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History of Indian and Eastern Architecture

by James Fergusson

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List of Illustrations

No.Page
1.Naga people worshipping the Trisul emblem of Buddha, on a fiery pillar46
2.Sri seated on a Lotus, with two elephants pouring water over her51
3.Lât at Allahabad53
4.Assyrian honeysuckle ornament from capital of Lât, at Allahabad53
5.Capital of Sankissa54
6.Capital of Lât in Tirhoot54
7.Surkh Minar, Cabul56
8.Relic Casket of Moggalana62
9.Relic Casket of Sariputra62
10.View of the Great Tope at Sanchi63
11.Plan of Great Tope at Sanchi63
12.Section of Great Tope at Sanchi63
13.Tee cut in the rock on a Dagoba at Ajunta64
14.Tope at Sarnath, near Benares66
15.Panel on the Tope at Sarnath68
16.Temple at Buddh Gaya with Bo-tree70
17.Representation of a Tope from the Rail at Amravati72
18.Tope at Bimeran78
19.Tope, Sultanpore78
20.Relic Casket from Tope at Manikyala80
21.View of Manikyala Tope81
22.Restored Elevation of the Tope at Manikyala81
23.Elevation and Section of portion of Basement of Tope at Manikyala82
24.Relic Casket, Manikyala82
25.Tree Worship: Buddh Gaya Rail86
26.Relic Casket: Buddh Gaya Rail86
27.Portion of Rail at Bharhut, as first uncovered88
28.Tree and Serpent Worship at Bharhut90
29.Rail at Sanchi92
30.Rail, No. 2 Tope, Sanchi93
31.Representation of Rail93
32.Rail in Gautamiputra Cave, Nassick94
33.* Northern Gateway of Tope at Sanchi96
34.Bas-relief on left-hand Pillar, Northern Gateway97
35.Ornament on right-hand Pillar, Northern Gateway97
36.External Elevation of Great Rail at Amravati100
37.Angle Pillar at Amravati101
38.Slab from Inner Rail, Amravati101
39.Dagoba (from a Slab), Amravati102
40.Trisul Emblem104
41.Plan of Chaitya Hall, Sanchi105
42.Nigope Cave, Sat Ghurba group108
43.Façade of Lomas Rishi Cave109
44.Lomas Rishi Cave109
45.Chaitya Cave, Bhaja110
46.Façade of the Cave at Bhaja111
47.Front of a Chaitya Hall111
48.Trisul. Shield. Chakra. Trisul112
49.Plan of Cave at Bedsa113
50.Capital of Pillar in front of Cave at Bedsa114
51.View on Verandah of Cave at Bedsa114
52.Chaitya Cave at Nassick115
53.Section of Cave at Karli117
54.Plan of Cave at Karli117
55.View of Cave at Karli118
56.View of Interior of Cave at Karli120
57.Interior of Chaitya Cave No. 10 at Ajunta123
58.Cross-section of Cave No. 10 at Ajunta123
59.Chaitya No. 19 at Ajunta124
60.View of Façade Chaitya Cave No. 19 at Ajunta125
61.Rock-cut Dagoba at Ajunta126
62.Small Model found in the Tope at Sultanpore126
63.Façade of the Viswakarma Cave at Ellora128
64.Rail in front of Great Cave, Kenheri130
65.Cave at Dhumnar131
66.Great Rath at Mahavellipore134
67.Diagram Explanatory of the Arrangement of a Buddhist Vihara of Four Storeys in Height134
68-69.Square and oblong Cells from a Bas-relief at Bharhut135
70.Ganesa Cave140
71.Pillar in Ganesa Cave, Cuttack140
72.Upper Storey, Rani Gumpha140
73.Tiger Cave, Cuttack143
74.Cave No. 11 at Ajunta145
75.Cave No. 2 at Ajunta146
76.Caveat Bagh146
77.Durbar Cave, Salsette147
78.Nahapana Vihara, Nassick149
79.Pillar in Nahapana Cave, Nassick150
