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The Life of Jesus Critically Examined

by David Friedrich Strauss

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  1. 1Introduction to the Present Edition
  2. 2Preface
  3. 3To the Fourth German Edition
  4. 4Introduction — Development of the Mythical Point of View in Relatio…
  5. 5§ 2 — Different explanations of sacred legends among the Greeks
  6. 6§ 3 — Allegorical Interpretations Among the Hebrews — Philo
  7. 7§ 4 — Allegorical Interpretations Among the Christians — Origen
  8. 8§ 5 — Transition to More Modern Times — Deists and Naturalists of t…
  9. 9§ 6 — Natural Mode of Explanation Adopted by the Rationalists — Eic…
  10. 10§ 7 — Moral interpretation of Kant
  11. 11§ 8 — Rise of the mythical mode of interpreting the sacred history,…
  12. 12§ 9 — The mythical mode of interpretation in reference to the New T…
  13. 13§ 10 — The notion of the mythus in its application to sacred histor…
  14. 14§ 11 — The application of the notion of the mythus too circumscribed
  15. 15§ 12 — Opposition to the mythical view of the Gospel history
  16. 16§ 13 — The Possibility of the Existence of Mythi in the New Testame…
  17. 17§ 14 — The possibility of mythi in the New Testament considered on…
  18. 18§ 15 — Definition of the evangelical mythus and its distinctive cha…
  19. 19§ 16 — Criteria by which to distinguish the unhistorical in the Gos…
  20. 20First Part — History of the Birth and Childhood of Jesus — Chapter…
  21. 21§ 18 — Natural explanation of the narrative
  22. 22§ 19 — Mythical view of the narrative in its different stages
  23. 23Chapter II — Davidical Descent of Jesus, According to the Genealogi…
  24. 24§ 21 — Comparison of the Two Genealogies — Attempt to Reconcile The…
  25. 25§ 22 — The genealogies unhistorical
  26. 26Chapter III — Announcement of the Conception of Jesus — Its Superna…
  27. 27§ 24 — Disagreements of the canonical gospels in relation to the fo…
  28. 28§ 25 — Import of the Angel’s Message — Fulfilment of the Prophecy o…
  29. 29§ 26 — Jesus begotten of the Holy Ghost. Criticism of the orthodox…
  30. 30§ 27 — Retrospect of the genealogies
  31. 31§ 28 — Natural explanation of the history of the conception
  32. 32§ 29 — History of the conception of Jesus viewed as a mythus
  33. 33§ 30 — Relation of Joseph to Mary — Brothers of Jesus
  34. 34§ 31 — Visit of Mary to Elizabeth
  35. 35Chapter IV — Birth and Earliest Events of the Life of Jesus
  36. 36§ 33 — Particular circumstances of the birth of Jesus. The circumci…
  37. 37§ 34 — The Magi and Their Star. The Flight Into Egypt and the Murde…
  38. 38§ 35 — Attempts at a natural explanation of the history of the Magi…
  39. 39§ 36 — The purely mythical explanation of the narrative concerning…
  40. 40§ 37 — Chronological Relation Between the Visit of the Magi, Togeth…
  41. 41§ 38 — The presentation of Jesus in the temple
  42. 42§ 39 — Retrospect. Difference between Matthew and Luke as to the or…
  43. 43Chapter V — The First Visit to the Temple, and the Education of Jesus
  44. 44§ 41 — This narrative also mythical
  45. 45§ 42 — On the external life of Jesus up to the time of his public a…
  46. 46§ 43 — The intellectual development of Jesus
  47. 47Second Part — History of the Public Life of Jesus — Chapter I — Rel…
  48. 48§ 45 — Appearance and design of the Baptist. His personal relations…
  49. 49§ 46 — Was Jesus acknowledged by John as the Messiah? and in what s…
  50. 50§ 47 — Opinion of the Evangelists and Jesus Concerning the Baptist,…
  51. 51§ 48 — The execution of John the Baptist
  52. 52Chapter II — Baptism and Temptation of Jesus
  53. 53§ 50 — The scene at the baptism of Jesus considered as supernatural…
  54. 54§ 51 — An attempt at a criticism and mythical interpretation of the…
  55. 55§ 52 — Relation of the supernatural at the baptism of Jesus to the…
  56. 56§ 53 — Place and time of the temptation of Jesus. Divergencies of t…
  57. 57§ 54 — The history of the temptation conceived in the sense of the…
  58. 58§ 55 — The temptation considered as a natural occurrence either int…
  59. 59§ 56 — The history of the temptation as a mythus
  60. 60Chapter III — Locality and Chronology of the Public Life of Jesus
  61. 61§ 58 — The residence of Jesus at Capernaum
  62. 62§ 59 — Divergencies of the Evangelists as to the chronology of the…
  63. 63§ 60 — The attempts at a chronological arrangement of the particula…
  64. 64Chapter IV — Jesus as the Messiah
  65. 65§ 62 — How soon did Jesus conceive himself to be the Messiah, and f…
  66. 66§ 63 — Jesus, the Son of God
  67. 67§ 64 — The divine mission and authority of Jesus. His pre-existence
  68. 68§ 65 — The messianic plan of Jesus. Indications of a political element
  69. 69§ 66 — Data for the pure spirituality of the messianic plan of Jesu…
  70. 70§ 67 — The relation of Jesus to the Mosaic law
  71. 71§ 68 — Scope of the messianic plan of Jesus. Relation to the Gentiles
  72. 72§ 69 — Relation of the messianic plan of Jesus to the Samaritans. H…
  73. 73Chapter V — The Disciples of Jesus
