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Principles of Political Economy, Vol. 1

by Wilhelm Roscher

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  1. 1Dedication — Translator’s Preface
  2. 2Author’s Preface. (1st Edition.)
  3. 3From the Author’s Prefaces. (2d to 11th Edition.)
  4. 4Preliminary Essay
  5. 5I
  6. 6II
  7. 7III
  8. 8IV
  9. 9V
  10. 10VI
  11. 11VII
  12. 12VIII
  13. 13IX
  14. 14X
  15. 15XI
  16. 16XII
  17. 17XIII
  18. 18XIV
  19. 19XV
  20. 20Introduction — Chapter I — Fundamental Ideas
  21. 21Section II — Goods — Economic Goods
  22. 22Section III — Goods — The Three Classes of Goods
  23. 23Section IV — Of Value — Value in Use
  24. 24Section V — Value — Value in Exchange
  25. 25Section VI — Value — Alleged Contradiction Between Value in Use and…
  26. 26Section VII — Resources or Means (Vermögen)
  27. 27Section VIII — Valuation of Resources
  28. 28Section IX — Wealth
  29. 29Section X — Wealth — Signs of National Wealth
  30. 30Section XI — Of Economy (Husbandry)
  31. 31Section XII — Economy — Grades of Economy
  32. 32Section XIII — Political Economy — The Economic Organism
  33. 33Section XIV — Origin of a Nation’s Economy
  34. 34Section XV — Diseases of the Social Organism
  35. 35Chapter II — Position of Political Economy in the Circle of Related…
  36. 36Section XVII — Sciences Relating to National Life — The Science of…
  37. 37Section XVIII — Sciences Relating to National Life — Statistics
  38. 38Section XIX — Private Economy — Cameralistic Science
  39. 39Section XX — Private Economy. (Continued.)
  40. 40Section XXI — What Political Economy Treats of
  41. 41Chapter III — The Methods of Political Economy
  42. 42Section XXIII — The Idealistic Method
  43. 43Section XXIII — The Idealistic Method. (Continued.)
  44. 44Section XXV — The Idealistic Method. (Continued.)
  45. 45Section XXVI — The Historical Method — The Anatomy and Physiology o…
  46. 46Section XXVII — Advantages of the Historical or Physiological Method
  47. 47Section XXVIII — Advantages of the Historical Method. (Continued.)
  48. 48Section XXIX — The Practical Character of the Historical Method in…
  49. 49Book I — The Production of Goods — Chapter I — Factors of Production
  50. 50Section XXXI — The Factors of Production — External Nature
  51. 51Section XXXII — External Nature — The Sea — Climate
  52. 52Section XXXIII — External Nature — Gifts of Nature With Value in Ex…
  53. 53Section XXXIV — External Nature. (Continued.)
  54. 54Section XXXV — External Nature — Elements of Agricultural Productiv…
  55. 55Section XXXVI — External Nature — Further Divisions of Nature’s Gifts
  56. 56Section XXXVII — External Nature — The Geographical Character of a…
  57. 57Section XXXVIII — Of Labor — Divisions of Labor
  58. 58Section XXXIX — Labor — Taste for Labor — Piece-Wages
  59. 59Section XL — Labor — Labor-Power of Individuals
  60. 60Section XLI — Labor — Effect of the Esteem in Which It Is Held
  61. 61Section XLII — Of Capital — The Classes of Goods of Which A Nation’…
  62. 62Section XLIII — Capital — Productive Capital
  63. 63Section XLIV — Capital — Fixed Capital, and Circulating Capital
  64. 64Section XLV — Capital — How It Originates
  65. 65Chapter II — Co-Operation of the Factors
  66. 66Section XLVII — Productive Co-Operation of the Three Factors. The T…
  67. 67Section XLVIII — Critical History of the Idea of Productiveness
  68. 68Section XLIX — Critical History of the Idea of Productiveness — The…
  69. 69Section L — The Same Subject Continued
  70. 70Section LI — The Same Subject Continued
  71. 71Section LII — Idea of Productiveness
  72. 72Section LIII — The Same Subject Continued
  73. 73Section LIV — Importance of a Due Proportion in the Different Branc…
  74. 74Section LV — The Degree of Productiveness
  75. 75Chapter III — The Organization of Labor
  76. 76Section LVII — Development of the Division of Labor — Its Extent at…
  77. 77Section LVIII — Advantages of the Division of Labor
  78. 78Section LIX — Conditions of the Division of Labor
  79. 79Section LX — Influence of the Extent of the Market on the Division…
  80. 80Section LXI — The Division of Labor — Means of Increasing It
  81. 81Section LXII — The Reverse, or Dark Side of the Division of Labor
  82. 82Section LXIII — Dark Side of the Division of Labor — Its Gain and Loss
  83. 83Section LXIV — The Co-Operation of Labor
  84. 84Section LXV — The Principle of Stability, or of the Continuity of Work
  85. 85Section LXVI — Advantage of Large Enterprises
  86. 86Chapter IV — Freedom and Slavery
  87. 87Section LXVIII — The Same Subject Continued
  88. 88Section LXIX — Origin of Slavery — Want of Freedom
  89. 89Section LXX — Emancipation
  90. 90Section LXXI — Disadvantages of Slavery