80.Pillar in Gautamiputra Cave, Nassick150
81.Yadnya Sri Cave, Nassick151
82.Pillar in Yadnya Sri Cave152
83.Plan of Cave No. 16 at Ajunta154
84.View of Interior of Vihara No. 16 at Ajunta154
85.View in Cave No. 17 at Ajunta155
86.Pillar in Vihara No. 17 at Ajunta156
87.Great Vihara at Bagh160
88.Plan of Dehrwarra, Ellora163
89.Circular Cave, Junir167
90.Section of Circular Cave, Junir167
91.Round Temple and part of Palace from a bas-relief at Bharhut168
92.Plan of Monastery at Jamalgiri171
93.Plan of Monastery at Takht-i-Bahi171
94.Corinthian Capital from Jamalgiri173
95.Corinthian Capital from Jamalgiri173
96.Plan of Ionic Monastery, Shah Dehri176
97.Ionic Pillar, Shah Dehri176
98.Elevation of front of Staircase, Ruanwelli Dagoba190
99.View of Frontispiece of Stairs, Ruanwelli Dagoba191
100.Stelæ at the end of Stairs, Abhayagiri Dagoba192
101.Thuparamaya Tope192
102.Lankaramaya Dagoba, A.D. 221194
103.Pavilion with Steps at Anuradhapura197
104.Moon Stone at Foot of Steps leading to the Platform of the Bo-tree, Anuradhapura197
105.The Jayta Wana Rama—Ruins of Pollonarua201
106.Sat Mehal Prasada202
107.Round House, called Watté Dajê in Pollonarua203
108.View of City Gateway, Bijanagur211
109.Gateway, Jinjûwarra211
110.Radiating Arch213
111.Horizontal Arch213
112.Diagram of Roofing213
113-114.Diagrams of Roofing214
115.Diagram of Roofing214
116.Diagram of Indian construction215
117.Diagram of the arrangement of the pillars of a Jaina Dome216
118.Diagram Plan of Jaina Porch216
119.Diagram of Jaina Porch217
120.Old Temple at Aiwulli219
121.Temple at Aiwulli220
122.Plan of Temple at Pittadkul221
123.Restored Elevation of the Black Pagoda at Kanaruc222
124.Diagram Plan and Section of the Black Pagoda at Kanaruc223
125.The Sacred Hill of Sutrunjya, near Palitana227
126.Temple of Neminatha, Girnar230
127.Plan of Temple of Tejpala and Vastupala232
128.Plan of Temple at Somnath232
129.Temple of Vimala Sah, Mount Abu235
130.Temple of Vimala Sah, Mount Abu236
131.Pendant in Dome of Vimala Sah Temple at Abu237
132.Pillars at Chandravati238
133.Plan of Temple at Sadri240
134.View in the Temple at Sadri241
135.External View of the Temple at Sadri242
136.* Jaina Temple at Gualior244
137.Temple of Parswanatha at Khajurâho245
138.Chaonsat Jogini, Khajurâho246
139.The Ganthai, Khajurâho248
140.* Temple at Gyraspore249
141.Porch of Jaina Temple at Amwah, near Ajunta251
142.Jaina Tower of Sri Allat Chittore252
143.Tower of Victory erected by Khumbo Rana at Chittore253
144.* View of Jaina Temples Sonaghur, in Bundelcund256
145.View of the Temple of Shet Huttising at Ahmedabad257
146.Upper part of Porch of Jaina Temple at Delhi259
147.Entrance to the Indra Subha Cave at Ellora262
148.Colossal Statue at Yannûr268
149.Jaina Basti at Sravana Belgula270
150.Jaina Temple at Moodbidri271
151.Jaina Temple at Moodbidri271
152.Pillar in Temple, Moodbidri273
153.Pavilion at Gurusankerry274
154.Tombs of Priests, Moodbidri275
155.Stambha at Gurusankerry276
156.Tomb of Zein-ul-ab-ud-din. Elevation of Arches281
157.Takt-i-Suleiman. Elevation of Arches282
158.Model of Temple in Kashmir283