  74. 74§ 71 — Peter’s draught of fishes
  75. 75§ 72 — Calling of Matthew. Connexion of Jesus with the publicans
  76. 76§ 73 — The twelve apostles
  77. 77§ 74 — The twelve considered individually. The three or four most c…
  78. 78§ 75 — The rest of the twelve, and the seventy disciples
  79. 79Chapter VI — The Discourses of Jesus in the Three First Gospels
  80. 80§ 77 — Instructions to the twelve. Lamentations over the Galilean c…
  81. 81§ 78 — The parables
  82. 82§ 79 — Miscellaneous instructions and controversies of Jesus
  83. 83Chapter VII — Discourses of Jesus in the Fourth Gospel
  84. 84§ 81 — The discourses of Jesus, John v.–xii
  85. 85§ 82 — Isolated maxims of Jesus, common to the fourth gospel and th…
  86. 86§ 83 — The modern discussions on the authenticity of the discourses…
  87. 87Chapter VIII — Events in the Public Life of Jesus, Excluding the Mi…
  88. 88§ 85 — Isolated groups of anecdotes. Imputation of a league with Be…
  89. 89§ 86 — Visit of the mother and brethren of Jesus. The woman who pro…
  90. 90§ 87 — Contentions for pre-eminence among the disciples. The love o…
  91. 91§ 88 — The purification of the temple
  92. 92§ 89 — Narratives of the anointing of Jesus by a woman
  93. 93§ 90 — The narratives of the woman taken in adultery, and of Mary a…
  94. 94Chapter IX — Miracles of Jesus
  95. 95§ 92 — The demoniacs, considered generally
  96. 96§ 93 — Cases of the expulsion of demons by Jesus, considered singly
  97. 97§ 94 — Cures of lepers
  98. 98§ 95 — Cures of the blind
  99. 99§ 96 — Cures of paralytics. Did Jesus regard diseases as punishments?
  100. 100§ 97 — Involuntary cures
  101. 101§ 98 — Cures at a distance
  102. 102§ 99 — Cures on the sabbath
  103. 103§ 100 — Resuscitations of the dead
  104. 104§ 101 — Anecdotes having relation to the sea
  105. 105§ 102 — The miraculous multiplication of the loaves and fishes
  106. 106§ 103 — Jesus turns water into wine
  107. 107§ 104 — Jesus curses a barren fig-tree
  108. 108Chapter X — The Transfiguration of Jesus, and His Last Journey to J…
  109. 109§ 106 — The natural explanation of the narrative in various forms
  110. 110§ 107 — The history of the transfiguration considered as a mythus
  111. 111§ 108 — Diverging accounts concerning the last journey of Jesus to…
  112. 112§ 109 — Divergencies of the gospels, in relation to the point from…
  113. 113§ 110 — More particular circumstances of the entrance. Its object a…
  114. 114Third Part — History of the Passion, Death and Resurrection of Jesus…
  115. 115§ 112 — The Predictions of Jesus Concerning His Death in General…
  116. 116§ 113 — Precise declarations of Jesus concerning his future resurre…
  117. 117§ 114 — Figurative discourses, in which Jesus is supposed to have a…
  118. 118§ 115 — The discourses of Jesus on his second advent. Criticism of…
  119. 119§ 116 — Origin of the discourses on the second advent
  120. 120Chapter II — Machinations of the Enemies of Jesus; Treachery of Jud…
  121. 121§ 118 — Jesus and his betrayer
  122. 122§ 119 — Different opinions concerning the character of Judas, and t…
  123. 123§ 120 — Preparation for the passover
  124. 124§ 121 — Divergent statements respecting the time of the last supper
  125. 125§ 122 — Divergencies in relation to the occurrences at the last mea…
  126. 126§ 123 — Announcement of the betrayal and the denial
  127. 127§ 124 — The institution of the Lord’s supper
  128. 128Chapter III — Retirement to the Mount of Olives, Arrest, Trial, Con…
  129. 129§ 126 — Relation of the Fourth Gospel to the Events in Gethsemane.…
  130. 130§ 127 — Arrest of Jesus
  131. 131§ 128 — Examination of Jesus before the high priest
  132. 132§ 129 — The Denial of Peter
  133. 133§ 130 — The death of the betrayer
  134. 134§ 131 — Jesus before Pilate and Herod
  135. 135§ 132 — The crucifixion
  136. 136Chapter IV — Death and Resurrection of Jesus
  137. 137§ 134 — The wound by a spear in the side of Jesus
  138. 138§ 135 — Burial of Jesus
  139. 139§ 136 — The watch at the grave of Jesus
  140. 140§ 137 — First tidings of the resurrection
  141. 141§ 138 — Appearances of the risen Jesus in Galilee and in Judea, inc…
  142. 142§ 139 — Quality of the body and life of Jesus after the resurrection
  143. 143§ 140 — Debates concerning the reality of the death and resurrectio…
  144. 144Chapter V — The Ascension
  145. 145§ 142 — The so-called ascension considered as a supernatural and as…
  146. 146§ 143 — Insufficiency of the narratives of the ascension. Mythical…
  147. 147Concluding Dissertation — The Dogmatic Import of the Life of Jesus
  148. 148§ 145 — The Christology of the orthodox system
  149. 149§ 146 — Objections to the Christology of the church
  150. 150§ 147 — The Christology of rationalism
  151. 151§ 148 — The eclectic Christology of Schleiermacher
  152. 152§ 149 — Christology interpreted symbolically. Kant. De Wette
  153. 153§ 150 — The speculative Christology
  154. 154§ 151 — Last dilemma
  155. 155§ 152 — Relation of the critical and speculative theology to the ch…

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