Spinoza’s Ethics, completed in 1675, is one of the great systematic works of early modern philosophy. Written in the geometric manner of definitions, axioms, and propositions, it sets out a monist metaphysics in which God and Nature are identical, before treating the human mind, the emotions, human bondage to the passions, and the path to freedom through reason and understanding.
This free EPUB edition has been carefully cleaned and formatted for modern e-readers. Demanding yet deeply rewarding, the Ethics has shaped debates on determinism, the mind–body relation, and the place of human beings in nature from the seventeenth century to the present.