantly statua, -ae, f. [sistō, place, set], statue statuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus [status, station], decide, determine stilus, -ī, m. iron pencil, style (p. 210)
stō, -āre, stetī, status, stand
strātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of sternō, spread], paved (of streets)
strepitus, -ūs, m. [strepō, make a noise], noise, din stringō, -ere, strīnxī, strictus, bind tight; draw, unsheathe studeō, -ēre, -uī, ——, give attention to, be eager, with dat. (§ 501.14)
studium, studī, n. [cf. studeō, be eager for], eagerness, desire, zeal, devotion stultus, -a, -um, adj. foolish, stupid
Stymphālis, -idis, adj. f. Stymphalian, of Stympha´lus, a lake in southern Greece
Stymphālus, -ī, m. Stympha´lus, a district of southern Greece with a town, mountain, and lake, all of the same name suādeō, -ēre, -sī, -sus, advise, recommend, with subjv. of purpose (§ 501.41)
sub, prep, with acc. and abl. under, below, up to; at or to the foot of sub-igō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctus [sub, under, + agō, drive], subdue, reduce subitō, adv. [subitus, sudden], suddenly sub-sequor, -ī, -secūtus sum, dep. verb [sub, below, + sequor, follow], follow close after, follow up suc-cēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessus [sub, below, + cēdō, go], follow, succeed suī, reflexive pron. of himself (herself, itself, themselves) (§ 480).
sēcum = sē + cum.
sēsē, emphatic form of sē
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus, irreg. verb, be; exist (§ 494)
summus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared superus, superior, suprēmus or summus (§ 312), supreme, highest; best, greatest.
in summō colle, on the top of the hill sūmō, -ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus, take up; assume, put on.
sūmere supplicium dē, inflict punishment on
super, prep. with acc. and abl. over, above superbia, -ae, f. [superbus, proud], pride, arrogance superbus, -a, -um, adj. proud, haughty superior, comp. of superus superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [superus, above], go over; subdue, overcome; surpass, excel super-sum, -esse, -fuī, ——, be over, survive, with dat. (§ 501.15)
superus, -a, -um, adj., compared superior, suprēmus or summus, above, upper (§ 312)
supplicium, suppli´cī, n. [supplex, kneeling in entreaty], punishment, torture.
supplicium sūmere dē, inflict punishment on.
supplicium dare, suffer punishment
surgō, -ere, surrēxī, —— [sub, from below, + regō, straighten], rise sus-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus [sub, under, + capiō, take], undertake, assume, begin suspicor, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb, suspect, surmise, suppose sus-tineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentus [sub, under, + teneō, hold], hold up, bear, sustain, withstand suus, -a, -um, reflexive possessive adj. and pron., his, her, hers, its, their, theirs (§ 98)
T., abbreviation of Titus
taberna, -ae, f. shop, stall
tabula, -ae, f. tablet for writing
tālis, -e, adj. such.
tālis... quālis, such... as
tam, adv. so, such. Cf. ita, sīc
tamen, adv. yet, however, nevertheless
tandem, adv. at length, finally
tangō, -ere, tetigī, tāctus, touch
tantum, adv. [tantus], only
tantus, -a, -um, adj. so great, such.
tantus... quantus, as large as
tardus, -a, -um, adj. slow, late; lazy
Tarpēia, -ae, f. Tarpeia (pronounced Tar-pē´ya), the maiden who opened the citadel to the Sabines
Tarquinius, Tarqui´nī, Tarquin, a Roman king. With the surname Superbus, Tarquin the Proud
Tarracīna, -ae, f. Tarraci´na, a town in Latium. See map taurus, -ī, m. bull tēctus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of tegō, cover], covered, protected tēlum, -ī, n. weapon temerē, adv. rashly, heedlessly tempestās, -ātis, f. [tempus, time] storm, tempest templum, -ī, n. temple, shrine tempto, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, try, test; make trial of, attempt tempus, -oris, n. time (§ 464. 2. b). in reliquum tempus, for the future teneō, -ēre, tenuī, ——, hold, keep tergum, -ī, n. back, ā tergō, on the rear, tergum vertere, retreat, flee ternī, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. three each, by threes (§ 334)
terra, -ae, f. earth, ground, land.
orbis terrārum, the whole world
terror, -ōris, m. [cf. terreō, frighten], dread, alarm, terror tertius, -a, -um, numeral adj. third
Teutonēs, -um, m. the Teutons
theātrum, -ī, n. theater
Thēbae, -ārum, f. Thebes, a city of Greece
Thēbānī, -ōrum, m. Thebans, the people of Thebes thermae, -ārum, f. plur. baths
Thessalia, -ae, f. Thessaly, a district of northern Greece
Thrācia, -ae, f. Thrace, a district north of Greece
Tiberius, Tibe´rī, m. Tiberius, a Roman first name tībīcen, -īnis, m. [cf. tībia, pipe], piper, flute player timeō, -ēre, -uī, ——, fear, be afraid of. Cf. vereor timor, -ōris, m. [cf. timeō, fear], fear, dread, alarm. Cf. metus
Tīryns, Tīrynthis, f. Ti´ryns, an ancient town in southern Greece, where Hercules served Eurystheus toga, -ae, f. [cf. tegō, cover], toga tormentum, -ī, n. engine of war totiēns, adv. so often, so many times tōtus, -a, -um, (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. all, the whole, entire (§ 108)
trā-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus [trāns, across, + dō, deliver], give up, hand over, surrender, betray trā-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [trāns, across, + dūcō, lead], lead across trahō, -ere, trāxī, trāctus, draw, pull, drag.