159.Pillar at Srinagar284
160.Temple of Marttand286
161.View of Temple at Marttand287
162.Central Cell of Court at Marttand288
163.Niche with Naga Figure at Marttand290
164.Soffit of Arch at Marttand291
165.Pillar at Avantipore292
166.View in Court of Temple at Bhaniyar293
167.Temple at Pandrethan294
168.Temple at Payech295
169.Temple at Mûlot in the Salt Range296
170.Temple of Swayambunath, Nepal302
171.Nepalese Kosthakar303
172.Devi Bhowani Temple, Bhatgaon304
173.Temple of Mahadeo and Krishna, Patan306
174.Doorway of Durbar, Bhatgaon307
175.Monoliths at Dimapur309
176.Doorway of the Temple at Tassiding313
177.Porch of Temple at Pemiongchi314
178.Temples at Kiragrama, near Kote Kangra316
179.Pillar at Erun of the Gupta age317
180.Capital of Half Column from a Temple in Orissa317
181.Raths, Mahavellipore328
182.Arjuna’s Rath Mahavellipore330
183.Perumal Pagoda, Mádura331
184.Entrance to a Hindu Temple, Colombo332
185.Tiger Cave at Saluvan Kuppan333
186.Kylas at Ellora334
187.Kylas, Ellora335
188.Deepdan in Dharwar337
189.Plan of Great Temple at Purudkul338
190.Diagram Plan of Tanjore Pagoda343
191.View of the Great Pagoda at Tanjore344
192.* Temple of Soubramanya, Tanjore345
193.Inner Temple at Tiruvalur346
194.Temple at Tiruvalur346
195.* View of the eastern half of the Great Temple at Seringham349
196.Plan of Temple of Chillambaram351
197.View of Porch at Chillambaram353
198.Section of Porch of Temple at Chillambaram353
199.* Panned Temple or Pagoda at Chillambaram354
200.Plan of Great Temple at Ramisseram356
201.Central Corridor, Ramisseram358
202.Plan of Tirumulla Nayak’s Choultrie361
203.Pillar in Tirumulla Nayak’s Choultrie361
204.* View in Tirumulla Nayak’s Choultrie, Mádura363
205.Half-plan of Temple at Tinnevelly366
206.* Gopura at Combaconum368
207.Portico of Temple at Vellore371
208.Compound Pillar at Vellore372
209.Compound Pillar at Peroor372
210.View of Porch of Temple of Vitoba at Vijayanagar375
211.* Entrance through Gopura at Tarputry376
212.* Portion of Gopura at Tarputry377
213.Hall in Palace, Mádura382
214.Court in Palace, Tanjore383
215.Garden Pavilion at Vijayanagar384
216.Temple at Buchropully389
217.Doorway of Great Temple at Hammoncondah390
218.Kirti Stambha at Worangul392
219.Temple at Somnathpûr394
220.Plan of Great Temple at Baillûr395
221.View of part of Porch at Baillûr396
222.Pavilion at Baillûr397
223.Kait Iswara, Hullabîd398
224.Plan of Temple at Hullabîd399
225.Restored view of Temple at Hullabîd400
226.Central Pavilion Hullabîd, East Front402
227.Dravidian and Indo-Aryan Temples at Badami411
228.Modern Temple at Benares412
229.Diagram Plan of Hindu Temple412
230.Temple of Parasurameswara418
231.Temple of Mukteswara419
232.Plan of Great Temple at Bhuvaneswar421
233.View of Great Temple, Bhuvaneswar422
234.Lower part of Great Tower at Bhuvaneswar423
235.Plan of Raj Rani Temple424
236.Doorway in Raj Rani Temple425
237.Plan of Temple of Juganât at Puri430
238.View of Tower of Temple, of Juganât431
239.Hindu Pillar in Jajepur433
240.Hindu Bridge at Cuttack434
241.View of Temple of Papanatha at Pittadkul438
242.Pillar in Kylas, Ellora443
