Of the Verb
English verbs are active, as I love; or neuter, as I languish. The neuters are formed like the actives.
Most verbs signifying action may likewise signify condition or habit, and become neuters; as I love, I am in love; I strike, I am now striking.
Verbs have only two tenses inflected in their terminations, the present, and simple preterit; the other tenses are compounded of the auxiliary verbs, have, shall, will, let, may, can, and the infinitive of the active or neuter verb.
The passive voice is formed by joining the participle preterit to the substantive verb, as I am loved.
To have. Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
Sing. I have, thou hast, he hath or has,
Plur. We have, ye have, they have.
Has is a termination connoted from hath, but now more frequently used both in verse and prose.
Simple Preterit.
Sing. I had, thou hadst, he had
Plur. We had, ye had, they had.
Compound Preterit.
Sing. I have had, thou hast had, he has or hath had;
Plur. We have had, ye have had, they have had.
Preterpluperfect.
Sing. I had had, thou hadst had, he had had.
Plur. We had had, ye had had, they had had.
Future.
Sing. I shall have, thou shalt have, he shall have;
Plur. We shall have, ye shall have, they shall have.
Second Future.
Sing. I will have, thou wilt have, he will have;
Plur. We will have, ye wilt have, they will have.
By reading these future tenses may be observed the variations of shall and will.
Imperative Mood.
Sing. Have, or have thou, let him have;
Plur. Let us have, have or have ye, let them have.
Conjunctive Mood.
Present.
Sing. I have, thou have, he have;
Plur. We have, ye have, they have.
Preterit simple as in the Indicative.
Preterit compound.
Sing. I have had, thou have had, he have had;
Plur. We have had, ye have had, they have had.
Future.
Sing. I shall have, as in the Indicative.
Second Future.
Sing. I shall have had, thou shalt have had, he shall have had;
Plur. We shall have had, ye shall have had, they shall have had.
Potential.
The potential form of speaking is expressed by may, can, in the present; and might, could, or should, in the preterit, joined with the infinitive mood of the verb.
Present.
Sing. I may have, thou mayst have, he may have;
Plur. We may have, ye may have, they may have.
Preterit.
Sing. I might have, thou mightst have, he might have;
Plur. We might have, ye might have, they might have.
Present.
Sing. I can have, thou canst have, he can have;
Plur. We can have, ye can have, they can have.
Preterit.
Sing. I could have, thou couldst have, he could have;
Plur. We could have, ye could have, they could have.
In like manner should is united to the verb.
There is likewise a double Preterit.
Sing. I should have had, thou shouldst have had, he should have had;
Plur. We should have had, ye should have had, they should have had.
In like manner we use, I might have had; I could have had, &c.
Infinitive Mood.
Present. To have.
Preterit. To have had.
Participle present. Having.
Participle preterit. Had.
Verb Active. To love.
Indicative. Present.
Sing. I love, thou lovest, he loveth or loves;
Plur. We love, ye love, they love.
Preterit simple.
Sing. I loved, thou lovedst, he loved;
Plur. We loved, ye loved, they loved.
Preterperfect compound. I have loved, &c.
Preterpluperfect. I had loved, &c.
Future. I shall love, &c. I will love, &c.
Imperative.
Sing. Love or love thou, let him love;
Plur. Let us love, love or love ye, let them love.
Conjunctive. Present.
Sing. I love, thou love, he love;
Plur. We love, ye love, they love.
Preterit simple, as in the indicative.
Preterit compound. I have loved, &c.
Future. I shall love, &c.
Second Future. I shall have loved, &c.
Potential.
Present. I may or can love, &c.
Preterit. I might, could, or should love, &c.
Double Preterit. I might, could, or should have loved, &c.
Infinitive.
Present. To love.
Preterit. To have loved.
Participle present. Loving.
Participle past. Loved.
The passive is formed by the addition of the participle preterit to the different tenses of the verb to be, which must therefore be here exhibited.
Indicative. Present.
Sing. I am, thou art, he is;
Plur. We are or be, ye are or be, they are or be.
The plural be is now little in use.
Preterit.
Sing. I was, thou wast or wert, he was;
Plur. We were, ye were, they were.
Wert is properly of the conjunctive mood, and ought not to be used in the indicative.