multum trahere, protract, prolong much
trā-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [trāns, across, + iaciō, hurl], throw across; transfix trā-nō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [trāns, across, + nō, swim], swim across trāns, prep. with acc. across, over (§ 340)
trāns-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus [trāns, across, + eō, go], go across, cross (§ 413)
trāns-fīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxus [trāns, through, + fīgō, drive], transfix trānsitus, —— (acc. -um, abl. -ū), m. [cf. trānseō, cross over], passage across trēs, tria, numeral adj. three (§ 479)
trīduum, trīduī, n. [trēs, three, + diēs, days], three days’ time, three days trīgintā, indecl. numeral adj. thirty triplex, -icis, adj. threefold, triple trīstis, -e, adj. sad; severe, terrible trīstitia, -ae, f. [trīstis, sad], sadness, sorrow triumphō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [triumphus, triumph], celebrate a triumph triumphus, -ī, m. triumphal procession, triumph.
triumphum agere, celebrate a triumph
trucīdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, cut to pieces, slaughter. Cf. interficiō, necō, occīdō tū, tuī (plur. vōs), pers. pron. thou, you (§ 480)
tuba, -ae, f. trumpet
Tullia, -ae, f. Tullia, a Roman name
tum, adv. then, at that time
turris, -is, f. tower (§ 465. 2)
tūtus, -a, -um, adj. safe
tuus, -a, -um, possessive adj. and pron. your, yours (§ 98)
ubi, rel. and interrog. adv. where, when
ūllus, -a, -um (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. any (§ 108)
ulterior, -ius, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, superl. ultimus, farther, more remote (§ 315)
ultimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree (see ulterior), farthest (§ 315)
umbra, -ae, f. shade
umerus, -ī, m. shoulder
umquam, adv. ever, at any time
ūnā, adv. [ūnus, one], in the same place, at the same time
ūndecimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. [ūnus, one, + decimus, tenth], eleventh undique, adv. from every quarter, on all sides, everywhere
ūnus, -a, -um (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), numeral adj. one; alone (§ 108)
urbs, -is, f. city (§ 465. a)
urgeō, -ēre, ursī, ——, press upon, crowd, hem in
ūrus, -ī, m. wild ox, urus
ūsque, adv. all the way, even
ūsus, -ūs, m. use, advantage
ut, conj. with the subjv. that, in order that, that not (with verbs of fearing), so that, to (§ 350. 1)
uter, -tra, -trum (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), interrog. pron. which of two? which? (§ 108)
uterque, utraque, utrumque, indef. pron. each of two, each, both.
ab utrāque parte, on both sides
ūtilis, -e, adj. [ūtor, use], useful
utrimque, adv. [uterque, each of two], on each side, on either hand
ūva, -ae, f. grape, bunch of grapes
uxor, -ōris, f. wife
vāgīna, -ae, sheath, scabbard
vagor, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb, wander
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus, be powerful, be well; in the imperative as a greeting, farewell.
plūrimum valēre, have the most power
valētūdō, -inis, f. [valeō, be well], health
validus, -a, -um, adj. [cf. valeō, be strong], strong, able, well vallēs, -is, f. valley vāllum, -ī, n. rampart, earthworks varius, -a, -um, adj. bright-colored vāstō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [vāstus, empty], (make empty), devastate, lay waste vectīgal, -ālis, n. tax, tribute vehementer, adv. [vehemēns, eager], compared vehementius, vehementissimē, eagerly, vehemently vehō, -ere, vexī, vectus, convey, carry. In the passive often in the sense of ride, sail vel, conj. or.
vel... vel, either... or. Cf. aut
vēlōcitās, -ātis, f. [vēlōx, swift], swiftness
vēlōx, -ōcis, adj. swift, fleet
vēlum, -ī, n. sail
vēndō, -ere, vēndidī, vēnditus, sell
veniō, -īre, vēnī, ventus, come, go
ventus, -ī, m. wind
verbum, -ī, n. word.
verba facere prō, speak in behalf of
vereor, -ērī, -itus sum, dep. verb, fear; reverence, respect (§ 493). Cf. timeō
Vergilius, Vergi´lī, m. Vergil, the poet
vergō, -ere, ——, ——, turn, lie
vērō, adv. [vērus, true], in truth, surely; conj. but, however.
tum vērō, then you may be sure, introducing the climax of a story vertō, -ere, -tī, -sus, turn, change.
tergum vertere, retreat, flee
vērus, -a, -um, true, actual
vesper, -erī, m. evening
vester, -tra, -trum, possessive adj. and pron. your, yours (§ 98)
vestīgium, vestī´gī, n. [cf. vestīgō, track], footstep, track, trace vestīmentum, -ī, n. [vestis, clothing], garment vestiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus [vestis, clothing], clothe, dress vestis, -is, f. clothing, attire, garment, robe vestītus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of vestiō, clothe], clothed
Vesuvius, Vesu´vi, m. Vesuvius, the volcano near Pompeii. See map veterānus, -a, -um, adj. old, veteran vetō, -āre, -uī, -itus, forbid, prohibit vexō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, trouble, annoy via, -ae, f. way, road, street; way, manner. Cf. iter viātor, -ōris, m. [via], traveler victor, -ōris, m. [vincō, conquer], conqueror, victor. In apposition, with adj. force victorious victōria, -ae, f. [victor, victor], victory vīcus, -ī, m. village videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsus, see, perceive. Pass. be seen; seem (§ 420. d)
vigilia, -ae, f. [vigil awake], watch.