243.Plan of Cave No. 3, Badami444
244.Section of Cave No. 3, Badami444
245.Dhumnar Lena Cave at Ellora445
246.Rock-cut Temple at Dhumnar446
247.Saiva Temple near Poonah446
248.Temple at Chandravati449
249.Temple at Barrolli450
250.Plan of Temple at Barrolli450
251.Pillar in Barrolli451
252.* Teli ka Mandir, Gualior453
253.* Kandarya Mahadeo, Khajurâho455
254.Plan of Kandarya Mahadeo, Khajurâho456
255.Temple at Udaipur457
256.Diagram explanatory of the Plan of Meera Baie’s Temple, Chittore458
257.* Temple of Vriji, Chittore459
258.Temple of Vishveshwar460
259.Temple of Scindiah’s Mother, Gualior462
260.Plan of Temple at Bindrabun463
261.View of Temple at Bindrabun464
262.Balcony in Temple at Bindrabun465
263.Temple at Kantonuggur467
264.* The Golden Temple in the Holy Tank at Amritsur468
265.* Cenotaph of Singram Sing at Oudeypore471
266.* Cenotaph in Maha Sâti at Oudeypore472
267.* Tomb of Rajah Baktawar at Ulwar474
268.* Palace at Duttiah477
269.* Palace at Ourtcha, Bundelcund478
270.Balcony at the Observatory, Benares481
271.Hall at Deeg482
272.View from the Central Pavilion in the Palace at Deeg483
273.Ghoosla Ghât, Benares485
274.Bund of Lake Rajsamundra487
275.Minar at Ghazni495
276.Ornaments from the Tomb of Mahmúd at Ghazni496
277.Plan of Ruins in Old Delhi501
278.Section of part of East Colonnade at the Kutub, Old Delhi503
279.Central Range of Arches at the Kutub504
280.Minar of Kutub505
281.Iron Pillar at Kutub507
282.Interior of a Tomb at Old Delhi509
283.Mosque at Ajmir511
284.Great Arch in Mosque at Ajmir512
285.Pathan Tomb at Shepree, near Gualior515
286.Tomb at Old Delhi516
287.Tomb of Shere Shah at Sasseram516
288.Tomb of Shere Shah517
289.Pendentive from Mosque at Old Delhi519
290.Plan of Western Half of Courtyard of Jumma Musjid, Jaunpore522
291.View of lateral Gateway of Jumma Musjid, Jaunpore522
292.Lall Durwaza Mosque, Jaunpore523
293.Plan of Jumma Musjid, Ahmedabad528
294.Elevation of the Jumma Musjid528
295.Plan of the Queen’s Mosque, Mirzapore529
296.Elevation of the Queen’s Mosque, Mirzapore529
297.Section of Diagram explanatory of the Mosques at Ahmedabad529
298.Plan of Tombs and Mosque at Sirkej531
299.Pavilion in front of tomb at Sirkej532
300.Mosque at Mooháfiz Khan532
301.Window in Bhudder at Ahmedabad533
302.Tomb of Meer Abu Touráb534
303.Plan and Elevation of Tomb of Syad Osmán534
304.Tomb of Kutub-ul-Alum, Butwa536
305.Plans of Tombs of Kutub-ul-Alum and his Son, Butwa536
306.Plan of Tomb of Mahmúd Begurra near Kaira538
307.Tomb of Mahmúd Begurra, near Kaira538
308.Plan of Mosque at Mandu542
309.Courtyard of Great Mosque at Mandu543
310.Modern curved form of Roof546
311.Kudam ul Roussoul Mosque, Gaur548
312.Plan of Adinah Mosque, Maldah549
313.Minar at Gaur550
314.Mosque at Kalburgah554
315.Half-elevation, half-section, of the Mosque at Kalburgah555
316.View of the Mosque at Kalburgah555
317.Plan of Jumma Musjid, Bijapur559
318.Plan and Section of smaller Domes of Jumma Musjid560
319.Section on the line A B through the Great Dome of the Jumma Musjid560
320.Tomb of Rozah of Ibrahim561
321.Plan of Tomb of Mahmúd at Bijapur562