  91. 91Section LXXII — Effect of an Advance in Civilization on Slavery
  92. 92Section LXXIII — The Same Subject Continued
  93. 93Section LXXIV — The Same Subject Continued
  94. 94Section LXXV — The Same Subject Continued
  95. 95Section LXXVI | (Appendix to Chapter IV.)
  96. 96Chapter V — Community of Goods and Private Property. Capital — Prop…
  97. 97Section LXXVIII — Socialism and Communism
  98. 98Section LXXIX — Socialism and Communism. (Continued.)
  99. 99Section LXXX — Socialism and Communism. (Continued.)
  100. 100Section LXXXI — Community of Goods
  101. 101Section LXXXII — The Organization of Labor
  102. 102Section LXXXIII — The Organization of Labor. (Continued.)
  103. 103Section LXXXIV — The Organization of Labor. (Continued.)
  104. 104Section LXXXV — The Right of Inheritance
  105. 105Section LXXXVI — Economic Utility of the Right of Inheritance
  106. 106Section LXXXVII — Landed Property
  107. 107Section LXXXVIII — Landed Property. (Continued.)
  108. 108Chapter VI — Credit
  109. 109Section XC — Credit — Effects of Credit
  110. 110Section XCI — Debtor Laws
  111. 111Section XCII — History of Credit Laws
  112. 112Section XCIII — Means of Promoting Credit
  113. 113Section XCIV — Letters of Respite (Specialmoratorien)
  114. 114Book II — The Circulation of Goods — Chapter I — Circulation in Gen…
  115. 115Section XCVI — Rapidity of Circulation
  116. 116Section XCVII — Freedom of Competition
  117. 117Section XCVIII — How Goods Are Paid for — The Rent for Goods
  118. 118Section XCIX — Freedom of Competition and International Trade
  119. 119Chapter II — Prices
  120. 120Section CI — Effect of the Struggle of Opposing Interests on Price
  121. 121Section CII — Demand
  122. 122Section CIII — Demand — Indispensable Goods
  123. 123Section CIV — Influence of Purchaser’s Solvability on Prices
  124. 124Section CV — Supply
  125. 125Section CVI — The Cost of Production
  126. 126Section CVII — Equilibrium of Prices
  127. 127Section CVIII — Effect of a Rise of Price Much Above Cost
  128. 128Section CIX — Effect of a Decline of Price Below Cost
  129. 129Chapter CX — Different Cost of Production of the Same Goods
  130. 130Section CXI — Different Cost of Production of the Same Goods. (Cont…
  131. 131Section CXII — Exceptions
  132. 132Section CXIII — Exceptions. (Continued.)
  133. 133Section CXIV — Prices Fixed by Government
  134. 134Section CXV — Influence of Growing Civilization on Prices
  135. 135Chapter III — Money in General
  136. 136Section CXVII — Effect of the Introduction of Money
  137. 137Section CXVIII — The Different Kinds of Money
  138. 138Section CXIX — The Metals as Money
  139. 139Section CXX — Money — The Precious Metals
  140. 140Section CXXI — Value in Use and Value in Exchange of Money
  141. 141Section CXXII — Value in Exchange of Money
  142. 142Section CXXIII — The Quantity of Money A Nation Needs
  143. 143Section CXXIV — The Quantity of Money A Nation Needs. (Continued.)
  144. 144Section CXXV — Uniformity of the Value in Exchange of the Precious…
  145. 145Section CXXVI — Uniformity of the Value in Exchange of the Precious…
  146. 146Chapter IV — History of Prices
  147. 147Section CXXVIII — Value in Exchange Estimated in Labor
  148. 148Section CXXIX — The Precious Metals the Best Measure of Prices
  149. 149Section CXXX — History of the Prices of the Chief Wants of Life
  150. 150Section CXXXI — History of the Prices of the Chief Wants of Life. (…
  151. 151Section CXXXII — History of the Prices of the Chief Wants of Life.…
  152. 152Section CXXXIII — History of the Prices of the Chief Wants of Life.…
  153. 153Section CXXXIV — History of the Prices of the Chief Wants of Life.…
  154. 154Section CXXXV — History of the Values of the Precious Metals — In A…
  155. 155Section CXXXVI — Effect on the Discovery of American Mines Etc. on…
  156. 156Section CXXXVII — Revolution in Prices at the Beginning of Modern H…
  157. 157Section CXXXVIII — Revolution in Prices — Influence of the Non-Mone…
  158. 158Section CXXXIX — History of Prices — Californian and Australian Dis…
  159. 159Section CXL — Revolution in Prices — Its Influence on the National…
  160. 160Section CXLI — Effect of an Enhancement of the Price of the Preciou…
  161. 161Section CXLII — The Price of Gold as Compared With That of Silver
  162. 162Section CXLIII — The Price of Gold as Compared With That of Silver.…
  163. 163Appendix I — Paper Money
  164. 164Section II — Advantages and Disadvantages of Paper Money
  165. 165Section III — Kinds of Redemption
  166. 166Section IV — Compulsory Circulation
  167. 167Section V — Resumption of Specie Payments
  168. 168Section VI — Paper Money — A Curse or a Blessing?

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