dē tertia vigilia, about the third watch
vīgintī, indecl. numeral adj. twenty
vīlicus, -ī, m. [vīlla, farm], steward, overseer of a farm vīlla, -ae, f. farm, villa vinciō, -īre, vīnxī, vīnctus, bind, tie, fetter vincō, -ere, vīcī, victus, conquer, defeat, overcome. Cf. subigō, superō vīnea, -ae, f. shed (p. 219)
vīnum, -ī, n. wine
violenter, adv. [violentus, violent], compared violentius, violentissimē, violently, furiously vir, virī, m. man, husband; hero (§ 462. c)
virīlis, -e, adj. [vir, man], manly
virtūs, -ūtis, f. [vir, man], manliness; courage, valor; virtue (§ 464. 1)
vīs, (vīs), f. strength, power, might, violence (§ 468)
vīta, -ae, f. [cf. vīvō, live], life, vītam agere, spend or pass life vīto, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, shun, avoid vīvō, -ere, vīxī, ——, live. Cf. habitō, incolō vīvus, -a, -um, adj. [cf. vīvō, live], alive, living vix, adv. scarcely, hardly vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, call, summon, invite. Cf. appellō, nōminō volō, -āre, -āvī, -ātūrus, fly volō, velle, voluī, ——, irreg. verb, will, be willing; wish (§ 497). Cf. cupio volūmen, -inis, n. roll, book
Vorēnus, -ī, m. Vore´nus, a centurion
vōs, pers. pron.; you (see tū) (§ 480)
vōtum, -ī, n. [neut. part. of voveō, vow], vow, pledge, prayer vōx, vōcis, f. [cf. vocō, call], voice, cry; word vulnerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [vulnus, wound], wound, hurt vulnus, -eris, n. wound, injury vulpēs, -īs, f. fox
English-Latin Vocabulary
This vocabulary contains only the words used in the English-Latin exercises. For details not given here, reference may be made to the Latin-English vocabulary. The figures 1, 2, 3, 4, after verbs indicate the conjugation.
a, an, commonly not translated
able (be), possum, posse, potuī, ——(§ 495)
abode, domicilium, domici´lī, n.
about (adv.), circiter
about (prep.), dē, with abl.
about to, expressed by fut. act. part.
abundance, cōpia, -ae, f.
across, trāns, with acc.
active, ācer, ācris, ācre
advance, prōgredior, 3
advantage, ūsus, -ūs, m.
advise, moneō, 2
after (conj.), postquam; often expressed by the perf. part.
after (prep.), post, with acc.
against, in, contrā, with acc.
aid, auxilium, auxi´lī, n.
all, omnis, -e; tōtus, -a, -um (§ 108)
allow, patior, 3
ally, socius, socī, m.
almost, paene; ferē
alone, ūnus, -a, -um; sōlus, -a, -um (§ 108)
already, iam
also, quoque
always, semper
ambassador, lēgātus, -ī, m.
among, apud, with acc.
ancient, antīquus, -a, -um
and, et; atque (ac); -que
and so, itaque
Andromeda, Andromeda, -ae, f.
angry, īrātus, -a, um
animal, animal, -ālis, n.
announce, nūntiō, 1
annoying, molestus, -a, -um
another, alius, -a, -ud (§ 109)
any, ūllus, -a, -um (§ 108)
any one, anything, quisquam, quicquam or quidquam (§ 486)
appearance, fōrma, -ae, f.
appoint, creō, 1
approach, adpropinquō, 1, with dat.
are, used as auxiliary, not translated; as a copula, sum (§ 494)
arise, orior, 4
arm, bracchium, bracchī, n.
armed, armātus, -a, -um
arms, arma, -ōrum, n. plur.
army, exercitus, -ūs, m.
around, circum, with acc.
arrival, adventus, -us, m.
arrow, sagitta, -ae, f.
art of war, rēs mīlitāris
as possible, expressed by quam and superl..
ask, petō, 3; quaerō, 3; rogō, 1
assail, oppugnō, 1
at, in, with acc. or abl.; with names of towns, locative case or abl. without a preposition (§ 268); time when, abl.
at once, statim
at the beginning of summer, initā aestāte
Athens, Athēnae, -ārum, f.
attack, impetus, -us, m.
attempt, cōnor, 1; temptō, 1
away from, ā or ab, with abl.
bad, malus, -a, -um
baggage, impedīmenta, -ōrum, n. plur.
bank, rīpa, -ae, f.
barbarians, barbarī, -ōrum, m. plur.
battle, proelium, proelī, n.; pugna, -ae. f.
be, sum (§ 494)
be absent, be far, absum (§ 494)
be afraid, timeō, 2; vereor, 2
be away, absum (§ 494)
be in command of, praesum, with dat. (§§ 494, 426)
be informed, certior fīō
be off, be distant, absum (§ 494)
be without, egeō, with abl. (§ 180)
beast (wild), fera, -ae, f.
beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum
because, quia; quod
because of, propter, with acc.; or abl. of cause before, heretofore (adv.), anteā before (prep.), ante, with acc.; prō, with abl.