Preterit compound. I have been, &c.
Preterpluperfect. I had been, &c.
Future. I shall or will be, &c.
Imperative.
Sing. Be thou; let him be;
Plur. Let us be; be ye; let them be.
Conjunctive. Present.
Sing. I be, thou beest, he be;
Plur. We be, ye be, they be.
Preterit.
Sing. I were, thou wert, he were;
Plur. We were, ye were, they were.
Preterit compound. I have been, &c.
Future. I shall have been, &c.
Potential.
I may or can; would, could, or should be; could, would, or should have been, &c.
Infinitive.
Present. To be.
Preterit. To have been.
Participle present. Being.
Participle preterit. Having been.
Passive Voice. Indicative Mood.
I am loved, &c. I was loved, &c. I have been loved, &c.
Conjunctive Mood.
If I be loved, &c. If I were loved, &c. If I shall have been loved, &c.
Potential Mood.
I may or can be loved, &c. I might, could, or should be loved, &c. I might, could, or should
have been loved, &c.
Infinitive.
Present. To be loved.
Preterit. To have been loved.
Participle. Loved.
There is another form of English verbs, in which the infinitive mood is joined to the verb do in its various inflections, which are therefore to be learned in this place.
To do.
Indicative. Present.
Sing. I do, thou dost, he doth;
Plur. We do, ye do, they do.
Preterit.
Sing. I did, thou didst, he did;
Plur. We did, ye did, they did.
Preterit., &c. I have done, &c. I had done, &c.
Future. I shall or will do, &c.
Imperative.
Sing. Do thou, let him do;
Plur. Let us do, do ye, let them do.
Conjunctive. Present.
Sing. I do, thou do, he do;
Plur. We do, ye do, they do.
The rest are as in the Indicative.
Infinite. To do, to have done.
Participle present. Doing.
Participle preterit. Done.
Do is sometimes used superfluously, as I do love, I did love; simply for I love, or I loved; but this is considered as a vitious mode of speech.
It is sometimes used emphatically; as,
I do love thee, and when I love thee not,
Chaos is come again. Shakespeare.
It is frequently joined with a negative; as, I like her, but I do not love her; I wished him success, but did not help him. This, by custom at least, appears more easy than the other form of expressing the same sense by a negative adverb after the verb, I like her, but love her not.
The imperative prohibitory is seldom applied in the second person, at least in prose, without the word do; as, Stop him, but do not hurt him; Praise beauty, but do not dote on it.
Its chief use is in interrogative forms of speech, in which it is used through all the persons; as, Do I live? Dost thou strike me? Do they rebel? Did I complain? Didst thou love her? Did she die? So likewise in negative interrogations; Do I not yet grieve? Did she not die?
Do and did are thus used only for the present and simple preterit.
There is another manner of conjugating neuter verbs, which, when it is used, may not improperly denominate them neuter passives, as they are inflected according to the passive form by the help of the verb substantive to be. They answer nearly to the reciprocal verbs in French; as, I am risen, surrexi, Latin; Je me suis levé, French. I was walked out, exieram: Je m’étois promené.
In like manner we commonly express the present tense; as, I am going, eo. I am grieving, doleo, She is dying, illa moritur. The tempest is raging, furit procella. I am pursuing an enemy, hostem insequor. So the other tenses, as, We were walking, ετυγχανομεν περιπατουντες, I have been walking, I had been walking, I shall or will be walking.
There is another manner of using the active participle, which gives it a passive signification: as, The grammar is now printing, grammatica jam nunc chartis imprimitur. The brass is forging, ara excuduntur. This is, in my opinion, a vitious expression, probably corrupted from a phrase more pure, but now somewhat obsolete: The book is a printing, The brass is a forging; a being properly at, and printing and forging verbal nouns signifying action, according to the analogy of this language.
The indicative and conjunctive moods are by modern writers frequently confounded, or rather the conjunctive is wholly neglected, when some convenience of versification docs not invite its revival. It is used among the purer writers of former times after if, though, ere, before, till or until, whether, except, unless, whatsoever, whomsoever, and words of wishing; as, Doubtless thou art our father, though Abraham be ignorant of us, and Israel acknowledge us not.