322.Pendentives of the Tomb of Mahmúd, looking upwards563
323.Section of Tomb of Mahmúd at Bijapur564
324.Diagram illustrative of Domical Construction565
325.Audience Hall, Bijapur566
326.Tomb of Nawab Amir Khan, near Tatta, A.D. 1640568
327.Plan of Tomb of Mohammad Ghaus, Gualior576
328.Tomb of Mohammad Ghaus, Gualior577
329.Carved Pillars in the Sultana’s Kiosk, Futtehpore Sikri579
330.Mosque at Futtehpore Sikri580
331.Southern Gateway of Mosque, Futtehpore Sikri581
332.Hall in Palace at Allahabad583
333.Plan of Akbar’s Tomb at Secundra584
334.Diagram Section of one-half of Akbar’s Tomb at Secundra, explanatory of its Arrangements585
335.View of Akbar’s Tomb, Secundra586
336.Palace at Delhi592
337.* View of Taje Mehal596
338.Plan of Taje Mehal, Agra597
339.Section of Taje Mehal, Agra597
340.Plan of Mûti Musjid599
341.View in Courtyard of Mûti Musjid, Agra600
342.Great Mosque at Delhi from the N.E.601
343.Plan of Imambara at Lucknow605
344.Tomb of the late Nawab of Junaghur606
345.Mosque of Shah Hamadan, Srinugger609
346.Plan of Ananda Temple615
347.Plan of Thapinya615
348.Section of Thapinya616
349.View of the Temple of Gaudapalen617
350.Kong Madú Dagoba620
351.Shoëmadou Pagoda, Pegu621
352.Half-plan of Shoëmadou Pagoda621
353.View of Pagoda in Rangûn623
354.Circular Pagoda at Mengûn625
355.Façade of the King’s Palace, Burmah627
356.Burmese Kioum628
357.Monastery at Mandalé629
358.Ruins of a Pagoda at Ayuthia632
359.Ruins of a Pagoda at Ayuthia633
360.The Great Tower of the Pagoda Wat-ching at Bangkok634
361.Hall of Audience at Bangkok635
362.Half-plan of Temple of Boro Buddor645
363.Elevation and Section of Temple of Boro Buddor645
364.Section of one of the smaller Domes at Boro Buddor646
365.Elevation of principal Dome at Boro Buddor646
366.View of central entrance and stairs at Boro Buddor649
367.Small Temple at Brambanam652
368.Terraced Temple at Panataram655
369.View of the Maha Vihara, Anuradhapura657
370.Plan of Temple of Nakhon Wat668
371.Elevation of the Temple of Nakhon Wat670
372.Diagram Section of Corridor, Nakhon Wat671
373.View of Exterior of Nakhon Wat671
374.View of Interior of Corridor, Nakhon Wat672
375.General view of Temple of Nakhon Wat675
376.Pillar of Porch, Nakhon Wat676
377.Lower Part of Pilaster Nakhon Wat677
378.One of the Towers of the Temple at Ongcor Thom680
379.Temple of the Great Dragon690
380.Monumental Gateway of Buddhist Monastery, Pekin693
381.Temple at Macao694
382.Porcelain Tower, Nankin695
383.Pagoda in Summer Palace, Pekin696
384.Tung Chow Pagoda697
385.Chinese Grave699
386.Chinese Tomb699
387.Group of Tombs near Pekin700
388.Pailoo near Canton701
389.Pailoo at Amoy702
390.Diagram of Chinese Construction703
391.Pavilion in the Summer Palace, Pekin705
392.Pavilion in the Summer Palace, Pekin706
393.View in the Winter Palace, Pekin707
394.Archway in the Nankau Pass709

Note.—Those woodcuts in the above list marked with an asterisk are borrowed from ‘L’Inde des Rajahs,’ published by Hachette et Cie, Paris, translated and republished in this country by Messrs. Chapman and Hall.

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