begin, incipiō, 3
believe, crēdō, 3, with dat. (§ 153)
belong to, predicate genitive (§ 409)
best, optimus, superl. of bonus
betray, trādō, 3
better, melior, comp. of bonus
between, inter, with acc.
billow, fluctus, -us, m.
bird, avis, -is, f. (§ 243. 1)
blood, sanguis, -inis, m.
body, corpus, -oris. n.
bold, audāx, -ācis; fortis, -e
boldly, audācter; fortiter
boldness, audācia, -ae, f.
booty, praeda, -ae, f.
both, each (of two), uterque, utraque, utrumque
both... and, et... et
boy, puer, -erī, m.
brave, fortis, -e
bravely, fortiter
bridge, pōns, pontis, m.
bright, clārus, -a, -um
bring back, reportō, 1
bring upon, īnferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus,
with acc. and dat. (§ 426)
brother, frāter, -tris, m.
building, aedificium, aedifi´cī. n.
burn, cremō, 1; incendō, 3
business, negōtium, negō´tī, n.
but, however, autem, sed
by, ā, ab, with abl.; denoting means, abl. alone; sometimes implied in a participle by night, noctū
Cæsar, Caesar, -aris, m.
calamity, calamitās, -ātis, f.
call, vocō, 1; appellō, 1; nōminō, 1
call together, convocō, 1
camp, castra, -ōrum, n. plur.
can, could, possum, posse, potuī, —— (§ 495)
capture, capiō, 3; occupō, 1
care, cūra, -ae, f.
care for, cūrō, 1
careful, attentus, -a, -um
carefulness, dīligentia, -ae, f.
carry, ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus (§ 498); portō, 1
carry on, gerō, 3
cart, carrus, -ī, m.
cause, causa, -ae, f.
cavalry, equitātus, -ūs, m.
cease, cessō, 1
Cepheus, Cēpheus, -ī, m.
certain (a), quīdam, quaedam, quoddam (quiddam) (§ 485)
chicken, gallīna, -ae, f.
chief, prīnceps, -cipis, m.
children, līberī, -ōrum, m. plur.
choose, dēligō, 3
choose, elect, creō, 1
citizen, cīvis, -is, m. and f. (§ 243. 1)
city, urbs, urbis, f.
clear, clārus, -a, -um
cohort, cohors, -rtis, f.
come, veniō, 4
command, imperō, 1, with dat. (§ 45); iubeō, 2; praesum, with dat. (§ 426)
commit, committō, 3
commonwealth, rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae
concerning, dē, with abl.
conquer, superō, 1; vincō, 3
construct (a ditch), perdūcō, 3
consul, cōnsul, -ulis, m.
contrary to, contrā, with acc.
Corinth, Corinthus, -ī, f.
Cornelia, Cornēlia, -ae, f.
Cornelius, Cornēlius, Cornē´li, m.
corselet, lōrīca, -ae, f.
cottage, casa, -ae, f.
country, as distinguished from the city, rūs, rūris, n.; as territory, fīnēs, -ium, m., plur. of fīnis courage, virtūs, -ūtis, f.
crime, scelus, -eris, n.
cross, trānseō, 4 (§ 499)
crown, corōna, -ae, f.
daily, cotīdiē
danger, perīculum, -ī, n.
daughter, fīlia, -ae, f. (§ 67)
day, diēs, -ēī, m.
daybreak, prīma lūx
dear, cārus, -a, -um
death, mors, mortis, f.
deed, rēs, reī, f.
deep, altus, -a, -um
defeat, calamitās, -ātis, f.
defend, dēfendō, 3
delay (Noun), mora, -ae, f.
delay (verb), moror, 1
demand, postulō, 1
dense, dēnsus, -a, -um
depart, discēdō, 3; exeō, 4; proficīscor, 3
dependent, cliēns, -entis, m.
design, cōnsilium, consi´lī n.
desire, cupiō, 3
destroy, dēleō, 2
Diana, Diāna, -ae, f.
differ, differō, differre, distulī, dīlātus (§ 498)
different, dissimilis, -e
difficult, difficilis, -e
difficulty, difficultās, -ātis, f.
diligence, dīligentia, -ae, f.
dinner, cēna, -ae, f.
disaster, calamitās, -ātis, f.
distant (be), absum, -esse, āfuī, āfutūrus (§ 494)
ditch, fossa, -ae, f.
do, agō, 3; faciō, 3; when used as auxiliary, not translated down from, dē, with abl.
drag, trahō, 3
drive, agō, 3
dwell, habitō, 1; incolō, 3; vīvō, 3
dwelling, aedificium, aedifi´cī, n.
each, quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) (§ 484)
each of two, uterque, utraque, utrumque
each other, inter with acc. of a reflexive eager, ācer, ācris, ācre; alacer, alacris, alacre eager (be), studeō, 2
eagerness, studium, studī, n.
eagle, aquila, -ae, f.
easily, facile
easy, facilis, -e
either... or, aut... aut
empire, imperium, impe´rī, n.
employ, negōtium dō
encourage, hortor, 1
enemy, hostis, -is, m. and f.; inimīcus, -ī, m.
enough, satis
entire, tōtus, -a, -um (§ 108)
expectation, opīniō, -ōnis, f.
eye, oculus, -ī, m.
faithless, perfidus, -a, -um
famous, clārus, -a, -um
far, longē
farmer, agricola, -ae, m.
