Edward L. Thorndike, the founder of educational psychology, turned his laboratory methods on the most universal of school subjects. The Psychology of Arithmetic (1922) examines what arithmetical ability actually consists of — the bonds, habits and meanings behind computation — and tests the schoolroom’s inherited practices against the evidence of how children really learn number.
Much of modern mathematics education, for better and worse, starts here. Download the free EPUB and watch the science of learning take its first systematic look at long division.