farther, ulterior, -ius
father, pater, patris, m.
fatherland, patria, -ae, f.
favor, faveō, 2
favorable, idōneus, -a,-um; secundus, -a, -um
fear, metus, -ūs, m.; timor, -ōris, m.
fear, be afraid, timeō, 2
few, paucī, -ae, -a
field, ager, agrī, m.
fifteen, quīndecim
fight, contendō, 3; pugnō, 1
find, reperiō, 4
finish, cōnficiō, 3
fire, ignis, -is, m. (§ 243. 1)
firmness, cōnstantia, -ae, f.
first, prīmus, -a, -um
flee, fugiō, 3
flight, fuga, -ae, f.
fly, volō, 1
foe, see enemy
follow close after, subsequor, 3
food, cibus, -ī, m.
foot, pēs, pedis, m.
foot-soldier, pedes, -itis, m.
for (conj.), enim, nam
for (prep.), sign of dat.; dē, prō, with abl.; to express purpose, ad, with gerundive; implied in acc. of time and of extent of space for a long time, diū forbid, vetō, 1
forces, cōpiae, -ārum, f., plur. of cōpia
forest, silva, -ae, f.
fort, castellum, -ī, n.; castrum, -ī, n.
fortification, mūnitiō, -ōnis, f.
fortify, mūniō, 4
fortune, fortūna, -ae, f.
fourth, quārtus, -a, -um
free, līber, -era, -erum
free, liberate, līberō, 1
frequent, crēber, -bra, -brum
friend, amīcus, -ī, m.
friendly (adj.), amīcus, -a, -um
friendly (adv.), amīcē
friendship, amīcitia, -ae, f.
frighten, perterreō, 2
from, ā or ab, dē, ē, ex, with abl. Often expressed by the separative ablative without a prep.
from each other, inter, with acc. of a reflexive pron.
full, plēnus, -a, -um
Galba, Galba, -ae, m.
garland, corōna, -ae, f.
garrison, praesidium, praesi´dī, n.
gate, porta, -ae, f.
Gaul, Gallia, -ae, f.
Gaul (a), Gallus, -ī, m.
general, imperātor, -ōris, m.
Geneva, Genāva, -ae, f.
gentle, lēnis, -e
German, Germānus, -a, -um
Germans (the), Germānī, -ōrum, m. plur.
Germany, Germānia, -ae, f.
get (dinner), parō, 1
girl, puella, -ae, f.
give, dō, dare, dedī, datus
give over, surrender, dēdō, 3; trādō, 3
give up, omittō, 3
go, eō, 4 (§ 499)
go forth, prōgredior, 3
god, deus, -ī, m. (§ 468)
goddess, dea, -ae, f. (§ 67)
gold, aurum, -ī, n.
good, bonus, -a, -um
grain, frūmentum, -ī, n.
grain supply, rēs frūmentāria
great, ingēns, -entis; magnus, -a, -um
greatest, maximus, -a, -um; summus, -a, -um
guard, praesidium, praesi´dī, n.
hand, manus, -ūs, f.
happy, laetus, -a, -um
harbor, portus, -ūs, m.
hasten, contendō, 3; mātūrō, 1; properō, 1
hateful, invīsus, -a, -um
haughty, superbus, -a, -um
have, habeō, 2
have no power, nihil possum
he, is; hic; iste; ille; or not expressed head, caput, -itis, n.
hear, audiō
heart, animus, -ī, m.
heavy, gravis, -e
Helvetii (the), Helvētiī, -ōrum, m. plur.
hem in, contineō, 2
hen, gallīna, -ae, f.
her, eius; huius; istīus; illīus; reflexive, suus, -a, -um (§ 116)
hide, abdō, 3
high, altus, -a, -um
highest, summus, -a, -um
hill, collis, -is, m.
himself, suī. See self
hindrance, impedīmentum, -ī, n.
his, eius; huius; istīus; illīus; reflexive, suus, -a, -um (§ 116)
hither, citerior, -ius (§ 315)
hold, teneō, 2
home, domus, -ūs, f. (§ 468).
at home, domī (§ 267)
hope (Noun), spēs, speī, f.
hope (verb), spērō, 1
horse, equus, -ī, m.
horseman, eques, -itis, m.
hostage, obses, -idis, m. and f.
hostile, inimīcus, -a, -um
hour, hōra, -ae, f.
house, domicilium, domici´lī, n.; domus, -ūs, f. (§ 468)
hurl, iaciō, 3
I, ego (§ 280); or not expressed
if, sī. if not, nisi
ill, aeger, -gra, -grum
immediately, statim
in (of place), in, with abl.; (of time or of specification) abl. without prep.
in order that, ut, with subjv.;
in order that not, lest, nē, with subjv.
in vain, frūstrā
industry, dīligentia, -ae, f.
inflict injuries upon, iniūriās īnferō with dat. (§ 426)
inflict punishment on, supplicium sūmō de
inform some one, aliquem certiōrem faciō
injure, noceō, 2, with dat. (§ 153)
injury, iniūria, -ae, f.
into, in, with acc.
intrust, committō, 3; mandō, 1
invite, vocō, 1
is, used as auxiliary, not translated; as a copula, sum (§ 494)
island, īnsula, -ae, f.
it, is; hie; iste; ille; or not expressed
Italy, Italia, -ae, f.
its, eius; huius; istīus; illīus; reflexive, suus, -a, -um (§ 116)
itself, suī. See self
join battle, proelium committō
journey, iter, itineris, n. (§ 468)
judge (Noun), iūdex, -icis, m.
judge (verb), iūdicō, 1
Julia, Iūlia, -ae, f.
just now, nūper
keep, contineō, 2; prohibeo, 2; teneō, 2
keep on doing something, expressed by the impf. indic.
kill, interficiō, 3; necō, 1; occīdō, 3
king, rēx, rēgis, m.
kingdom, rēgnum, -ī, n.
know, cognōscō, 3, in perf.; sciō, 4
labor (Noun), labor, -ōris, m.
labor (verb), labōrō, 1
lack (Noun), inopia, -ae, f.
lack (verb), egeō, 2, with abl. (§ 180)
lady, domina, -ae, f.
lake, lacus, -ūs, m. (§ 260. 2)
land, terra, -ae, f.
language, lingua, -ae, f.
large, ingēns, -entis; magnus, -a, -um
larger, maior, maius
lately, nūper
Latona, Lātōna, -ae, f.
law, lēx, lēgis, f.
lay waste, vāstō, 1
lead, dūco, 3
leader, dux, ducis, m. and f.
learn, know, cognōscō, 3
leave, depart from, discēdō, 3
leave behind, abandon, relinquō, 3
left, sinister, -tra, -trum
legion, legiō, -ōnis, f.
legionaries, legiōnāriī, -ōrum, m. plur.
length, longitūdō, -inis, f.
lest, nē, with subjv.
letter (of the alphabet), littera, -ae, f; (an epistle) litterae, -ārum, f. plur.
lieutenant, lēgātus, -ī, m.
light, lūx, lūcis, f.
like (adj.), similis, -e
like, love, amō, 1
line of battle, aciēs, aciēī, f.
little, parvus, -a, -um
live, habitō, 1; incolō, 3; vīvō, 3
long, longus, -a, -um
long, for a long time, diū
long for, dēsīderō, 1
look after, cūrō, 1
love, amō, 1
maid, maid servant, ancilla, -ae,f.
make, faciō, 3
make war upon, bellum īnferō with dat. (§ 426)
man, homō, -inis, m. and f.; vir, virī, m.
man-of-war, nāvis longa
many, multī, -ae, -a, plur. of multus
march, iter, itineris, n. (§ 468)
Mark, Mārcus, -ī, m.
marriage, mātrimōnium, mātrimō´nī, n.
master, dominus, -ī, m.; magīster, -trī, m.
matter, negōtium, negō´tī, n.; rēs, reī, f.
means, by means of, the abl.
messenger, nūntius, nūntī, m.
midnight, media nox
mile, mīlle passuum (§ 331. b)
miles, mīlia passuum
mind, animus, -ī, m.; mēns, mentis, f.
mine, meus, -a, -um
mistress, domina, -ae, f.
money, pecūnia, -ae, f.
monster, mōnstrum, -ī, n.
month, mēnsis, -is, m.
moon, lūna, -ae, f.
more (adj.), plūs, plūris (§ 313); or a comparative. Adverb, magis most (adj.), plūrimus, -a, -um; superl. degree. Adverb, maximē; plūrimum mother, māter, mātris, f.
mountain, mōns, montis, m.
move, moveō, 2
moved, commōtus, -a, -um
much (by), multō
multitude, multitūdō, -inis. f.
my, meus, -a, -um
myself, mē, reflexive. See self
name, nōmen, -inis, n.
nation, gēns, gentis, f.
near, propinquus, -a, -um
nearest, proximus, -a, -um
nearly, ferē
neighbor, fīnitimus, -ī, in.
neighboring, fīinitimus, -a, -um
neither, neque or nec;
neither... nor, neque (nec)... neque (nec)
never, numquam
nevertheless, tamen
new, novus, -a, -um
next day, postrīdiē eius diēī
next to, proximus, -a, -um
night, nox, noctis, f.
nine, novem
no, minimē; or repeat verb with a negative (§ 210)
no, none, nūllus, -a, -um (§ 109)
no one, nēmō, nūllīus
nor, neque or nec
not, nōn
not even, nē... quidem
not only... but also, nōn sōlum... sed etiam nothing, nihil or nihilum, -ī, n.
now, nunc
number, numerus, -ī, m.
obey, pāreō, 2, with dat. (§ 153)
of, sign of gen.; dē, with abl.;
out of, ē or ex, with abl.
often, saepe
on (of place), in, with abl.;
(of time) abl. without prep.
on account of, propter, with acc.; or abl. of cause.
on all sides, undique
once (upon a time), ōlim
one, ūnus, -a, -um (§ 108)
one... another, alius... alius (§ 110)
only (adv.), sōlum; tantum
opportune, opportunus, -a, -um
opposite, adversus, -a, -um
oracle, ōrāculum, -ī, n.
orator, ōrātor, -ōris, m.
order, imperō, 1; iubeō, 2
ornament, ōrnāmentum, -ī, n.
other, alius, -a, -ud (§ 109)
others (the), reliquī, -ōrum, m. plur.
ought, dēbeō, 2
our, noster, -tra, -trum
ourselves, nōs, as reflexive object. See self
overcome, superō, 1; vincō, 3
own (his, her, its, their), suus, -a, -um
part, pars, partis, f.
peace, pāx, pācis, f.
people, populus, -ī, m.
Perseus, Perseus, -ī, m.
persuade, persuādeō, 2, with dat. (§ 153)
pitch camp, castra pōnō
place (Noun), locus, -ī, m.
place, arrange, conlocō, 1
place, put, pōnō, 3
place in command, praeficiō, 3, with acc. and dat. (§ 426)
plan (a), cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī, n.
please, placeō, 2, with dat. (§ 154)
pleasing, grātus, -a, -um
plow, arō, 1
Pompeii, Pompēiī, -ōrum, m. plur.
possible (as), expressed by quam and superl.
powerful (be), valeō, 2
praise, laudō, 1
prefer, mālō, mālle, māluī, —— (§ 497)
prepare for, parō, 1, with acc.
press hard, premō, 3
protection, fidēs, fideī, f.
province, prōvincia, -ae, f.
public, pūblicus, -a, -um
Publius, Pūblius, Pūblī, m.
punishment, poena, -ae, f.; supplicium, suppli´cī, n.
purpose, for the purpose of, ut, quī, or quō, with subjv.; ad, with gerund or gerundive; causā, following the genitive of a gerund or gerundive pursue, īnsequor, 3
queen, rēgīna, -ae, f.
quickly, celeriter
quite, expressed by the comp. degree
rampart, vāllum, -ī, n.
rear, novissimum agmen
reason, causa, -ae, f.
receive, accipiō, 3; excipiō, 3
recent, recēns, -entis
recently, nūper
redoubt, castellum, -ī, n.
refuse, recūsō, 1
remain, maneō, 2
remaining, reliquus, -a, -um
reply, respondeō, 2
report (Noun), fama, -ae, f.; rūmor, -ōris, m.
report (verb), adferō; dēferō; referō (§ 498)
republic, rēs pūblica
require, postulō, 1
resist, resistō, 3, with dat. (§ 154)
rest (the), reliquī, -ōrum, m. plur.
restrain, contineō, 2
retainer, cliēns, -entis, m.
retreat, pedem referō; terga vertō
return, redeō, 4; revertor, 3
revolution, rēs novae
Rhine, Rhēnus, -ī, m.
right, dexter, -tra, -trum
river, flūmen, -inis, n.; fluvius, fluvī, m.
road, via, -ae, f.
Roman, Rōmānus, -a, -um
Rome, Rōma, -ae, f.
row, ōrdō, -inis, m.
rule, regō, 3
rumor, fāma, -ae, f.; rūmor, -ōris, m.
run, currō, 3
sacrifice, sacrum, -ī, n.
safety, salūs, -ūtis, f.
sail, nāvigō, 1
sailor, nauta, -ae, m.
sake, for the sake of, causā, following a gen.
same, īdem, eadem, idem (§ 287)
savages, barbarī, -ōrum, m. plur.
save, servō, 1
say, dīcō, 3
school, lūdus, -ī, m.; schola, -ae, f.
scout, explōrātor, -ōris, m.
sea, mare, -is, n.
second, secundus, -a, -um
see, videō, 2
seek, petō, 3
seem, videor, 2, passive of videō
seize, occupō, 1; rapiō, 3
self, ipse, -a, -um (§ 286); suī (§ 281)
send, mittō, 3
set fire to, incendō, 3
set out, proficīscor, 3
seven, septem
Sextus, Sextus, -ī, m.
she, ea; haec; ista; illa (§ 115); or not expressed ship, nāvis, -is, f. (§ 243. 1)
short, brevis, -e
shout, clāmor, -ōris, m.
show, dēmōnstrō, 1
Sicily, Sicilia, -ae, f.
sick, aeger, -gra, -grum
side, latus, -eris, n.
siege, obsidiō, -ōnis, f.
since, cum, with subjv. (§ 396); the abl. abs. (§ 381)
sing, canō, 3; cantō, 1
sister, soror, -ōris, f.
sit, sedeō, 2
size, magnitūdō, -inis, f.
skillful, perītus, -a, -um
slave, servus, -ī, m.
slavery, servitiūs, -ūtis, f.
slow, tardus, -a, -um
small, parvus, -a, -um
snatch, rapiō, 3
so, ita; sīc; tam
so great, tantus, -a, -um
so that, ut; so that not, ut nōn soldier, mīles, -itis, m.
some, often not expressed; quis (quī), qua (quae), quid (quod); aliquī, aliqua, aliquod some one, quis; aliquis (§ 487)
some... others, aliī... aliī (§ 110)
something, quid; aliquid (§ 487)
son, fīlius, fīlī, m.
soon, mox
space, spatium, spatī, n.
spear, pīlum, -ī, n.
spirited, ācer, ācris, ācre; alacer, alacris, alacre
spring, fōns, fontis, m.
spur, calcar, -āris, n.
stand, stō, 1
state, cīvitās, -ātis, f.
station, conlocō, 1
steadiness, cōnstantia, -ae, f.
stone, lapis, -idis, m.
storm, oppugnō, 1
story, fābula, -ae, f.
street, via, -ae, f.
strength, vīs, (vīs), f.
strong, fortis, -e; validus, -a, -um
sturdy, validus, -a, -um
such, tālis, -e
suddenly, subitō
suffer punishment, supplicium dō
sufficiently, satis
suitable, idōneus, -a, -um
summer, aestās, -ātis, f.
sun, sōl, sōlis, m.
supplies, commeātus, -ūs, m.
surrender, trādō, 3
suspect, suspicor, 1
swift, celer, -eris, -ere; vēlōx, -ōcis
sword, gladius, gladī, m.
take, capture, capiō, 3
take part in, intersum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus, with dat. (§ 426)
take possession of, occupō, 1
tall, altus, -a, -um
task, opus, operis, n.
teach, doceō, 2
teacher, magister, -trī, m.
tear (Noun), lacrima, -ae, f.
tell, dīcō, 3; nārrō, 1
ten, decem
terrified, perterritus, -a, -um
terrify, perterreō, 2
than, quam
that (conj. after verbs of saying and the like), not expressed that (pron.), is; iste; ille that, in order that, in purpose clauses, ut; after verbs of fearing, nē (§§ 349, 366, 372)
that not, lest, in purpose clauses, nē; after verbs of fearing, ut (§§ 349, 366, 372)
the, not expressed
their, gen. plur. of is; reflexive, suus, -a, -um (§ 116)
their own, suus, -a, -um (§ 116)
then, at that time, tum
then, in the next place, deinde, tum
there, as expletive, not expressed
there, in that place, ibi
therefore, itaque
they, iī; hī; istī; illī; or not expressed think, arbitror, 1; exīstimō, 1; putō, 1
third, tertius, -a, -um
this, hic, haec, hoc; is, ea, id
though, cum. with subjv. (§ 396)
thousand, mīlle (§ 479)
three, trēs, tria (§ 479)
through, per, with acc.
thy, tuus, -a, -um
time, tempus, -oris, n.
to, sign of dat.; ad, in, with acc.; expressing purpose, ut, quī, with subjv.; ad, with gerund or gerundive to each other, inter, with acc. of a reflexive pron.
to-day, hodiē
tooth, dēns, dentis, m.
top of, summus, -a, -um
tower, turris, -is, f. (§ 243. 2)
town, oppidum, -ī, n.
townsman, oppidānus, -ī, m.
trace, vestīgium, vestī´gī, n.
trader, mercātor, -ōris, m.
train, exerceō, 2
tree, arbor, -oris, f.
tribe, gēns, gentis, f.
troops, cōpiae, -ārum, f. plur.
true, vērus, -a, -um
trumpet, tuba, -ae, f.
try, cōnor, 1; temptō, 1
twelve, duodecim
two, duo, duae, duo (§ 479)
under, sub, with acc. or abl.
undertake, suscipiō, 3
unharmed, incolumis, -e
unless, nisi
unlike, dissimilis, -e
unwilling (be), nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, —— (§ 497)
up to, sub, with acc.
us, nōs, acc. plur. of ego
very, superl. degree; maximē; ipse, -a, -um (§ 285)
victor, victor, -ōris, m.
victory, victōria, -ae, f.
village, vīcus, -ī, m.
violence, vīs, (vīs), f.
violently, vehementer
voice, vōx, vōcis, f.
wage, gerō, 3
wagon, carrus. -ī, m.
wall, mūrus, -ī, m.
want, inopia, -ae, f.
war, bellum, -ī, n.
watch, vigilia, -ae, f.
water, aqua, -ae, f.
wave, fluctus, -ūs, m.
way, iter, itineris, n. (§ 468); via, -ae, f.
way, manner, modus, -ī, m.
we, nōs, plur. of ego; or not expressed weak, īnfīrmus, -a, -um weapons, arma, -ōrum, n. plur.; tēla, -ōrum, n. plur.
wear, gerō, 3
weary, dēfessus, -a, -um
what, quis (quī), quae, quid (quod) (§ 483)
when, ubi; cum (§ 396); often expressed by a participle where, ubi which, quī, quae, quod (§ 482); which of two, uter, utra, utrum (§ 108)
while, expressed by a participle
whither, quō
who (rel.), quī, quae (§ 482); (interrog.) quis (§ 483)
whole, tōtus, -a, -um (§ 108)
whose, cuius; quōrum, quārum, quōrum, gen. of quī, quae, quod, rel.; or of quis, quid, interrog.
why, cūr
wicked, malus, -a, -um
wide, lātus, -a, -um
width, lātitūdō, -inis, f.
wild beast, fera, -ae, f.
willing (be), volō, velle, voluī, —— (§ 497)
win (a victory), reportō, 1
wind, ventus, -ī, m.
wine, vīnum, -ī, n.
wing, cornū, -ūs, n.
winter, hiems, -emis, f.
wisdom, cōnsilium, consi´lī, n.
wish, cupiō, 3; volō, velle, voluī, —— (§ 497);
wish not, nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, —— (§ 497)
with, cum, with abl.; sometimes abl. alone
withdraw, sē recipere
without, sine, with abl.
woman, fēmina, -ae, f.; mulier, -eris, f.
wonderful, mīrus, -a, -um
word, verbum, -ī, n.
work, labor, -ōris, m.; opus, -eris, n.
worse, peior, peius, comp. of malus
worst, pessimus, -a, -um, superl. of malus
wound (Noun), vulnus, -eris, n.
wound (verb), vulnerō, 1
wreath, corōna, -ae, f.
wretched, miser, -era, -erum
wrong, iniūria, -ae, f.
year, annus, -ī, m.
yes, certē; ita; vērō; or, more usually, repeat the verb (§ 210)
yonder (that), ille, -a, -ud
you, sing. tū; plur. vōs (§ 480); or not expressed your, sing. tuus, -a, -um; plur. vester, -tra, -trum (§ 98. b)
zeal, studium, studī, n.